LESSON 2: CHEMICAL BONDING

Octet rule
-​ This refers to the tendency of
atoms to have 8 valence electrons
in the valence shell
Valence electrons
-​ These are electrons that reside in
the outermost shell surrounding an
atomic nucleus

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING

1.​ Ionic bond (metal + nonmetal
Chemical bond -​ Transferring of electrons
-​ Hold atoms together to form a between metal and
molecule nonmetal
Lewis dot structure -​ The metallic element will
-​ It is a very simplified lose electron or electrons,
representation of the valence shell while the nonmetallic
electrons in a molecule element will gain those
electrons
-​ The difference between the
electronegativities of the
metallic and nonmetallic
element should be equal or
greater than 1.7
2.​ Covalent bond (non-metal and
nonmetal)
-​ Sharing of electrons
Electronegativity between two non-metals
-​ It is a measure of the tendency of -​ Electrons can be equally
an atom to attract a bonding pair of shared (non-polar) or
electrons unequally shared (polar)
Polar covalent bond
-​ Unequal sharing of
electrons between
two non-metals
-​ The difference
between the
electronegativities
of two non-metallic 3.​ Metallic bond (metal + metal)
elements should be
in between 1.6 and LESSON 3:
0.5 (this is just a
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
guide, not an
absolute rule)
-​ It holds molecules together
-​ Inter means between
-​ Affect some of the physical
properties of a substance such as
melting point, boiling point,
solubility, and phase of molecules
at room temperature
Solubility
-​ Ability of substance to dissolve in a
given amount of solvent
Melting point
-​ Substance changes from solid to
liquid
Strong IMFA
Non-polar covalent bond -​ needs great amount of
energy to break attractive
-​ Equal sharing of
forces
electrons between High IMFA
two non-metals -​ high boiling point
Boiling point
-​ The difference
-​ Substance changes from liquid to
between the gas
electronegativities -​ Strong IMFA
of two non-metallic -​ needs great amount of
energy to break attractive
elements should be forces
in between 0.4 to -​ High IMFA
0.0 (this is just a -​ high boiling point
Boiling point of water= 100
guide, not an
degree celsius
absolute rule)
 Boiling point of ethanol= 78.37 3.​ Dipole-dipole (regular)
degree celsius -​ It holds polar (dipole)
Phase of molecules at room temperature compounds together
-​ Weak IMFA -​ A more polar substance
-​ Far apart from each other have a strongest
-​ Strong IMFA dipole-dipole attraction
-​ Packed close together
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES (strongest to weakest)
1.​ Ion-Dipole
-​ Na and HCl
-​ The intermolecular force of
attraction between a charge
ion (cation or anion) and a
molecule

4.​ London dispersion forces (LDF)

2.​ Hydrogen bond

-​ It is a special dipole-dipole
-​ Hydrogen should be
attached with fluorine,
oxygen, nitrogen, for the
hydrogen bond to takes
place
H2O + H2O​

NH3 + NH3​