Three Phase Power

You will notice that all of the equations that refer to three phase power contain the value 1.73 in
the formula somewhere. The value 1.73 is the square root of 3. Intuitively, you can see how this
value is applied in the formulae. (3 phases therefore 1 phase = square root of 3)

Computing Watts When Volts and Amps are Known

POWER (WATTS) = Volts x Amps

 For example, a small computer has a nameplate that shows 2.5 amps. Given a normal
120 Volt, 60 Hz power source and the ampere reading from equipment, make the
following calculation:

POWER (WATTS) = 2.5Amps x 120Volts = 300 WATTS

Generally: P=IE

P= Power(WATTS)
I = Current(Amps)
E =
Voltage(Volts)

So: I = P/E and E = P/I

Therefore: 1 Watt = 1 Ampere x 1 Volt

Computing Volt-Amps (VA)

Same as above. Volt-Amps (VA) = Volts x Amps = 300 VA

Computing Kilovolt-Amps (kVA)

kVA stands for "Thousand Volt-Amps".

A 2-Pole Single Phase 208-240 power source requires 2 hot wires from 2 different circuits
(referred to as poles) from a power distribution panel.
SINGLE PHASE

KILOVOLT-Amps (kVA) = Volts x Amps / 1000

Using the previous example: 120 x 2.5 = 300 VA 300 Va / 1000 = .3 kVA

208-240 SINGLE-PHASE (2-POLE SINGLE-PHASE)

 Example: An enterprise computer bvserver with a 4.7 amp rating and requiring a 208-
240 power source. Use 220 volts for our calculations.

kilovolt-Amps (kVA) = Volts x Amps /1000

220 x 4.7 = 1034 1034 / 1000 = 1.034 kVA

THREE-PHASE

 Example: A large disk storage system loaded with disks. The equipment documentation
shows a requirement for a 50-amp 208-240 VAC power source. Do not calculate any
value for the plug or receptacle. Use 220 volts for the calculation.

kilovolt-Amps (kVA) = Volts x Amps x 1.73 / 1000

220 x 50 x 1.73 = 19,030 19,030 / 1000 = 19.030 kVA This would be rounded to 19

Computing KiloWatts
 Finding KiloWatts requires using a power factor in the computation. The power factor is
a number that adjusts the power calculation to reflect the efficiency of the use of the
electricity supplied to the system. This factor can vary widely (usually from 60% to
95%) and is never published on the equipment nameplate and is not often supplied with
product information. For purposes of these calculations, we use a power factor of .85.
This random number places a slight inaccuracy into the numbers. Its OK and it gets us
very close for the work we need to do. Most UPS equipment will claim a power factor of
1.00. It is common for the power factor to be considered 1.0 for devices less than 3 years
old.
SINGLE PHASE

 Example: We have a medium-sized Intel server that draws 6.0 amps and the power
supply has a power factor of .85.

kiloWatt (kW) = Volts x Amps x Power Factor / 1000

120 x 6.0 = 720 VA 720 VA x .85 = 612 612 / 1000 = .612 kW

208-240 SINGLE-PHASE (2-POLE SINGLE-PHASE)

 Example: An enterprise computer server has a 4.7 amp rating and requires a 208-240
power source. I'll use 220 volts and a power factor of .85 for our example calculations.

kiloWatt (kW) = Volts x Amps x Power Factor x 2 / 1000

220 x 4.7 x 2 = 2068 2068 x .85 = 1757.8 1757.8 / 1000 = 1.76 kW

THREE-PHASE

 Example: A large storage system loaded with disks. The equipment documentation
shows a requirement for a 50-amp 208 VAC Power source. Do not calculate any value
for the plug or receptacle. Use 220 volts for the calculation.

kiloWatt (kW) = Volts x Amps x Power Factor x 1.73

1000

220 x 50 x .85 x 1.73 = 16,175.50 16,175.50/1000 = 16.175 kW

To Convert Between kW and kVA

 The only difference between kW and kVA is the power factor. The power factor, unless
taken from the manufacturer's specifications, is an approximation. For this example, we
use a power factor of .95. The kVA value will always be larger than the value for kW.

kW to kVA kW / .95 = kVA

kVA TO kW kVA x .95 = kW
To Convert Between kW-Hours and kVA
 There is NO conversion from kWH to kVA. These are two different measures. kWH is
energy and kVA is power (not necessarily dissipated). If you look at kW (power) and
kVA (power), then there is a relationship. That relationship is the power factor of the
load.

Computing BTUs
 Known Standard: 1 kW = 3413 BTUs (or 3.413 kBTUs)
 If you divide the electrical nameplate BTU value by 3413 you may not get the published
kW value. If the BTU information is provided by the manufacturer, use it, otherwise use
the above formula.

Shotgun Section

To convert kVA to Amps:

Multiply kVA by 1000/voltage [ (kVA x 1000) / E ]
For 3 Phase power divide by 1.73 [ (kVA x 1000) / E x 1.73 ]

 To convert Watts to Volts when amps are known:

Voltage = Watts / Amps
E=P/I
 To convert Watts to Amps when volts are known:
Amps = Watts / Voltage
I=P/E
For 3 Phase power divide by 1.73
 To convert Amps to Watts when volts are known:
Watts = Voltage x Amps
P=ExI
For 3 Phase power multiply by 1.73
 To convert Horsepower to Amps:
Horsepower = (E x I x EFF) / 746
Efficiency = (746 x HP) / (V x A)

Multiply Horsepower by 746W (1 HP = 746 Watts)

Find Circuit Voltage and Phase
 Example:
40 HP at 480 (3 Phase) 746 multiplied by 40 = 29,840
29,840 divided by 480 (3 Phase) = 62.2
62.2 divided by 1.73 = 35.95Amps
 To convert kW to Amps:
Multiply kW by 1000/voltage and then by Power Factor [ (kW x 1000) / E x PF ]
for 3 Phase power divide by 1.73 [ ( kW x 1000) / E x PF x 1.73 ]

Shotgun Table of Formulae

HOW TO FIND Amps (I)

Direct Current
When HP, E and EFF are known: HP x 746 / E x EFF

When kW and E are known: kW x 1000 / E

SINGLE PHASE
When P, E and PF are known: P / E x PF

When HP, E, EFF and PF are HP x 746 / E x EFF x PF

known:

When kW, E and PF are known: kW x 1000 / E x PF

When kVA and E are known: kVA x 1000 / E

THREE PHASE
When P, E and PF are known: P / E x PF x 1.73

When HP, E, EFF and PF are HP x 746 / E x EFF x PF x

known: 1.73

When kW, E and PF are known: kW x 1000 / E x PF x 1.73

When kVA and E are known: kVA x 1000 / E x 1.73

(See abbreviations explained
below)
HOW TO FIND WATTS (P)

When E and I are known: IxE

When R and I are known: R x I2

When E and R are known: E2 / R

(See abbreviations explained
below)

HOW TO FIND KILOWATTS (kW)

Direct Current
E and I must be known: E x I / 1000

SINGLE PHASE
E, I and PF must be known: E x I x PF / 1000

THREE PHASE
E, I and PF must be known: E x I x PF x 1.73 / 1000
(See abbreviations explained
below)

HOW TO FIND KILOVOLT-Amps (kVA)

SINGLE PHASE
E and I must be known: E x I / 1000

THREE PHASE
E and I must be known: E x I x 1.73 / 1000
(See abbreviations explained
below)

HOW TO FIND HORSEPOWER (HP)

Direct Current
E, I and EFF must be known: E x I x EFF / 746

SINGLE PHASE
E, I, PF and EFF must be known: E x I x PF x EFF / 746

THREE PHASE
 E, I, PF and EFF must be known: E x I x PF x EFF x 1.73 /
746

HOW TO FIND KILOWATT-HOUR (KwH)

BTU * (2.9307 * 10 -4)
FtLb * (3.7661 * 10 -7)
Joule * (2.7777 * 10 -7)
WHERE:
E = VOLTS
P = WATTS
R = OHMS
I = AMPS
HP = HORSEPOWER
PF = POWER FACTOR
kW = KILOWATTS
kVA = KILOVOLT-AMPS
EFF = EFFICIENCY (decimal)

Basic Horsepower Calculations

Horsepower is work done per unit of time. One HP equals 33,000 ft-lb of work per minute.
When work is done by a source of torque (T) to produce (M) rotations about an axis, the work
done is:

radius x 2 x rpm x lb. or 2 TM

When rotation is at the rate N rpm, the HP delivered is:

HP = radius x 2 x rpm x lb. / 33,000 = TN / 5,250

For vertical or hoisting motion:

HP = W x S / 33,000 x E

Where:

W = total weight in lbs. to be raised by motor

S = hoisting speed in feet per minute
E = overall mechanical efficiency of hoist and gearing. For purposes of estimating
E = .65 for eff. of hoist and "connected gear."
Energy measurement with Joules and Dynes
Energy is measured in joules (Watt-seconds) or kiloWatt-hours. A power level of one Watt that
continues for one second equals one joule. The integrated energy from a 100-Watt light that runs
for 60 seconds equals 6000 joules.

4.18 joules equal 1 calorie, which is enough energy to raise the temperature of one gram of water
by one degree Celsius (or Centigrade).

When it comes to energy density (Watts per liter or Watts per kilogram) it is difficult to beat
gasoline. A lead-acid battery is good for about 125 thousand joules per kilogram. Lithium
batteries can provide as much as 1.5 million joules per kilogram. Gasoline tends to run about 45
million joules per kilogram.

Joules:

1 joule is exactly 107 ergs.

1 joule is approximately equal to:

 6.2415 x 1018 eV (Electron Volts)

 0.2390 cal (calorie) (small calories, lower case c)
 2.3901 x 10−4 kilocalorie, Calories (food energy, upper case C)
 9.4782 x 10−4 BTU (British thermal unit)
 0.7376 ft-lb (foot-pound force)2.7778 x 10−7 kiloWatt hour
 2.7778 x 10−4 Watt hour

Units defined in terms of the joule include:

 1 thermo chemical calorie = 4.184 J

 1 International Table calorie = 4.1868 J
 1 Watt hour = 3600 J
 1 kiloWatt hour = 3.6 x 106 J (or 3.6 MJ)
 1 ton TNT = 4.184 GJ

Useful to remember:

 1 joule = 1 Newton meter = 1 Watt second

Dynes:

In physics, the dyne (symbol "dyn", from Greek δύναμις (dynamis) meaning power, force) is a
unit of force specified in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system of units, a predecessor of the
modern SI. One dyne is equal to exactly 10 micronewtons. Equivalently, the dyne is defined as
"the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram at a rate of one centimeter per second
squared":
1 dyn = 1 g x cm/s2 = 10 - 5 kg x m/s2 = 10 µN

The dyne per centimeter is the unit usually associated with measuring surface tension. For
example, the surface tension of distilled water is 72 dyn/cm at 25°C (77°F).

Units of force
newton kilogram-force,
dyne pound-force poundal
(SI unit) kilopond
1N = 1 kg x m/s2 = 105 dyn ≈ 0.10197 kp ≈ 0.22481 lbf ≈ 7.2330 pdl
=1gx ≈ 1.0197 x 10 ≈ 2.2481 x 10 ≈ 7.2330 x 10-5
-6 -6
1 dyn = 10-5 N 2
cm/s kp lbf pdl
= 980665
1 kp = 9.80665 N = gn x (1 kg) ≈ 2.2046 lbf ≈ 70.932 pdl
dyn
≈ 4.448222 ≈ 444822
1 lbf ≈ 0.45359 kp = gn x (1 lb) ≈ 32.174 pdl
N dyn
≈ 0.138255
1 pdl ≈ 13825 dyn ≈ 0.014098 kp ≈ 0.031081 lbf = 1 lb x ft/s2
N
The value of gn as used in the official definition of the kilogram-force is used here for all
gravitational units.

Mechanical
General Approximations - RULES OF THUMB

Use these in the field for fast approximations:

At 3600 rpm, a motor develops a 1.5 lb-ft of torque per HP at rated HP output
At 1800 rpm, a motor develops a 3 lb-ft of torque per HP at rated HP output
At 1200 rpm, a motor develops a 4.5 lb-ft of torque per HP at rated HP output
At 900 rpm, a motor develops a 6 lb-ft of torque per HP at rated HP output

At 575 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1 AMP per HP at rated HP output

At 460 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1.25 AMP per HP at rated HP output
At 230 volts a 3-phase motor draws 2.5 AMP per HP at rated HP output

At 230 volts, a single-phase motor draws 5 AMP per HP at rated HP output

At 115 volts, a single-phase motor draws 10 AMP per HP at rated HP output

To Find Watts
1. When Volts and Amperes are Known

POWER (WATTS) = VOLTS x AMPERES

 We have a small server with a nameplate shows 2.5 amps. Given a normal 120 Volt, 60 hz
power source and the ampere reading from equipment, make the following calculation:

POWER (WATTS) = 120 * 2.5 ANSWER: 300 WATTS

To Find Volt-Amperes (VA)

1. Same as above. VOLT-AMPERES (VA) = VOLTS x AMPERES ANS: 300 VA

To Find kilovolt-Amperes (kVA)

1. SINGLE PHASE

KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVA) = VOLTS x AMPERES

1000

Using the previous example: 120 * 2.5 = 300 VA 300 VA / 1000 = .3 kVA

2. 208-240 SINGLE-PHASE (2-POLE SINGLE-PHASE)

 Given: We have a Sun server with an amp rating of 4.7 and requiring a 208-240 power source.
We'll use 220 volts for our calculations.

KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVA) = VOLTS x AMPERES

1000

220 x 4.7 = 1034 1034 / 1000 = 1.034 kVA

3. THREE-PHASE

 Given: We have a large EMC Symmetrix 3930-18/-36 storage system with 192 physical
volumes. EMC's website shows a requirement for a 50-amp 208 VAC receptacle. For this
calculation, we will use 21 amps. Do not calculate any value for the plug or receptacle.

KILOVOLT-AMPERES (kVA) = VOLTS x AMPERES x 1.73

1000

208 x 21 x 1.73 = 7,556.64 7,556.64 / 1000 = 7.556 kVA

To Find Kilowatts

 Finding Kilowatts is a bit more complicated in that the formula includes a value for the "power
factor". The power factor is a nebulous but required value that is different for each electrical
device. It involves the efficiency in the use of of the electricity supplied to the system. This factor
can vary widely from 60% to 95% and is never published on the equipment nameplate and
further, is not often supplied with product information. For purposes of these calculations, we use
 a power factor of .85. This arbitrary number places a slight inaccuracy into the numbers. Its OK
and it gets us very close for the work we need to do.

1. SINGLE PHASE

Given: We have a medium-sized Compaq server that draws 6.0 amps.

KILOWATT (kW) = VOLTS x AMPERES x POWER FACTOR

1000

120 * 6.0 = 720 VA 720 VA * .85 = 612 612 / 1000 = .612 kW

2. TWO-PHASE

 Given: We have a Sun server with an amp rating of 4.7 and requiring a 208-240 power source.
We'll use 220 volts for our calculations.

KILOWATT (kW) = VOLTS x AMPERES x POWER FACTOR x 2

1000

220 x 4.7 x 2 = 2068 2068 x .85 = 1757.8 1757.8 / 1000 = 1.76 kW

3. THREE-PHASE

 Given: We have a large EMC Symmetrix 3930-18/-36 storage system with 192 physical
volumes. EMC's website shows a requirement for a 50-amp 208 VAC receptacle. For this
calculation, we will use 22 amps. Do not calculate the value of the plug or receptacle. Use the
value on nameplate.

KILOWATT (kW) = VOLTS x AMPERES x POWER FACTOR x 1.73

1000

208x22x1.73 = 7,916.48 7,916.48 * .85 = 6,729.008 6,729.008/1000=6.729 kW

To Convert Between kW and kVA

 The only difference between kW and kVA is the power factor. Once again, the power factor,
unless known, is an approximation. For purposes of our calculations, we use a power factor
of .85. The kVA value is always higher than the value for kW.

kW to kVA kW / .85 = SAME VALUE EXPRESSED IN kVA

kVA TO kW kVA * .85 = SAME VALUE EXPRESSED IN kW

To Find BTUs From Electrical Values

 Known and Given: 1 kW = 3413 BTUs (or 3.413 kBTUs)

 The above is a generally known value for converting electrical values to BTUs. Many
manufacturers publish kW, kVA and BTU in their equipment specifications. Often, dividing the
BTU value by 3413 does not equal their published kW value. So much for knowns and givens.