INTEGRALS)

OF
APPLICATION
8 that
Mathematics R Q
Chapter A.L.
Cauchy
(1789-1857)
BIRKHOFF
8.1
Fig
dy
through
form.-
only are many figures.
areas
geometry
formulae
triangles,
areas concepts andfinding
curves,
thea, thespecific
find= as
P
x parabolas
is harmoniouscalculateto the integral
a simplewith
ordinates Y XoY'
it mathematics
simple some to
calculating
elementary study
because including studied deal
under curves. studied
definite
shall Now,
andusing andarealarge
of curve dx.
width
Considerydx,
to Such many need the also
circles,
way
formulae sum a of strip)=
in
Mathematics have
f(x), we area shall Calculus.
the= of
circles.
conceived figures of of for shall calculating
chapter,
said Curves integral
have x think
intuitive strips.
and
of
formulae the of forms
only).
We a byordinates
composed
applicationsinadequate
we we y= above of elementary
learnt areas findarcs we limit boundedcan yheight
and that chapter,
curve Simple definite
of vertical
geometrical this
to and the and
chapter, Theorem we
studybe have trapezias
For
Thecalulate while integrals the the
can 8.1 the in
Calculus. by easy 8.1.as strip
thin of
Introductiontheproblems.arecurves. In
the
previous Here, lines
under as evaluateareaand curve
bounded
the
should
nature we in they
by x-axis, ellipses
(standard integral
previous the x-axisFig very of where,
y=fr).
sum.
bounded of between
application Fundamental (area
to by
fundamental
geometry, the From arbitrary
consider
various
rectangles, Integral Area the of
One lifeus However,
enclosed anda area to
definite finding
y=fü), number dA
allow of the under then
x=b.
x=blimit
the 8.2 In
real area area how
In of of we an
360 MATHEMATICS

r e hrct s iccated 1 Trary n e

This area is caled the elementa
some zine of eET nc 2 Wie ätn hang
within the region which is secifer F2 and he r .
r-2s. nates =
Of he total area A of the reor berweé
efeneT reas of ns S iCITSs he o
y=f() as the result of adding ur he
PQRSP. Symbolically. we press

The area A of the econ ouried by

=C
the curve x=g(y). v-aTis 2nd the lines
y =disgiven by

shcn
Here. e consider torizoTta!sns 2:
the Fig &.2
Remark If theccsiton of he uve nde
fr)<0 irom =1t5=t 3
=com
and the ordinates = 2
aken
value cf the 2re2 which s
i:.
takeits absolute vale

Generally, it may happer thet sorme orior of he re ahrs S C me 5

belew the x-axis as shown in the iz 34 Here h Tere he ie
A bounded by the rve=f -2x13 27c o r
by A=|A A..
 AFFLXATKON OF NTRGRLS

Fig &4

Example 1 Findthe area enclosed by the cirke +=

Solution From Fig 8.5, the whole area enclosed
by the given circle B0,)
=4 (area of the region AOBA bounded by
the curve, i-axis and the ordinates x =0 and
X=a) [as the cirrle is svmmetrical about bon
X-axis and y-axis] N

=4|, yar (taking vertical srips)

N=±ya - Fig SS
Since x* +y=¢gives
As the region AOBA lies in the firstquadrant, y is taken as ositive. ntegating. we get
the whole area enclosed by the given cirle

a
4
va'-r'.: 2
-Sin
Jo
 MATHEMATICS
shownin Fig&6che
362
horizontalstrrps 2s
considering
Alternatively. circle
by
region enclosed Whv)

Va'-y+ Stn
=4

-sin I -0
2

2 2 Fig 8.6
ellipse
Example 2Find the area enclosed by the
the ellipse
SolutionFrom Fig 8.7, the area of the region ABA B´A bounded by
= 4
area af the region AOBAin the first quadrant bounded
by the curve,x- axis and the ordinates x=0.x=a
(as the ellipse is symmetrical about both x-axis and y-axis)
=4), ydt (taking vertical strips)
b
a' b' -lgives y=t-va -x*, but as the region AOBA lies in the first
Now

quadrant, y is taken as positive. So, the required area is

=4a'-xd
4b B(0, b)
"va'- +sin
2 (Why?)
45
a
(-a, 0) dx

4b a'
B (0,- b)
a 2 2=Iab
y
Fig 8.7
 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 363

horizontal strips as
Alternatively.considering! of the ellipse is
Fig 8.8, the area B(0, 6)
showninthe

4f'ndy =4JWo'-y'dy (why)

dy
A
>X
(-e, 0) (a, 0)

4a y b -Sin
b B'(0,- b)

Fig 8.8
-sin
2

4ab n=Tab
b 22
bounded by a curve and a line
8.2.1 The area of the region bounded by a line and a circle,
of the region
In this subsection, we will find the area Equations
will be
of above mentioned curves this
and an ellipse.
aline and a parabola, a line the cases in other forms go beyond the
scope of
only as
intheir standard forms
textbook.
region bounded x=y 4
Example 3Find the area of the
line y = 4.
by the curve y = r and the
represented by dy
SolutionSince the given curve symmetrical
is a parabola
ne equatjon y= therefore, from Fig 8.9, the
about y-axis only,
AOBA is given by
Trequired area of the region

2| xáy = Fig 8,9

curve,y - axis
BONBboundedby
area of theregion
2 y =4
and the lines y=0and
(Why?)
Jo

strips as indicated in the Fig 8.9,

Here, we have taken horizontal
 364 MATHEM ATICS

Alternatively, we may consider the vertical x=

strips like PQ as shown in the Fig 8.10 to
obtain the area of the region AOBA. To this A
end, we solve the equations x'= y and y = 4
which gives x = -2 and X= 2. X= dx
Thus, the region AOBA may be stated as
the region bounded by the curve y =x', y=4 X< ’X
and the ordinates x = -2 and x = 2.
Therefore, the area of the region AOBA
Fig 8.10

[y=(y-coordinate of Q) - (y-coordinate of P) = 4 -x]

2[(4-*)dr (Why?)
32
=24x
Remark From theabove examples, it is inferred that we can consider either vertica
strips or horizgDta> strips for calculating the area of the region. Henceforth, we shal
consider eithér of these two, most preferably vertical strips.
Examplg4 Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis
the liéy=x, and the circle x + y = 32.
Y
Solution The given equations are
y= x ... (1)
and x+y'= 32 (2)
Solving () and (2), we find that the line (4,4)
and the circle meet at B(4, 4) in the first
quadrant (Fig 8.11). Draw perpendicular
BM to the x-axis. A

the
Therefore, the required area = area of M
l4/20)
region OBMO + area of the region
BMAB.
Now, the area of the region
OBMO
xdr
... (3)
Y

Fig 8.11
 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

oftheregion
BMAB
area
Again,the
V32-x'de
=[ ydx=
74v2
=s2-+;1 x32 x sin
1

2
4N2 Ja

/2x0+x 32x sin"1 -32-16 x32x sin

1
2
... (4)
4n-8
= 8 T-(8+ 4T) =
and (4), weget, the required area = 4.
Adding (3)
x =0
the ellipse 2= and the ordinates
eFind the area bounded by
Example; g' (1 - e)and.e < 1.
and x = aé, where, b² = the
8.12)of the region BOB'RFSB is enclosed by
Solution The required area (Fig
x= ae.
ellipse and the lies x=0 and
regionBOBRFSB B
Note that the areaof the

=2ydr = 2 a-dt F (ae, o)

Jae
X
a? Sin-It
2 2 B

sine
.26
ae la'-a'e? +a' Fig 8.12
2al

=abl evi-e' +sin'e

EXERCISE 8.1}
linés x = 1,
bounded by the curve y² = x and the
of the region
I. Find thearea in the first
quadrant.
x=4 and thex-axis 9x, x = 2,x = 4 andthe x-axis in the
region bounded by y'
the
2. Find the area of
first quadrant.
 66
MATHEMATICS
3. Find the arca of the region bounded byr=4y, y=2, y = 4 and
the y-axis in
first quadrant.
4. Find the arca of the region bounded by the -=1.
ellipse 16
+
9

5. Find the area of the region bounded by the

ellipse 4 9
-=1
6. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant
enclosed by x-axis, line x =
and the circle +y = 4.
7. Find the area of the smaller part of the circle +
y=d cut off by the line x=
8. The area between x = and x = 4 is divided into two equal parts
X=4, find the value of a. by the line
9. Find the area of the region
bounded by the parabola y= x'and y= x.
10. Find the area bounded by the
curve r=4y and the line x= 4y - 2.
11. Find the area of the region
bounded by the curve y² = 4x and the line x = 3.
Choose the correct answer in the
12. Arealying in the first following.Exercises 12 and 13.
X=0 andr=2is quadrant bounded by the circie x* +y²= 4 and the lines
and

(A) (B) (C) (D)

13. Area of the region 4
bounded bv the curve y = 4x. y-axis and the line y = 3
is
(A) 2 (B) (C)
4
3 (D)
8.3 Area between
Two Curves
Intuitively. true in the sense of Leibnitz,
culting the region into a large integration is the act of
iding up these elementary are number of small strips of calculating the areaby
as. Suppose we are elementary and then
area
=f().=g(.
intersecton
where
of these two
f(a) gir) in (a. b) as
> given
shown in
two
Fig
curves represented by
8.13. Here the points o!
ommon values c om thecurves are given by x= a
given andx= bobtained by
For setting up a equation of two curves. tak1ng
ihe form of fomula the integral. it is
for
verical strips. As indicated convenient to take elementary area n
in the Fig 8.13. elementary strip has
heig
 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 36/

and width dr so that the elementary area

fir) - g(r)
y=f(r)
dx
y=f() -g (1)

’X

Y Fig 8.13
dA = f(x)- g(x))dx, and the total area Acan be taken as

A-[t0-g()]dt
Alternatively..
A= [area bounded by y=f(x), x-axis and the lines x=a, x=b]
-(area bounded by y =g (), x-axis and the lines x a, X =b]

- a
fw dr-g() du =|[r)-s)]dr, whexef)2g )inlu, bl
a<c<bas shown in th
Iff()>g (r) in [a, c) and f() <g () in [c, b], where, be written as
curves can
Fig 8.14, then the area of the regions bounded by
region BPRQB
Total Area = Area of the region ACBDA + Area of the

y=g ()
y=fu) P

Q y =f ()
Dy =g ()

-’X

Fig8.14
 368
MATHEMTICs
Exampl6 Find the area of the rogion boundedby the two parabolas y*** and y²
Solyton The point of interscction of these two
paraboclas are O (0, 0) and A (1, 1) as shown in
the Fig 8.15. 1,1)
Here, we can set y ' x or y x )andy=x
=g), where, f (x) > g <) in [0, 1].
Therefore, the required arca of the shaded region

- fr)-g()]d
Y
3
Fig &.15

3 between the circl

above x-axis and included
3
the area lying
E«nple 7 Find paraboia = 4x.
Y ²= 8x andinside of the expressed
given equation of the circle x + ².= 8x can be
Solution The of the
(x -4)2 + = 16. Thus, the centre
4. Its intersection P (4, 4)
circle is (4, 0) and radius is
with the parabola = 4x gives
2+ 4x = 8x
4x = 0

x(x- 4) = 0 Q8, 0)
Or.
0, x= 4
C(4, 0)
. X=
these
Thus, the points of intersection of
above the
twp curves are O(0, 0) and P(4,4)
X-axis.
From the Fig 8.16, the required area of
the region OPQCO included between these Fig 3.16
. two Curves above x-axis is
= (area of the region OCPO) t (area of the region PCQP)

- 2, V da +[v4² -(x-4)' dx (Why?)

 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 369

-í,-ta, where, z-4=t ' (Why)

32 z 32
3 0+8=
2
+47 =
8+30)
3

+ y'= 36 in the first

Erample yn Fig 6.17. AOBA is the part of the ellipse 9r AB and the
arc
Bauch that OA = 2and OB = 6. Find the area between the
cord AB

Sshutirn venequatin of the ellipse 9r+yý=36 can be expressed as 4 36 =l or

=land hence, its shape is as given in Fig 8.17. B(0, 6)

hndingy, the equation of the chord AB is

6-0
y-0=
0-2
z-2) X'< A230),
y=-3-2)
y=-31 +6
the Fig 8.17.
Arez f the shaied region as shown in

-3|,/4- ds-[6-34de (Why?)

3,2
72 Fig8.17
4
sinn 2
2

2
=30+
2
2sin10-2un')-12-3127i
=3x24-6 =37 -6
 370
MATHEMATICS
xample9 Using integration find the area of region bounded by the triangle
vertices are (1, 0), (2, 2) and (3, 1).
Solution Let A(1, 0), B(2, 2) and C(3, 1) be B (2, 2)
the vertices of atriangle ABC (Fig 8.18).
Area of AABC
= Area of AABD +Area of trapezium C(3.1
BDEC - Area of AAEC.
A (1, 0)D F
Now equation of the sides AB, BC and
CA are given by
Fig 8.18
1
y= 2(x- 1), y = 4 - x, y= 2 - 1), respectively.

Hence, arca of AABc - [(2 (r-) du +[(4-) dx -[ £ t 1 2

3

-----
3
2
Exampé 10 Find the area of the region enclosed between the two circles: +=
and -2)² +y' =4.
Solution Equations of the given circles are
+y² =4 ... (1)
and (x- 2)² + y² = 4 ... (2)
Equation (1) is a circle with centreO at the A(1,V3)
origin and radius 2. Equation (2) is a circle with
centre C (2, 0) and radius 2. Solving equations
(1) and (2), we have
X< C(2, 0)
(x-2)° + jy² =+y²
x- 4x + 4+ y² =+ y'
or X=lwhich gives y= ty3. A'(1,-\3)
Thus, the points of intersection of the
given
circles are A(1, 3) and A(0, -/3)as shown in
the Fig 8.19: Fig 8.19
 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 371

Required area ofthe enclosed region OACA'O between circles

=2 [area of the region ODCAO| (Why?)
=2 larea of the region ODAO + area of the region DCAD)

(Why?)

(x-24-(r-2)² + x4sin
2

xv4-x +-x4sin

=|(x-2)y4-(r-2) +4sin -- 2

;+x-4x--4x 6

+ 2T
+ 2T 2r-V3 3

-2/3
3.
EXERCISE8.2
interior to the parabolar=4y.
Find the area of the circle 4x+4y' =9 which is + y= 1.
+ y'=l and
Fitthe area bounded by curves (x - 1'
curves y=*+2, y=x, I=0and
Find the area of the region bounded by the
X=3.
bounded by the triangle whose vertices
4. Using jegration findthe area of region
arç- 1. 0),(1. 3)and (3, 2).
triangular region whose sides have the
,5.Asing integration find the area of thex=4.
equations y = 2r + l.y= 3x+ Iand
 372 MATHEMATICS

Choose the correct answer in the tollowing exercises 6

and7.
6. Smaller area enclosed by he circle a
+= 4and the line a+V=2is
(A) 2(%- 2) (B) 7- 2 (C) 2r - 1 (D) 2( + 2)
7. Area lying between the curves
y= 4r andv: 2r is
2
(A) 1 3
3 (B) (C)
3 (D)
4

Miscellaneous Examples
Example ll Find the area of the parabola v² =
4ar bounded by its latus rectum,
Solution From Fig 8.20. thevertex of theparabola
y= 4ax is at origin (0. 0). The
latus rectum LSL is x = a. Also. equation of the
parabola is
syrnmetricad about the x-axis.
The required area of the region OLL'O
=2(area of the region OLS0)
(4, 0)
>X

- 2x2va [Nrd:
=4var
Fig 8.20

8
3 Vala
D
3
Example 12 Find the area of the region bounded
by the line y= 3r+2, the x-axis and the
x=-l and x =1. ordinates
Solution As shown in the Fig 8.21. the line X C

y=3r +2 meets X-axis at x= and its graph

3 B

lies below x-axis for xe-1. -2 and above

3

X-axis for xE Fig 8.21

 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 373

The regured arez = Area of the region ACBA + Area of the region ADEA

(3x+2)dx

3x 3r? 1 25 13
+2x
2
-2 6 6 3

Exampie 13 Find the arez bounded by

E e = o0sI between x =0 and

Sokucion From the Fig 8.22. the required B D/ 2T

X
2r2 =Z2 I the region OAB0 - area T F

f e repun BCDB+ areaof the region

DEFD
Thus. we heve the required area Fig 8.22

27
COS x dx coS x dx

x=4y
R
Q(4.4)
=l-2- E4 B

Ezmy3Prove that the curves y = 4x and = 4y

Cethe area of the square bounded by x=0. x 4. P
’X
y=4 and y =0 into three equal partsS.
Solution Note that the point of intersection of the
parabolas y = 4x and r = 4y are (0. 0) and (4. 4) as Fig 8.23
 374
MATHEMATICS
shown in the Fig 8.23. 4x and x'=
4y.
curves y²=
Now, the area of the region OAQBO bounded by .3

12

32 16 16
= 0, x
3 3
by the curvesx= 4y, x
OPQAO bounded
Again, the area of the region
and x-axis
16 (2)
dx = 3
4
the curve y= 4x, y-axis
region OBQRO bounded by
Similarly, the area of the
y=0and y = 4 16
,2
... (3)
3

concluded that the area of the region OAQB= area of

From (1), (2) and(3), it is
area of the region OBQRO, i.e., area bounded by parabolas
the region OPQAO2
three equal parts.
y= 4rand x'=Ay divides the area of the square in
ample 14 Find the area of the region RA
as:0sySr+ 1,0<y Sx+ l, 0 sxs 2) Q(1,2)
Solution Let us first sketch the region whose area is to
x=2
be found out. This region is the intersection of the
following regions. P(0,1)x= 1
A, = (u y) :0sySx+1), X' ’X
A, =((, y) :0sysx+ 1} T S
and Y
A, = {, y) :0sx2)
The points of intersection of y Fig 8.24
=+l andy=x+ 1 are
From the Fig 8.24, the required
region is the shaded region points P(0, 1)and Q1,2).
OTQPO + area of theOPQRSTO whose area
=area of the region
region TSRQT
(Why?)
 APOWAtION OF INTEORALS 175

Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter &

I Fd he area under the givern curves al given lines:

()v*', *-I, - 5and xakis

2, iml the rea between the curves y =and y=.
M. lid the aren of the tegion lying in the first (uadrant and bounded by y= 4x',
0, y-Iand y4

4. sketch the graph of y- nad evaluate d.

6. nd the aren bounded by the curve y sin xbetween X =0 andx= 21t.
6. Vnd the area enclosedl between the parabola y' =4ux and the line y =mx.
7. Find the arej ecosed by the parabola 4y 3x' and the line 2y = 3x + 12.

Tind the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse =| and the

line

9, Findthe area of the snaller region bounded by the cllipse and the

"line
and
10, Fidthe area of the region enclosed bythe parabola x'= y, the line y=x+ 2
the x axis.
x+|l=1.
1, Using the metthod of integration find the arca bounded by the curve
y=1,-xty= land
|int: The tequired region is bounded by lines x+y=1,-
376 YATHEMATICS
Find the area bounded by curves {x. y) : y 2x' and y =lxl).
13. Usingthe method of integration findthe area of the trangle ABC,
whose vertices are A(2, 0), B (4. 5) and.C(6, 3).
14. Using the rnethod of integration find the area of the region bounded
cOordinate
2x +y= 4, 3x-2y =6 and x- 3y + 5 =0
by lines
15. Find the area of the region {(x. v): ys 4x, 4x + 4y s 9}
Choose the correct answer in the following Exercises from 16 to 20.
16. Area bounded by the Curve y'= x, the x-axis and the ordinatesx=- 2
and x=|;
-15 15 17
(A) -9 (B) 4 (C) 4
(D)
4
17. The area bounded by the curve y=xlxl,
x-axis and the ordinates x=-la
=1is given by
1
(A) 0/ (B) (C)
4
3 3 (D)
3
Mint: y = ifx> 0 and y =- ifx< 0].
The area of the circle x + y'= 16
exterior to the parabola y' = 6x is
4
(A) (4r-3) (B) (4+ 3) (C) 4
4
3
3 (87-/3) (D) 3
(8T +V3)
19. The arca bounded by
the y-axis, y= cos x and y = sin x
when 0xS- is
2
(A) 2/2-1)
(B) 42-1 (C) S2+1 (D) J2
The arca of the
repion boundedSummary
by the curve y =
=0 and x =h (b> a) is f(x), x-axis and the ineS
The area of given by the formula:
bounded by the curve x =Area=
the region ydi = f(x)dx.
y=,y= dis given bythe formula: Area ¢ (v). y-axis and the e
=xdy =|'(y)dy.
 APCAON O NTHGRALs 377

lhe a of he region neosed hotwecitwo curves y

the f0. y g )
inesis piven by the fomat,

The ongt otthe ntegral Historical Note

of
Matthemaies and it is rclateCaleuluso goes bck otte caly period of
mathennaticiansNof ancient
the ncthod o
Grecce. This lethod atose cxhaustion devclopment
devcopcd by the
ncalculaing arvas of in the solution of
nthis sense, he plane fyures, surt:ace areas and volumes ol problems
ot nteration. The nlethod ot exhaustion can be regarded as an carly bodics
solid
peiod was obtainedgratestin thedevelopment
of method of
works of Eudoxus (440 B.C.) and exhaustion in
cthod
the carly
(i0 BC)
Archimcdes
`Ystenatie appoachtothe tlheory of
In ló05, Newton began his work on the Caleulus Caleulus beganin the 17th century.
ot tlhusions and uscd his
theory in inding the tangentdescribed by him as the theory
any ont on a curve. Newton and radius of curvature at
introduced
called the aniderivative (indetinite the basie notion of inverse
function
integra} or ihe inverse method of tangents.
Duing l68-4-86. Leibnitz published an article in the cta
which he calldCalcukis sunmatorius, since it was connected with theEruditorum
summation
of a nuuberot intinitely small areas, whose
In l690, he followed a suggestion made by J. sum, he indicated by the symbol '.
Benoulli and changed this article to
Caleulus integrali. This corresponded to Newton's inverse methodof tangents.
Both Newton and Leibnitz adoptedquite independent lines of approach which
was radically ditterent. However, respective theories accomplished results that
were pactically identical. Leibnitz used the notion of definite integral and what is
quite cetain is that he first clearly appreciated tie up between the antiderivative
and the detmite integral
Concdusively, the fundamental concepts and theory of Integral Calculus
.and primarily its relationships witlh Differential Caleulus were developed in the
work of Pde Ferat, I. Newvton and G. Leibnitz at the end of 17th century.