BIOLOGY

Board Practical Exam

Model Answer
-Created By-
Deshmukh A. B.
Asst. Teacher
Agasti Art’s, Commerce and Dadasaheb Rupwate Science College, Akole

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 1
 Part A
• Major Experiment:
• Que 1 4 Marks
• Minor Experiment:
• Que 2 3 Marks
• Que 3 3 Marks

• Total 10 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 2
Que. 1 - 4 Marks

• Make a temporary potato osmoscope to study osmosis. Sketch & label the diagram
showing the change in the water level.
OR
• Make a temporary slide to study plasmolysis. Sketch & label the diagram.
OR
• Make a temporary mount of leaf epidermis to study the structure & distribution of
stomata. Sketch & label the structure of stomatal apparatus.
OR
• Find out the adulteration of the given milk sample, for water and starch.
OR
• Perform the experiment to isolate DNA from given sample. Show your result to the
examiner.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 3
Q. 1 Make a temporary potato osmoscope to study osmosis. Sketch & label the
diagram showing the change in the water level.

• Preparation of potato osmoscope……… 2Marks

• Observation / Conclusion……………………. 1 Mark
• Diagram of Osmoscope……………………….. 1 Mark
• Total- 4 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 4
Answer

• Aim:- To study the process of osmosis using potato

osmoscope.
• Requirements: -A fresh potato, scalpel, glass beaker, pins,
conc. Sugar solution, water, etc.
• Observation: -
• Level of sugar solution in the potato osmoscope, rises after some
time.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 5
• Diagram of Osmoscope: -

• Conclusion: -
• Rise in level of sugar solution is due to osmotic entry of water
inside the osmoscope across it’s wall.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 6
Q. 1 Make a temporary slide to study plasmolysis. Sketch & label the diagram.

• Preparation of slide…………………….……… 2Marks

• Observation / Conclusion……………………. 1 Mark
• Diagram of plasmolysed cell……………….. 1 Mark
• Total- 4 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 7
Answer:
• Aim: -
• To study plasmolysis in epidermal cells of Tradescantia leaf.
• Requirements:
• Fresh leaf of Tradescantia, conc. Sugar solution, distilled water,
slides, cover slips, watch glass, blades, etc.
• Observation:
• The slide prepared using hypertonic solution shows shrinkage of
protoplast.
• The protoplast moves away from the cell wall and becomes
concentrated to the corner of the cell.
• This is called plasmolysis.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 8
• Diagram of Plasmolysed Cell:

• Conclusion:

• Plasmolysis occurs due to exosmosis. A cell is placed in a hypertonic

solution loses its water and shows shrinkage of protoplast.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 9
Q. 1 Make a temporary mount of leaf epidermis to study the structure &
distribution of stomata. Sketch & label the structure of stomatal apparatus.

• Preparation of slide…………………….……… 2Marks

• Observation / Conclusion……………………. 1 Mark

• Diagram of stomata…..……………………….. 1 Mark

• Total- 4 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 10
Answer:
• Aim: -
• To study structure and distribution of stomata in upper and lower epidermis of leaf.

• Requirements:
• Fresh leaf of Hibiscus / Maize, slides, cover slips, watch glass, blades, glycerine, etc.

• Observation:

(If Hibiscus leaf provided)

• The peel of Hibiscus leaf shows presence of kidney shaped guard cells surrounded by
subsidiary cells.
(If Maize leaf provided)
• The peel of Maize leaf shows presence of dumb-bell shaped guard cells surrounded by
two subsidiary cells.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 11
• Diagram of Plasmolysed Cell:
• (Draw either Dicot stomata OR monocot stomata according to the leaf provided for practical)

• Conclusion:

(If Hibiscus leaf provided)

• The number of stomata on upper epidermis is less than on lower epidermis.
(If Maize leaf provided)
• The number of stomata on upper epidermis and lower epidermis is generally equal.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 12
Q. 1 Perform the experiment to isolate DNA from given sample. Show your result
to the examiner.

• Procedure of DNA extraction…………………. 3 marks

• Observation…………………………………………… 1 Mark

• Total ............................................. 4 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 13
Answer:
• Aim:-

• To extract and isolate DNA from a fruit sample.

• Requirements: -
• Fleshy berry fruits like banana, liquid soap, distilled water, salt, ice cold isopropyl alcohol, measuring
spoons, glass string rod, test tubes, glass beakers, plastic cups, strainer or coffee filter, funnel, etc.

• Principle: -

• All plants DNA extraction protocols, comprise of the basic steps of disruption of cell wall,
cell membrane and nuclear membrane to release the DNA into solution followed by
precipitation of DNA and ensuring removal of the contaminating biomolecules.

• Observation: -

• DNA precipitates out into the alcohol layer. DNA has the appearance of white stringy
mucus.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 14
Que 2 (Minor Experiment) 03 Marks

• Dissect the given flower to display the floral whorls. Take a T. S. or

V. S. of ovary to show number of chambers (locules). Sketch and label
the diagram.
OR
• Make a temporary preparation to show pollen germination. Draw neat
and labelled diagram of the same.
OR
• Calculate population density/ frequency of any one plant species by
quadrat method.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 15
Q. 2 Dissect the given flower to display the floral whorls. Take a T. S. or V. S. of
ovary to show number of chambers (locules). Sketch and label the diagram.

• Display of Floral whorls …………… 1 Mark

• T.S. of ovary Slide preparation ............. 1 Mark

• Diagram of T.S. of ovary ……………… 1 Mark

• Total - 3 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 16
Answer:
• Aim: -
• To dissect given flower to study and display different whorls. Dissect ovary
to show number of chambers.

• Requirements: -
• Flower of Hibiscus, forceps, razor blade, slides, cover slips, two needles,
dissecting microscope, paper, etc.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 17
• Diagram of T. S. of Ovary: -

Ovary
Wall
Locule

Ovules

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 18
Q. 2 Make a temporary preparation to show pollen germination. Draw neat and
labelled diagram of the same.

• Preparation (pollen germination slide)…………….. 2 Marks.

• Diagram of pollen grain showing pollen germination… 1 Mark.

• Total - 3 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 19
Answer:
• Aim: -
• To study process of pollen germination on slide while observing
under the compound microscope.

• Requirements: -
• Flower of Catharanthus, glass slide, cover slip, compound
microscope, sugar solution, etc.

• Observation: -
• In the nutrient medium, pollen grain germinates, and pollen tube
comes out through germ pore.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 20
• Diagram of pollen grain showing germination:

Exine
Intine

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 21
Q. 3 Calculate population density/ frequency of ................ plant species by
quadrat method.

• Observation table for density / frequency ……………………….. 2 Marks

• Formula for density / frequency…………………………………………. 1 Mark

• Total - 3 Marks

• [Either density or frequency of any one species will be

asked in examination]

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 22
Answer: (If asked to calculate population density of any one species..)
• Aim:
• To study population density of plant population by quadrat
method.
• Requirements:
• Meter scale, string, nails, paper, pencil, etc.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 23
Observation Table:

No. Plant No. of Individuals Total no. Total no. Population

Specie Per Quadrat of of Density
s individuals quadrat
1 2 3 4 5 in all the studied
quadrat
studied = N/B
(N) (B)

Calculation:
Population Density = N/B = .............. = ..............
Result:
Population density of species .......... isA................
Shri. Deshmukh B. 24
Answer: (If asked to calculate frequency percentage of any one species..)
• Aim:
• To study population frequency percentage of plant
population by quadrat method.
• Requirements:
• Meter scale, string, nails, paper, pencil, etc.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 25
Observation Table:

No. Plant No. of Individuals Total no. Total no. Frequency

Species Per Quadrat of of Percentage
quadrats in quadrat
1 2 3 4 5 which the studied
species
occurred = A/B X 100
(A) (B)

Calculation:
Frequency Percentage = A/B x 100 = .............. = ..............
Result:
Frequency Percentage of species ..........
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. is ............... 26
Que 3 (Minor Experiment) 03 Marks
• Perform the suitable tests to compare the given water sample(s) for
its/ their pH and clarity. Make a note of its/ their pH and clarity.
OR
• Perform the suitable tests to compare the given soil samples for their
pH and type. Make a note on their pH and soil type.

OR
• Perform the suitable test to compare the given leaf samples for the
presence of particulate matter. Make a note of the same.

OR

• Make a temporary mount of the given water sample. Observe and

prepare a report on the presence of different planktons in it.
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 27
Q. 3 Perform the suitable tests to compare the given water sample(s) for its/ their
pH and clarity. Make a note of its/ their pH and clarity.

• pH and nature of two water samples…………………… 2 Marks.

• Observation about the clarity of two water samples… 1 Mark.

• Total - 3 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 28
Answer:
• Aim:
• To study water samples for measuring their pH and clarity.
• Requirements:
• Different water samples, sample bottle with cap, pH papers of
different ranges/ universal indicator, 1000ml beakers, cardboard
box, torch, etc.
• Observation Table:
Water Sample pH Clarity
Sample A
Sample B

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 29
Q. 3 Perform the suitable tests to compare the given soil samples for their pH and
type. Make a note on their pH and soil type.

• Identification of type of two soil samples……… 2 Marks

• pH of two soil samples……………………………… 1 Mark

• Total - 3 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 30
Answer:
• Aim:
• To study soil samples for measuring their pH and type.
• Requirements:
• Digger, polythene bags, lens, meshes of different pore size for soil
samples, clean glass jar with tight fitting lid, measuring cylinder,
distilled water, etc.
• Observation Table:
Soil pH % of % of % of Type
Sample Sand Slit Clay
Sample A

Sample B

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 31
Perform the suitable test to compare the given leaf samples for the presence of
particulate matter. Make a note of the same.

• Washed leaf observation table……………….. 1 Mark

• Unwashed leaf observation table…………… 1 Mark

• Inference ……………………………………………… 1 Mark

• Total - 3 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 32
Answer:
• Aim:
• To study the suspended particulate matter on the leaves collected from
different sites.
• Requirements:
• Slides, coverslips, ear buds, microscope, leaves of roadside plants,
glycerine, etc.
• Observation Table:
Leaf Sample Observation
Washed Leaf
Unwashed Leaf
• Inference:
• Microscopic observation of unwashed leaf shows presence of particulate
matter in the form of dust, pollen grains, fungal spores, etc.
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 33
Q. 3 Make a temporary mount of the given water sample. Observe and prepare a
report on the presence of different planktons in it.

• Observation table showing names of any four microorganisms observed in water

sample………………. 2 Marks

• Inference…………………………………………………………… 1 Mark

• Total - 3 Marks

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 34
Answer:
• Aim:
• To study water samples for presence of living organisms.
• Requirements:
• Water samples, microscope, slides, dropper, methylene blue, spirit
lamp, etc.
• Observation:
• (Enlist the names of microorganisms observed under compound
microscope. Draw diagrams also.)
• Inference:
• Different planktons are found in the given water sample.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 35
 PART B:

Spotting
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 36
Que. 4 (Spotting) 10 Marks

• ( Identify the following 10 spots) 1 Mark For each spot

• Identification of spot………………… ½ Mark

• Any three to four relevant points………….. ½ mark.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 37
SPOT A

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 38
 SPOT A
• This spot may consist live plant material/ photograph
/ diagram of any one of the following –

• Maize plant (Wind Pollination)

• Salvia Flower (Insect Pollination)
OR
• Controlled pollination –
• Emasculation
• Bagging
• Bagging with tagging
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 39
Q. 4 [A] Name the plant and write floral adaptations for type of
pollination.

• Answer: -
• The given spot is a Maize
plant showing floral
adaptation for wind
pollination.
• Plant – monoecious
• Inflorescence –
• Male – terminal tassel
• Female – compound spadix,
borne axillary.
• Flowers – unisexual, small,
inconspicuous, non
attractive, without colour,
odour and nector.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 40
Q. 4 [A] Name the plant and write floral adaptations for type of
pollination.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a Salvia
flower showing floral
adaptation for insect
pollination.
• Flowers – bisexual, attractive
and have bright coloured
petals.
• Nector and nector glands are
present.
• Bilipped corolla, larger lip
encloses style and stigma
• Pollination mechanism is called
lever mechanism.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 41
 OR
Spot A

Study of hybridization techniques.

Emasculation
Bagging
Bagging with Tagging

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 42
Q. 4 A Identify and describe.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a step of
hybridization technique –
emasculation.
• The removal of stamens well
before anthesis is called
emasculation.
• The bisexual flower of a
female parent is emasculated.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 43
Q. 4 A Identify and describe.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a step of
hybridization technique –
bagging.
• Emasculated flowers are
covered with polythene bags or
sterile paper bags.
• This is called bagging.
• Bagging is done to prevent
pollination by foreign pollens.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 44
Q. 4 A Identify and describe.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a step of hybridization
technique – tagging.
• A tag is tied to the bag of emasculated
flower.
• This is called tagging.
• The tag carries brief information about
• the names of selected parent varieties and
• the day, date and time of anthesis,
emasculation and actual crossing.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 45
SPOT B

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 46
Q. 4 B] Any ONE experiment from plant physiology.
• 1. Rate of transpiration by four leaf experiment.
• 2. Imbibition of seeds/ raisins.
• 3. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 47
Q. 4 B Identify and give your comment.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 48
A B C D

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 49
• Answer:
• The given physiological experiment is ‘To study comparative rate of
transpiration in upper and lower surfaces of leaf using four leaf
experiment.’
Leaf Petroleum Jelly applied Observation Conclusion

A On both surfaces Remains fresh Stomatal transpiration

is more than cuticular
B On lower surface only Wilt less transpiration.

C On upper surface only Wilt more than leaf B

D Not applied Completely wilt

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 50
Q. 4 B Identify and give your comment.

• Answer:
• The given physiological experiment is to study the imbibition using seeds or
raisins.
• Observation:
• The seeds or raisins kept in water show change in their volume showing swollen
structure and seed coat/ raisins show softening.
• Conclusion:
• The swelling observed in seeds or raisins is due to imbibition.
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 51
Q. 4 B Identify and give your comment.

• Answer:
• The given physiological experiment is
‘Separation of plant pigments by
paper chromatography’.
• On the strip we can observe the
separation of photosynthetic
pigments as bands of different
colours in a particular sequence.
• From the loaded spot up to the top
the sequence is;
• Chlorophyll –b (yellowish green)
• Chlorophyll –a (bluish green)
• Xanthophylls (yellow)
• Carotene (Orange)

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 52
SPOT C

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 53
• Identify the plant and comment on its morphological
adaptations in aquatic /xeric habitats.
• Plants in Xeric Habitat
• Calotropis procera (Ruee)
• Acacia arabica (Babhool)
• Opuntia dilleniid (Nagphani)
• Plants in Aquatic Habitat
• Hydrilla
• Eichhornia (Water Hyacinth)
• Typha (Cattail)

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 54
Q. 4 C Identify the plant and comment on its morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a xeric plant –
Calotropis procera.
• It is non-succulent, drought
enduring, wild shrub of arid,
desert and waste land.
• Leaves and young branches are
covered by a mealy coating
along with hair which acts as
insulating covering.
• The leaves are thick and
somewhat leathery.
• The plant possess latex.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 55
Q. 4 C Identify the plant and comment on its morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a xeric plant –
Acacia arabica.
• It is a non-succulent xerophyte.
• Leaves are bipinnately
compound.
• Leaflets are very small in size
to reduce transpiration.
• The stipules are modified into
spines to reduce transpiration
and also to protect plant from
grazing animals.
• The older parts of stem are
covered over by thick, brown
bark.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 56
Q. 4 C Identify the plant and comment on its morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a xeric plant –
Opuntia dillenii.
• It is a succulent xerophyte.
• The stem is flattened, jointed,
green and is called phylloclade.
• It takes over the function of
photosynthesis.
• Leaves are modified into spines.
• The stem is fleshy succulent due
to presence of mucilage that
retains water.
• Phylloclade is with many nodes
(areoles)and internodes.
• Each (areole) node is with one or
more spines.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 57
Q. 4 C Identify the plant and comment on its morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a aquatic plant – Hydrilla.
• It is a submerged hydrophyte.
• It is attached to the substratum by poorly developed adventitious roots in fresh water.
• The stem is slender and soft. It is without mechanical tissue, hence it limps, when taken out of
water.
• Leaves are very thin, membranous and are arranged in whorls.
• They lack cuticle and stomata.
• The entire plant is covered by mucilage that protects it from the rotting effect of water.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 58
Q. 4 C Identify the plant and comment on its morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a aquatic plant –
Eichhornia.
• It is a free floating hydrophyte.
• It grows in fresh water ponds, lakes, etc.
• The stem is short and spongy due to the
aerenchyma that stores air.
• It is the offset that grows prostrate just
below the water surface.
• It serves as means for vegetative
reproduction.
• Leaves shows swollen, spongy, petioles and
arise in clusters at node.
• They have waxy coating in addition to cuticle
to prevent wetting and rottening.
• Adventitious roots are also produced in
clusters at nodes.
• They act as balancers.
• They have root pockets.
• Root hair are absent.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 59
Q. 4 C Identify the plant and comment on its morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a aquatic plant –
Typha.
• It is an amphibious and anchored
hydrophyte.
• It grows in marshy places or shallow
waters.
• The stem is rhizome with
adventitious roots and emergent
leaves, coming out os water surface.
• The leaves are long, linear, soft,
spongy, thick and sub-cylindrical.
• They have aerenchyma tissue.
• They show the presence of mechanical
tissue so that they can stand erect.
• They have cuticle and stomata on the
emergent part.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 60
SPOT D

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 61
Q. 4 D Identify and describe.

•Permanent slide of
• T. S. of Testis
• T. S. of Ovary
• V. S. of Blastula

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 62
Q. 4 D Identify and describe.

• Answer:
• The given permanent slide is
T. S. of Testis.
• Internal structure of testis
shows presence of tunica
albuginea and seminiferous
tubule.
• Seminiferous tubules are lined
by cuboidal germinal epithelial
cells.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 63
Q. 4 D Identify and describe.

• Answer:
• The given permanent slide is T. S.
of ovary.
• Internally the mammalian ovary
shows compact structure with
outer cortex and inner medulla.
• The medulla shows connective
tissue called as stroma.
• The cortex is lined by germinal
epithelium.
• Cortical region shows different
stages of development of ovarian
follicles or Graffian follicle.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 64
Q. 4 D Identify and describe.

• Answer:
• The given permanent slide is V. S.
of blastula.
• The V.S. of blastula shows
outermost, small, flattened cell
layer called trophoblast.
• It encloses a cavity called
blastocyst cavity and an inner
cell mass.
• The blastocyst cavity is filled
with a fluid which is absorbed by
trophoblast cells.
• The inner cell mass is attached
to one side to trophoblast cell
layer.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 65
SPOT E

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 66
Q. 4 E Identify and comment on the syndrome from the given karyotype.

• Chromosomal Disorders:
Turner’s syndrome,
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Down’s syndrome,

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 67
Q. 4 E Identify and comment on the syndrome from the given karyotype.

• Answer:
• Disorder – Turner’s syndrome
• Individual born with Turner’s
syndrome has 44 autosomes
with only X sex chromosome.
• Hence it is also named as X
monosomy.
• They are phenotypically
female.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 68
Q. 4 E Identify and comment on the syndrome from the given karyotype.

• Answer:
• Disorder : - Klinefelter’s
syndrome
• It is a chromosomal disorder
caused due to extra X
chromosome in males.
• Thus, genotype of individuals is
44 + XXY
• They are described as feminized
males.
• Extra chromosome is a result of
non-disjunction of X-chromosome
during meiosis.
• Individual is male and has over all
masculine development.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 69
Q. 4 E Identify and comment on the syndrome from the given karyotype.

• Answer:
• Disorder: - Down’s syndrome
• This Syndrome is caused due
to an extra copy of
chromosome number 21st.
• It shows presence of three
copies of 21st chromosome
instead of homologous pair.
• These individuals will have 47
chromosomes instead of the
normal number 46.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 70
SPOT F

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 71
Q. 4 F Identify the disease and comment on control measures.

•Malaria – Plasmodium
•Amoebiasis – Entamoeba histolytica
•Ascariasis – Ascaris
•Ring worm

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 72
Q. 4 F Identify the disease and comment on control measures.
• Answer:
• Disease: - Malaria
• Control measures:-
• Prevention of mosquito bite by
using mosquito nets and insect
repellents.
• Spraying insecticides and
draining stagnant water where
mosquito lays eggs.
• Mosquito larvae can be
controlled by using Gambusia
freshwater fish (biocontrol)

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 73
Q. 4 F Identify the disease and comment on control measures.

• Answer:
• Disease: - Amoebiasis
• Control Measures:
• Wash hands with hot water and soap
after using toilets and changing
baby’s diaper.
• Drink boiled water.
• Otherwise, water must be
chlorinated and filtered.
• Avoid eating unhygenic food.
• Vegetables must be properly washed
and cooked.
• Proper sanitary facilities including
sewage disposal help in prevention.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 74
Q. 4 F Identify the disease and comment on control measures.

• Answer:
• Disease: - Ascariasis
• Control Measures:
• Avoiding defaecation in open
space, prevents the spread of
Ascaris.
• Personal hygienic habits like
washing hand with water and soap
after using toilet are also
important.
• Washing vegetables thoroughly
before cooking and avoiding raw
vegetables is important for
prevention of ascariasis.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 75
Q. 4 F Identify the disease and comment on control measures.

• Answer:
• Disease: - Ringworm
• Control Measures:
• Avoid close contact, sharing of
clothes, sport equipments.
• Washing clothes in hot water
with fungicidal soap help to
destroy fungal pathogen.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 76
SPOT G

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 77
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Meiosis – I • Meiosis – II
• Prophase – I • Prophase – II
• Leptotene • Metaphase – II
• Zygotene • Anaphase – II
• Pachytene
• Telophase - II
• Diplotene
• Diakinesis
• Metaphase – I
• Anaphase – I
• Telophase - I

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 78
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Leptotene.
• Chromosomes appear like long,
thin, beaded thread.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 79
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Zygotene.
• It is characterized by pairing
of homologous chromosomes
called synapsis.
• Paired chromosomes are called
bivalents or tetrad.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 80
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Pachytene.
• Each chromosome is with 2
chromatids.
• Crossing over occurs between non
sister chromatids of bivalent.
• Exchange of genetic material
takes place which results in
recombination.
• Recombination leads to variation
and thus the evolution of the
organism.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 81
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Diplotene.
• Homologous chromosomes
start repelling from each
other but remain attached at
the chiasmata.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 82
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Diakinesis.
• Terminalization takes place.
• Nucleolus and nuclear
membrane completely
disorganize and disappear.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 83
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis –Metaphase –I.
• Bivalents are arranged at the
equator of the cell.
• At the end, spindle formation
takes place.
• It helps in arrangement and
movements of chromosomes.
• Members of each bivalent are
connected to only one of the
two poles but opposite poles.
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 84
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Anaphase –I.
• Spindle fibres start
condensing, become shorter
and pull homologous
chromosomes towards
opposite poles.
• Reduction division takes place
in this stage.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 85
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Telophase –I.
• Chromosomes reach the
opposite pole.
• Nucleolus gets reorganized
and then reappears.
• Nuclear membrane gets
developed around each set of
chromosomes, forming 2
daughter nuclei.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 86
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Prophase –II.
• The nucleus enlarges.
• Chromosome becomes
prominent, shorter and
thicker.
• Nucleolus and nuclear
membrane disappear.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 87
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Metaphase –II.
• An imaginary line develops
forming the equatorial plane
which is at right angle to
previous division.
• Chromosomes get arranged along
the equatorial plane in such a way
that the centromere lie on the
plane the arms towards the
poles.
• At the end spindle formation
takes place.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 88
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Anaphase –II.
• Centromere divides and sister
chromatids get separated
which are now called daughter
chromosomes.
• Spindle fibres start
condensing becoming shorter
and shorter pulling daughter
chromosomes up to the
opposite poles.
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 89
Q. 4 Identify the stage of meiosis in the given slide.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a stage of
meiosis – Telophase –II.
• Daughter chromosomes get
collected at the opposite
poles.
• Reappearance of nucleolus and
nuclear membrane results in
the formation of two daughter
nuclei.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 90
SPOT H

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 91
Q 4 H Identify the animal and comment on its xeric / aquatic adaptations.

• Xeric Animals:
• Camel (Camelus spp.)
• Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spp.)
• Aquatic Animals:
• Fresh water fish Rohu (Labeo rohita)
• Dolphin (Delphinus spp)

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 92
Q. 4 H Identify the animal and comment on morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is of a xeric
animal – Camel.
• Morphological Adaptations:
• Camel can tolerate wide range
of temperature fluctuations.
• It excretes concentrated urine
in order to conserve water.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 93
Q 4 H Identify the animal and comment on morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is of a xeric
animal – Kangaroo rat.
• Morphological Adaptations:
• It is a xerocole rodent.
• It is nocturnal in habit to avoid
heat of the day and to have
humid air inside.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 94
Q 4 H Identify the animal and comment on morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is of a fresh-water fish – Labeo rohita.
• Morphological Adaptations:
• Body is laterally compressed and streamlined in order to minimize the
resistance of water.
• It shows presence of gills for respiration which help in exchange of gases in
water.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 95
Q 4 H Identify the animal and comment on morphological adaptations.

• Answer:
• The given spot is of an aquatic mammal – Dolphin.
• Morphological Adaptations:
• Body is streamlined, smooth and furless to reduce friction.
• It has a backward curving dorsal side and dorsal fin.
• Position of nostrils near the top of the head for easy breathing when animal
reaches the water surface.
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 96
SPOT I

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 97
Q. 4 I Name the parts indicated by marker in the model and enlist their functions.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 98
Q. 4 I Name the parts indicated by marker in the model and enlist their functions.

• Answer:
• B – Antipodal cells
• F – Egg cell / Female gamete

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 99
SPOT J

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 100

Q. 4 J Comment on the given pedigree chart.

•Rolling of tongue
•Widow’s peak
•Blood Group
•Colour Blindness

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 101

Q. 4 J Comment on the given pedigree chart.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a pedigree
chart of rolling of tongue.
• The rolling of tongue is the
ability of a person to roll the
tongue inwards in ‘U’ shape.
• The inability to roll the tongue, is
caused by autosomal recessive
allele ‘a’.
• Both homozygous dominants (AA)
and heterozygous (Aa) individuals
are able to roll the tongue.
• Homozygous recessive (aa)
individuals are unable to roll the
tongue.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 102

Q. 4 J Comment on the given pedigree chart.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a pedigree chart
of a genetic trait ‘widow’s peak’.
• Widow’s peak is a V-shaped hair
line across the forehead.
• It is the dominant autosomal trait.
• The gene responsible for widow’s
peak is dominant (W).
• Therefore, both homozygous
dominant (WW) and heterozygous
(Ww) individuals have widow’s peak,
while homozygous recessive
(ww)individuals have straight hair
line.
• This feature is observed in both men
and women.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 103

Q. 4 J Comment on the given pedigree chart.
• Answer:
• The given spot is a pedigree chart
of a genetic trait ‘blood group’.
• The blood groups in human beings
are described as per ABO system of
classification.
• The gene I (isoagglutinogen) controls
the ABO blood groups.
• It has three alleles; IA, IB and
i(recessive).
• The alleles IA and IB produced a
slightly different form of antigen and
allele I (recessive), does not produce
any surface antigen on R.B.Cs.
• Each individual possesses only two
alleles out of three.
• Alleles IA and IB are co-dominant.
• Individually they are completely
dominant over allele i.
• There are six different genotypes and
four different phenotypes with blood
groups.
Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 104
Q. 4 J Comment on the given pedigree chart.

• Answer:
• The given spot is a pedigree chart
of a genetic trait ‘colour
blindness’.
• Colour blindness is a sex / X linked
recessive disorder of humans.
• Due to recessive gene present on
X chromosomes, colour sensitive
cone cells are not formed.
• This results in red-green colour
blindness.
• It is more common in male than
female.
• It follows criss-cross inheritance as
this trait is transmitted from the
father to the grandson through his
carrier daughter.

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 105

 PART C
• Q. 5 Project report 5 Marks
• Q. 6 Viva voce (Based on Q. 1 to Q. 3) 2 Marks
• Q. 7 Certified Journal 3 Marks
(Practical Notebook)

Shri. Deshmukh A. B. 106