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mendelian note

Heredity is the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next, while genetics is the study of this process. Gregor Mendel, known as the 'Father of Modern Genetics,' conducted experiments with pea plants that established foundational principles such as the Principle of Dominance and the Principle of Segregation. His work demonstrated how traits are inherited through alleles, leading to the understanding of genotypic and phenotypic ratios in offspring.

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4 views

mendelian note

Heredity is the transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next, while genetics is the study of this process. Gregor Mendel, known as the 'Father of Modern Genetics,' conducted experiments with pea plants that established foundational principles such as the Principle of Dominance and the Principle of Segregation. His work demonstrated how traits are inherited through alleles, leading to the understanding of genotypic and phenotypic ratios in offspring.

Uploaded by

Ishita Mandal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heredity is passing characteristics from one generation to the next.

Genetics is the study of heredity.

Gregor Mendel is the “Father of Modern Genetics.” He was an Austrian monk who
studied heredity in pea plants. His work was published in 1865.
•He described “factors” that were passed between generations of plants.
•We now know the factors are genes: chemical factors that determine characteristics.

Mendel observed true-breeding pea plants produced genetically identical offspring. ex. Tall
plants produced tall offspring, short produced short. True-breeding plants self-pollinate.
(have both male and female parts)

Mendel’s Peas

•Mendel studied seven different traits in pea plants.


-Traits are inherited characteristics that vary from individual to individual.
oEach trait each had two different forms or alleles.
oPea plant height can be either tall (T) OR short (t).

Mendel’s Peas

Homozygous means to have 2 identical alleles for a trait. Ex. TT or tt True-breeding pea
plants are homozygous. Heterozygous means to have 2 different alleles for a trait. Ex. Tt
Hybrid plants are heterozygous.

Generations of Pea Plants


P = Parent generation = your parents
F1 = First generation offspring. = you
Produces hybrids = crosses between parents with different traits (Tall x short) (TT x tt)
F2 = Second generation offspring. = your kids
Formed from hybrid x hybrid. (Tt x Tt) (F1 x F1)

Mendel’s Experiment: T
TT x tt T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt

Genotypic ratio
(genetic makeup):
0TT: 4 Tt : 0 tt
Phenotype
(physical appearance): 4 Tall : 0 short
Conclusion: Principle of Dominance: some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

Principle of Dominance

Dominant traits are expressed if only one allele is present. (capital letter, first letter of trait
ex. Tall= T) Ex - Tall allele (T) is dominant and short allele is recessive (t) F1 generation =
All plants were tall even though Tt both TT and Tt plants are Tall

Recessive traits are expressed when the dominant allele not present. Two alleles are needed
for the recessive trait to be expressed. (lower case letter) Ex from pea plants- short allele is
recessive (t) Only tt plants are short.

The Principle of Dominance explains why genotype differs from phenotype.


Genotypes for plant height are TT, Tt, tt. Genotypes can be heterozygous or homozygous.
Phenotypes for plant height are tall or short.
TT and Tt genotypes both expressed the tall phenotype because the T is dominant to t. Only
the tt genotype expressed the short phenotype.

Mendel’s Experiment: Tt x Tt Conclusion: Principle of Segregation: 2 alleles for a trait


separate during meiosis. Each gamete receives only one allele.
-The alleles are on separate homologous chromosomes. T and t separated (segregated)
during meiosis, and each gamete received only T or t.

Principle of Segregation During fertilization, a “t” gamete fertilized a “t” gamete 1/4 of the
time, resulting in tt short plants. This accounts for new combinations of alleles that were not
present in either parent.

A Punnett square is a diagram that predicts outcomes of genetic crosses.


•use dominance to determine phenotype from genotype
•Ex. #1 In humans, having dimples is dominant to not having dimples. Predict the genotypic
and phenotypic ratios of a cross between a man heterozygous for dimples and a woman
without dimples.
D = dimples
d = no dimples

Equation: Dd x dd •Genotypic ratio: 0DD: 2 Dd: 2 dd •Phenotypic ratio: 2 dimples: 2 no


dimples

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