Ch 8 Electromagnetic waves

Maxwell’s Displacement current

Inconsistency in Ampere’s circuital law – It state that the line integral of magnetic field along any
closed loop C is proportional to the current I passing through the closed loop

∫ B . dl = 𝝁 0I

Now , the current I flows across the area bounded by

the loop C1
⃗⃗ . ⅆ𝒍= 𝝁 0I
∮ 𝑩 --------(1)
𝑪𝟏
But the area bounded by C2 lies in the region between the capacitor plate , so no
current flows across it
∮ 𝑩⃗⃗ . ⅆ𝒍= 0 ----------------(2)
𝑪𝟐
Imagine the loops C1 and C2 to be very close .then , we must have

∮ 𝑩 ⃗⃗ . ⅆ𝒍= ∮ 𝑩⃗⃗ . ⅆ𝒍
𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐
This result is inconsistent with the equations(1) and (2)
Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s law
To modify Ampere’s law , Maxwell’s followed a symmetry consideration . By Faraday’s law ,
a changing magnetic field induce an electric field , hence, a changing electric field must
induce a magnetic field . As current are usual source of magnetic field , a changing electric
field must be associated with a current which is called Displacement current.
Displacement Current: It is that current which comes into existence in addition to the
conduction current , whenever the electric field and hence the electric flux changes with
time. Displacement current is given the form
ⅆ𝝓
Id = 𝜺𝟎 ⅆ𝒕𝑬
ⅆ𝝓𝑬
Total current in the closed loop = IC + Id = Ic + 𝜺𝟎 ⅆ𝒕
Hence, the modified form of Ampere’s law
ⅆ𝒍= 𝝁 0 (IC + Id ) = 𝝁 0 ( Ic + 𝜺𝟎 𝑬 )
ⅆ𝝓
∮𝑩⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
ⅆ𝒕
Consistency of Ampere’s law
For loop C1, no electric flux 𝝓𝑬
⃗ . ⅆ𝒍= 𝝁 0I --------(3)
∮ ⃗𝑩
𝑪𝟏
𝑭𝒐𝒓 loop C2 , conduction current I =0 but Id ≠0 because a time varing electric field exist in
the region between the capacitor plate
 ⃗ . ⅆ𝒍 = 𝝁 0 𝜺𝟎 ⅆ𝝓𝑬 ---------(4)
∮ ⃗𝑩
𝑪𝟐 ⅆ𝒕

= 𝝁 0 𝜺𝟎 ⅆ𝒕ⅆ (𝜺𝒒 ) [𝝓𝑬 = 𝜺𝒒 ]

𝟎 𝟎

∮ 𝑩⃗⃗ . ⅆ𝒍 =𝝁 0 ⅆ𝒒 = 𝝁 0 I
𝑪𝟐 ⅆ𝒕
This prove the consistency of Ampere’s modified law
Maxwell’s Equations
1. Gauss law of electrostatics
∮ ⃗𝑬 ⃗= 𝒒
⃗ . ⅆ𝑺
𝑺 𝜺𝟎
2. Gauss law of magnetism
∮ ⃗𝑩⃗ . ⅆ𝒍 = 0
𝒔
3. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
∮𝑬 ⃗⃗ . ⅆ𝒍= - ⅆ𝝓𝑩
𝑪 ⅆ𝒕
4. modified of Ampere’s law
ⅆ𝒍= 𝝁 0 (IC + Id ) = 𝝁 0 ( Ic + 𝜺𝟎 𝑬 )
ⅆ𝝓
∮ ⃗𝑩 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
ⅆ𝒕
Representation of electromagnetic wave
The electric field vector is represented by

⃗𝑬= Ey𝒋̂ = E0 Sin(kx -𝝎t) 𝒋̂ = E0 Sin[2𝝅(𝒙 -𝝂t)] 𝒋̂= E0 Sin[2𝝅(𝒙 - 𝒕 t)] 𝒋̂ { where k =
𝟐𝝅
and 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝝂}
𝝀 𝝀 𝑻 𝝀

The magnetic field vector is represented by

⃗⃗ = Bz𝒌
𝑩 ̂ = B0 Sin[2𝝅(𝒙 -𝝂t)] 𝒌
̂ = B0 Sin(kx -𝝎t) 𝒌 ̂= B0 Sin[2𝝅(𝒙 - 𝒕 t)] 𝒌
̂ { where k =
𝟐𝝅
and 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝝂}
𝝀 𝝀 𝑻 𝝀

Where E0 and B0 are the amplitude of electric field and magnetic field .The magnitude of electric field and
magnetic field is related as
𝑬 𝑬
𝑩
= c or 𝑩𝟎 =c
𝟎

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves:

1. Variations in both electric and magnetic fields occur simultaneously. Therefore,

they attain their maxima and minima at the same place and at

the same time.

2. The direction of electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular to each
other and as well as to the direction of propagation of wave.
3. The electric field vector E and magnetic field vector B are related by c = E0 / B0
where E0 and B0 are the amplitudes of the respective fields and c is speed of light.

The velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space, c = 1 / √µ0ε0

4. The velocity of electromagnetic waves in a material medium = 1 / √µε where µ and
ε are absolute permeability and absolute permitivity of the
material medium.
5. Electromagnetic waves obey the principle of superposition.
6. Electromagnetic waves carry energy as they propagate through space. This energy
is divided equally between electric and magnetic fields.
7. Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy as well as momentum to objects
placed on their paths.
8. Electromagnetic waves do not require material medium to travel.
9. An oscillating charge which has non-zero acceleration can produce
electromagnetic waves.
Rahul’s Mother Is Visiting Uncle Xavier’s Garden

R -- Radio waves

Increasing order of frequency

M --- Micro Waves

I ----- Infrared Wave

V ------ Visible light

U ------ Ultra Violet

X ------ X - RAY

G---- 𝜸 rays

EM Wave Wavelength Frequency

Radio waves >10 cm < 3 X 109 Hz
Micro Waves 10 – 0.1 cm 3 X 109 Hz – 3 X 1011 Hz
Infrared Wave 0.1 cm-700nm 3 X 1011 – 4X 1014Hz
Visible light 700 – 400 nm 4 X 1014 – 7 X 1014Hz
Ultra Violet 400 – 10nm 7 X 1014 – 3 X 1016Hz

X – RAY 10 – 0.1 nm 3 X 1016 – 3X 1019Hz

𝜸 rays < 0.01 nm >3 X 1019Hz
S .No. NAME FREQUENCY WAVE-LENGTH PRODUCTION PROPERTIES AND USES
1 Radio waves 500KHz- 600m-0.1m Accelerated motion of 1)Reflection and diffraction uses Radio, T.V communication, Radio
1000MHz charges in conducting wire Astronomy
2 Micro 109 Hz- 1012 Hz 0.3m- 10-3 m Oscillating current in Reflection ,Refraction, diffraction, and polarisation Uses- 1) Radar
Waves vacuum tube system for navigation, long distance communication ,in microwave oven
3 Infrared 1011 Hz- 5x1014 5x10-3 -10-6 m Hot bodies and molecules Heating effect, Reflection and Refraction. Uses-treatment of muscular
Wave Hz complaint, reading secret writing on the wall, knowing the molecular
structure, Greenhouse to keep the plant warm, In haze photography
because IR rays are less scattered, remote control of TV
4 Visible light 4x 1014 Hz - 7x 8x10-7 m - 4x Radiated by excited atom Reflection ,Refraction, diffraction and polarisation Uses-Cause chemical
1014 Hz 10-7 in ionised gas reaction, provide information of the world

5 Ultra Violet 1016 Hz-1017 Hz 3.5x10-7 -1.5 X Sun, High voltage gas Photographic effect, ionisation Uses- food preservation, Study of
10-7 m discharge tube invisible writing, forged document, finger prints, to study molecular
structure

6 x-ray 1018 Hz- 1020 Hz 100A- .1A Sudden deceleration of photographic effect, ionisation Uses- medical diagnosis as it pass
fast moving electron through flesh but do not pass from bones, Study of crystal (because x-
rays can be reflected & diffracted),in engineering for detecting faults
,cracks ,flaws& hoes in the metal product, in detective department to
detect explosive, diamond , gold etc. to cure skin disease
7 𝜸 rays 1020 Hz- 1022 Hz 10-14 m-10-10 m Radioactive nuclei and Ionisation ,diffraction, high penetrating power, Uses- Treatment of
nuclear reaction tumours, manufacture of Polythene from Ethylene, to study structure of
atomic nuclei, food preservative

1. Why infrared rays also referred as heat waves?

2. Why do we cannot see in fog? Which em wave is used in taking photographs during foggy conditions?
3. Name the rays used for a)water purification b)Remote sensing c)eye surgery) treatment of cancer. Arrange them in increasing order of their penetrating power
4. Name the constituent radiation of em spectrum a)satellite communication ,b)studying crystal structure d)wavelength between 390 nm and 770nm,produces
intense heating effect
5. The magnetic field of a plane electro magnetic wave is given by By =2 X107 Sin(0.5 X103 x +1.5 X1011 t) T. a) What is the wavelength and frequency of the wave?
B) Write an expression for the electric field?