Inequalities & Wavy Curve Method

Logarithms

Domain and Range of Function

Modulus

G.I.F & Fractional Part Functions

Quadratic Equations

Trigonometry Click
here

Limits
Inequalities & Wavy Curve Method
 INTERVALS

The set of numbers between any two real numbers is called interval.
 TYPES OF INTERVALS

Closed Interval
x∈[a,b]≡{x : a ≤ x ≤ b}

Open Interval
x∈(a,b) or ]a,b[ ≡{x : a < x <b}

Semi-open or Semi closed Interval

x∈[a,b) or [a,b[ = {x:a≤ x<b}

x∈(a,b] or ]a,b] = {x:a < x≤b}

Note:
● A set of all real numbers can be expressed as (-∞,∞)
● x∊(-∞, a)⋃(b, ∞) ⇒ x∊R-[a,b]
● x∊(-∞, a]⋃[b, ∞) ⇒ x∊R-(a,b)
 RULES FOR SOLVING INEQUALITIES

● If a number ‘k’ is added to both sides of inequality then inequality does not
change. a > b ⇒ a + k > b + k.

● If a number ‘k’ is subtracted from both sides of inequality then inequality

does not change. a>b⇒a-k>b-k

● If both sides of inequality are multiplied (or divided) by a positive number,

inequality does not change. a < b ⟹ ka < kb if k > 0

● If both sides of inequality are multiplied (or divided) by a negative

number, inequality gets reversed. a < b ⟹ ka > kb if k < 0
Q. Solve the inequality 3- 2x ≥ x - 12 given that x∈N.
Solution:
Q. Solve the inequality:
Solution:
Q. Solve the inequality -9 < 5 - 7y ≤ 12
Solution:
Wavy Curve Method

Example :
 Steps for Solving Inequalities using Wavy Curve Method

Step 1:
Factorise the polynomial into LINEAR FACTORS

Step 2:
Make the coefficient of the variable of all factors positive:
(Multiply/divide both sides of the inequality by -1 to remove the minus sign, if any)

Step 3:
Find the roots of the inequality by equating each factor to 0.

Step 4:
Now finally plot the points on the number line
Put "+" on the extreme right and start moving towards left.
For odd power factor - change the sign
For even power factor- continue with the same sign.
>
Problems on Wavy Curve Method
Q. Solve for x : (11x - 6) (2x - 3) ≤ 0
Solution:
Q. Solve : (x-2)(3x-5)(x+3)<0
Solution:
Given : (x-2)(3x-5)(x+3)<0
Q. Solve for x : x ( x - 5) ≥ 6
Solution:
Q. Find the solution set of x2+2 ≤ 3x ≤ 2x2−5.
 Solution:

1 ≤ x ≤2

No common value,
Hencc solution set = ϕ
x ≤-1 , x≥5/2
+ - +
-1 1 2 5/2
Q. x2−6x+5 ≤ 0, x2−2x > 0 where x is an
integer. Find all the possible values of x.
Solution:
Q. Solve the following inequality:
Solution:
Q. Solve for x: (x+2)(x-1)2(x-5)≥0
Solution:
Here, (x - 1)2 is a even power factor
so same sign (-)
Q. Find the solution of inequality
(x2-4)(x+3)5x > 0.
Solution:
(x2-4)(x+3)5x > 0.
⇒ (x - 2)(x + 2)(x + 3)5x > 0
Critical points are -3, -2, 0, 2

+ – + – +

-3 -2 0 2

x∊(-∞,-3)∪(-2, 0)∪(2, ∞)
Q. Solve
Solution:
Q. The solution set of the inequation
is

A (-∞,3)U(10,∞)

B (3,10]

C (-∞,3)U[10,∞)

D None of these
Solution:
Q. The solution set of the inequation
is

A (-∞,3)U(10,∞)

B (3,10]

C (-∞,3)U[10,∞)

D None of these
Q. Solve the inequality :

A No solutions

B (-∞, 2)

C (2, +∞)

D [2, +∞)
Solution:
Q. Solve the inequality :

A No solutions

B (-∞, 2)

C (2, +∞)

D [2, +∞)
Q. Find the interval

(i) f(x)>0
(ii) f(x) < 0
Solution:

Now, for the relation f(x)>0, we take the

intervals with positive sign and exclude
the critical points of f(x).

– + – – – +

1 2 3 4 5

x∊(1, 2)∪(5, ∞)
Solution:

For the relation f(x)<0, the solution set is

the intervals with negative sign excluding
the critical points of f(x).

– + – – – +

1 2 3 4 5

x∊(-∞, 1)∪(2, 3)∪(3, 4)∪(4, 5)

Q. Solve
Solution:

Critical points are 1/2, 2, 3, 4

– + – + +

1/2 2 3 4

x∊(½ ,2]∪[3, 4)∪(4, ∞)

Q. Solve for x:

A x∊[-7,-4]∪(5,∞)∪{-1,0,2}

B x∊[-∞,-4]∪(5,-∞)∪{-1,0,-2}

C x∊[-∞,-4]∪(5,∞)

D None of these
Q. Solve for x:
Solution:
Q. Solve for x:

A x∊[-7,-4]∪(5,∞)∪{-1,0,2}

B x∊[-∞,-4]∪(5,-∞)∪{-1,0,-2}

C x∊[-∞,-4]∪(5,∞)

D None of these
Q. If S is the set of all real x such that
is positive, then S contains

D
Solution:
Q. If S is the set of all real x such that
is positive, then S contains

D
Solving Inequalities Involving Non-factorable Quadratic Polynomial

● a > 0, D < 0 ⇒ ax2+bx+c is always +ve

● a < 0, D < 0 ⇒ ax2+bx+c is always -ve
Q. Solve:
a > 0 and D < 0 so f(x) is always +ve, thus num is +ve
here

+
+ - + +
-6 1
x∈(-6, 1)
Q. Solve the following inequality:
We can cross multiply bcoz Dr > 0
as a>0 and D<0
Q. Solve
We can cross multiply directly also
bcoz Dr > 0 as a>0 and D<0
 JEE Main 2014

Q. A number x is chosen at random from the

set {1, 2, 3, 4,….,100} . Define the event: A=
the chosen number x satisfies
Then P(A) is:

A 0.71

B 0.70

C 0.51

D 0.20
 JEE Main 2014
Q. A number x is chosen at random from the
set {1, 2, 3, 4,….,100} . Define the event: A=
the chosen number x satisfies
Then P(A) is:

A 0.71

B 0.70

C 0.51

D 0.20
Logarithms
 EXPONENTS to LOGARITHMS

If ax = N ⇔ CONDITIONS

logaN = x
● N>0
● a>0
● a≠1
Base

Hence, logarithm of N to base ‘a’ is ‘x’

 EXPONENTS to LOGARITHMS

1) 102 = 100
2) 35 = 243

3) 50 = 1

4) 811/4 = 3
 EXPONENTS to LOGARITHMS

1) 102 = 100 ⇔ log10100 = 2

2) 35 = 243 ⇔ log3243 = 5
3) 50 = 1 ⇔ log51 = 0
4) 811/4 = 3 ⇔ log813 = ¼
Graph of Logarithmic Functions
Q. Find k if log2128=k
Solution:

Given,
log2128=k
⇒ 128 = 2k
⇒ 27 = 2k
⇒k=7
Q. Find x if log5(x-7)=1
Solution:
Q. If log5(log5(log2 x))=0, then the value of x is

A 32

B 125

C 625

D 125
Solution:
Q. If log5(log5(log2 x))=0, then the value of x is

A 32

B 125

C 625

D 125
 TYPES OF LOGARITHMS

1. Common Logarithms:
Logarithms with base ‘10’. In all science
application the base is taken as ‘10’.

1. Natural Logarithms:
The logarithms with base ‘e’ (e = 2.718)
which is also an irrational number like ‘π’.
● logex = lnx
 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
Product rule loga(xy)=loga x+loga y
Quotient rule

Power rule

Change of base rule

Equality rule If loga x= loga y, then x=y

★ alog b = blog a
★ alog b = blog a
★ alog b = blog a
 LOGARITHM IMPORTANT POINTS

Special Case:

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ●
Q. log636 = 3x
Solution:
Q. Find the value of

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3
Solution:
Q. Find the value of

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3
Q. Solve for x, if (log10 225/log1015) = log10 x.
Solution:
Q. Solve: log10 (3 + 2log (1 + x)) = 0.
Solution:
Q. Find the value of log22 + log222 + log2 23 + ........ + log2 2n.
Solution:
Q. If log42 + log44 + log 416 + log 4x=6, then x =

A 4

B 64

C 32

D 8
Solution:
Q. If log42 + log44 + log 416 + log 4x=6, then x =

A 4

B 64

C 32

D 8
Q. Find x if logx 3 + logx 9 + logx 729 = 9.
Solution:
Q. The value of is:

A 0

B 1

C 5

D 60
Solution:
Q. The value of is:

A 0

B 1

C 5

D 60
Q. Find the value of x, if
log(x+5)+log(x - 5)=4log2 + 2log3.
Solution:
Q.
Q. The value of is

A 1

B -1

C 2

None of
D
these
Solution:
Q. The value of is

A 1

B -1

C 2

None of
D
these
Q. Solve:
Solution:
Q.

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4
Q.

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4
Q.

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 4
Q.

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 4
 LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY

(i) logb a ≥ c ⇒ a ≥ bc , b > 1

a ≤ bc , 0 < b < 1

(ii) logb a ≥ logb c ⇒

a≥c,b>1

a≤c,0<b<1
Q. Solve the following inequality:
log2 (x2 - 2x) - 3 > 0
Solution:
Q. Solve log3 (2x - 3) > log3 (x - 1).
Solution:
Domain: 2x - 3 >0 and x - 1>0
⇒ x > 3/2 and x>1
⇒ 3/2 (common) …. (i)
Now, log3 (2x - 3) > log3 (x - 1)
⇒ (2x - 3) > (x - 1)
⇒ x > 2 … (ii)
From (i) and (ii),
x>2
Q. Solve log0.5 (x2 - 19) - log0.5 (x - 5) < log0.5
5.
Solution:

We can cross multiply bcoz x - 5 > 0

Q.
 …(i)

…(ii)

(a > 0, D < 0 ⇒ ax2+bx+c is always +ve)

-1 0 1
 JEE Advanced 2022 : Paper 2

Q. The product of all positive real values of x

satisfying the equation

is ______
Solution:
Given

Taking log to the base 5 on both sides of equation, we get

Domain and Range of Function
Domain and Range of Function
Domain and Range of Function

● Every machine has some limitations in accepting

inputs.
● The set of all acceptable inputs of a machine f is
called its domain.
● The set of all resulting outputs is called its range.
● Domain = set of all acceptable inputs

Range = set of all possible outputs.

Here f established connection between set of inputs {a, b, c, d}
to set of outputs {3, 7, 8, 0}.

Thus domain = {a,b,c,d}

Range = {3,7,8,0}
Q. If f = {(a, 3),(a, 4),(c, 5)} then domain of f is

A {3, 4, 5}

B {a, b, c}

C {a, b, c, 3, 4, 5}

D {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Q. If f = {(a, 3),(a, 4),(c, 5)} then domain of f is

A {3, 4, 5}

B {a, b, c}

C {a, b, c, 3, 4, 5}

D {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Q. If f = {(p, 1), (q, 2), (r, 3)} then which
of the following is true

A 2 is the image of q

B r is the preimage of 3

C {1, 2, 3} is the image of f

D All the above

Q. If f = {(p, 1), (q, 2), (r, 3)} then which
of the following is true

A 2 is the image of q

B r is the preimage of 3

C {1, 2, 3} is the image of f

D All the above

Rules of finding domain
1
1. , then expression ≠ 0
expression

2. √ Expression , then Expression ≥ 0

Note:
f(x) → Domain is D1
g(x) → Domain is D2
f(x) ± g(x) → Domain is D1 ∩ D2
 1
Q. Find domain of function: f (x) =
x-1
Solution:
1
f =
x-1
(x)
f is defined for all x values except ‘x - 1=0’⇒x=1
∴Domain of f (x) = R – {1}
Q. Find domain of function: f
1
=
(x - 1)(x-2)
(x)
Q. Find the domain of the function
Q. Find the domain of the following functions
x2
f(x) =
(x – 1)x
Solution:
x2
f(x) =
(x – 1)x
x(x – 1) ≠ 0
x ≠ 0 and x ≠ 1
Domain ⇒ R–{0,1}
Q. Find domain of function: f (x) = √ x - 2
Q. Find the domain of
Q. Find the domain of
Q. Find the domain of function
f (x) = √ (x – 2) + √ (x – 3)
Q. Find the domain of function
Q. Find the domain of function
Q. Find the domain of function
f (x) = √ x (x – 1) (x – 2)
Q. Find the domain of function

√
(x – 3)
f (x) =
(x – 4)
(i)Find the domain of f (x) √ 4 – x2 (ii) Find the domain of
= f (x) = √ x2 –
4

(iii) Find the domain of (iv) Find the domain of

f (x)= 1/√ x2 – f (x)=
4
 Procedure for finding out
range of function

For the function y = f(x)

1) Express x explicitly in terms of y

2) Find the possible values for y

(like domain for x)

3) Eliminate value(s) of y w.r.t x, if

applicable
Q.Find the domain and the range of the real
function,
Q. Find the range of the function
2x + 3
f(x) =
x
Q. Find the range of the following functions
f(x) = √ x – 5
 Find the range of
Find the range of f (x) = √ 4 – x2
f (x) = √ x2 –
4

Find the range of Find the range of

f (x)= 1/√ x2 – f (x)=
4
Find the range of Find the range of
f (x)= 1/ √ x2 – f (x)=
4
Q. Find the range of the following functions
f(x) = √ 16 - x2
Solution:
Q. The range of is

D
Q. The range of is

D
Q. Range of the function is

D
Q. Range of the function is

D
Modulus
 Modulus of ‘x’ or Absolute Value of ‘x’

Absolute value of any real number x is denoted by |x|

For Modulus Equations

● If |x| = a ⇒ x = ±a
Graph of Modulus Functions

Domain: (-∞, ∞) = R

Range: [0, ∞)
Important Properties of Modulus
(1) x2= |x|2 = |x2|

(2) |x| = |-x|

(3) |ab| = |a||b|

(4)

(5)
Q. Solve | x - 2| = 3
Q. |3x - 1| = 5x - 11
Q. Solve for x :
Q. Solve | x+ 2| = | x - 5|
Q. If ||x - 1| - 2| = 5, then find x.

A 5, -4

B -7, 4

C -8, 6

D 8, -6
Q. If ||x - 1| - 2| = 5, then find x.

A 5, -4

B -7, 4

C -8, 6

D 8, -6
Q. Solve |x - 3| + |x - 2| = 1
 Inequalities Involving Modulus
● |x| ≤ a ⇒ -a ≤ x ≤ a
● In general, |f(x)| ≤ a ⇒ -a ≤ f(x) ≤ a
(where, a > 0)
● |x| ≤ 2

● |x| < 3
 Inequalities Involving Modulus
● |x| ≤ a ⇒ -a ≤ x ≤ a
● In general, |f(x)| ≤ a ⇒ -a ≤ f(x) ≤ a
(where, a > 0)

● |x| ≤ 2 ⇒ -2 ≤ x ≤
2
● |x| < 3 ⇒ -3 < x <
3
 Inequalities Involving Modulus
● |x| ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ -a or x ≥ a
● In general, |f(x)| ≥ a ⇒ f(x) ≤ -a or f(x) ≥ a
(where, a > 0)
● |x| ≥ 3

● |x| > 2
 Inequalities Involving Modulus

● |x| ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ -a or x ≥ a
● In general, |f(x)| ≥ a ⇒ f(x) ≤ -a or f(x) ≥ a
(where, a > 0)

● |x| ≥ 3 ⇒ x ≤ -3 or x
≥3
● |x| > 2 ⇒ x < -2 or x
>2
Q. Solve |2x - 3| ≤ 7
Q. The solution set of | 2x + 3 | > 5 is

A (-∞, -4)

B (1, ∞)

C (-∞, -4) U (1, ∞)

D (-∞, -1) U (4, ∞)

Q. The solution set of | 2x + 3 | > 5 is

A (-∞, -4)

B (1, ∞)

C (-∞, -4) U (1, ∞)

D (-∞, -1) U (4, ∞)

Q. Solve x2 - 4|x| + 3 < 0
Q. The set of values of x satisfying 1 ≤ |x - 1| ≤ 3 is

A [-2, 0] U [2, ∞)

B (-∞, 0] U [2, ∞)

C [-2, 0] U [2, 4]

D R-(0, 2)
Q. The set of values of x satisfying 1 ≤ |x - 1| ≤ 3 is

A [-2, 0] U [2, ∞)

B (-∞, 0] U [2, ∞)

C [-2, 0] U [2, 4]

D R-(0, 2)
 Q. The set of real values of x satisfying |x-1| ≤ 3 and |x-1|≥1

HW A [2, 4]

B (-∞, 2) ∪ (4, ∞)

C [-2, 0] ∪ [2, 4]

D [0, 2]
Solution:
1453

Q. The set of real values of x satisfying |x-1| ≤ 3

and |x-1|≥1

A [2, 4]

B (-∞, 2) ∪ (4, ∞)

C [-2, 0] ∪ [2, 4]

D [0, 2]
Q. The solution set of |x2 - 10| ≤ 6 is

A (2, 4)

B (-4,-2)

C (-4, -2)∪(2,4)

D [-4,-2]∪[2,4]
Q. The solution set of |x2 - 10| ≤ 6 is

A (2, 4)

B (-4,-2)

C (-4, -2)∪(2,4)

D [-4,-2]∪[2,4]
 Q. The set of real values of x satisfying
||x - 1| - 1| ≤ 2, is
HW
A [2, 4]

B [-2, 4]

C [-4, -2]

D [-1, ∞)
Solution:
Q. The set of real values of x satisfying
||x - 1| - 1| ≤ 2, is

A [2, 4]

B [-2, 4]

C [-4, -2]

D [-1, ∞)
Q. Number of integral solutions of inequality
|x+3|>|2x−1| is

A 3

B 4

C 5

D 6
Q. Number of integral solutions of inequality
|x+3|>|2x−1| is

A 3

B 4

C 5

D 6
Q. Redefine the function
f(x)=|x−2|+|2+x|,−3 ≤x ≤ 3
Greatest Integer Functions

[ ]
 Greatest Integer Functions

The greatest Integer Function [x] indicates an integral part of the real
number x which is the nearest and smaller integer to x.
● It is also known as the floor of x.
● [x] = the largest integer that is less than or equal to x.
 Greatest Integer Functions

● [x] = the largest integer that is less than or equal to x.

● [x] = n ⇒ n ≤x<n+1 and ' n ' is an integer

● Example:
[4.2] =
[-4.2]=
Graph of
G.I.F
Graph of G.I.F
Q. What is the value of [112.79]

A 111

B 112

C 113

D 114
Q. What is the value of [112.79]

A 111

B 112

C 113

D 114
Q. What is the value of [-11.09].

A -10

B -11

C -12

D -13
Q. What is the value of [-11.09].

A -10

B -11

C -12

D -13
Q. If f(x) = [2x + 1], what is the value of f(-3.2)?
Properties of Greatest Integer Function
 Properties of Greatest Integer Function

If [x] ≤ n ⇒ x < n + 1
Q. Solve [x] = 5
Q. Solve [2x + 1] = 3
Q. If [x]2 - 5[x] + 6 = 0, where [ . ] denote the
greatest integer function, then

A x∈[3, 4]

B x∈(2, 3]

C x∈[2, 3]

D x∈[2, 4)
Q. If [x]2 - 5[x] + 6 = 0, where [ . ] denote the
greatest integer function, then

A x∈[3, 4]

B x∈(2, 3]

C x∈[2, 3]

D x∈[2, 4)
Q. Solve for x:
Q. Find the value of
Q. Find the value of
Fractional Part Function
 Properties of Fractional Part Function

● 0 ≤ {x} <1.

● {x+I}={x}, where I is a integer

●
● ...{{{x}}}...={x}
● {[x]} =0
● [{x}] =0
Q. Find the fractional part function for the
given value
(i) 2.25 (ii) -4.51
 Solution:

(i) {2.25} = 2.25 - 2 = 0.25

(ii) {-4.51} = -4.51 - (-5) = 0.49
Q. The fractional part of x = -18.9 is

A 1

B 0.1

C 0.01

D -0.1
Q. The fractional part of x = -18.9 is

A 1

B 0.1

C 0.01

D -0.1
 PROBLEMS ON
G.I.F & Fractional Part Functions
Q. Solve 2[x]=x+{x}, where [.] and {.}
denote the greatest integer function and
fractional part, respectively.
Q. If [x] and {x} represent the integral and
fractional parts of x, respectively, then the
value of is

A x

B [x]

C {x}

D x+2001
Q. If [x] and {x} represent the integral and
fractional parts of x, respectively, then the
value of is

A x

B [x]

C {x}

D x+2001
Q. Given y = 2[x] + 3 and y = 3[x - 2] + 5, find
the value of [x + y]