Q.1 Make a temporary potato osmoscope to study osmosis.

Sketch and label

the diagram showing the change in the water level.

Fig. Osmoscope

Observations:
After a few hours the level of sugar solution in the potato osmoscope rises and the
solution becomes coloured.
Conclusions:
1. The rise in the sugar solution is due to osmosis.
2. The membranes of the living cells of potato tuber function as semipermeable
membrane.
3. Water from outside (hypotonic) enters the cavity filled with concentrated sugar
solution (hypertonic) thus demonstrating osmosis
Q. 1 Make a temporary slide to study plasmolysis. Sketch & label the diagram.

Observation

1) The slide prepared using hypertonic solution shows shrinkage of cytoplasm ( protoplast).
Cytoplasm moves away from the cell wall and becomes concentrated to corner of the cell. This
is known as plasmolysis.
2) The slide prepared using hypotonic solution or water shows that cell cytoplasm bulges or
swells i.e. increases in size. This is due to endosmosis.

Conclusion: Shrinkage of the cell contents in the peelings mounted in conc. Sugar solution is due to
the fact that the osmotic pressure of the outer sugar solution is higher than that of osmotic pressure
of the cell sap.
Q.1 Make a temporary mount of leaf epidermis to study the structure & distribution of stomata.
Sketch & label the structure of stomatal apparatus.

Observation:

1) The peel of betel ( dicot leaf) shows presence of kidney shaped guard cells surrounded by
scattered, irregularly shaped subsidiary cells.
2) The number of stomata is on upper epidermis is less than those on lower epidermis.

Structure of stomatal apparatus ( Dicot Plant)

 Q. 1 Perform the experiment to isolate DNA from given sample.

Procedure of DNA extraction :

1) Put ½ cup of distilled water in beaker and one banana blend in it.
2) Mix 1 teaspoon of liquid soap with ¼ teaspoon of salt in a plastic zip lock bag or cup.
Add 2 table spoons of distilled water and stir gently until the soap and salt are dissolved.
3) Add 2 tablespoons of banana mash mixture to the cup containing salt and soap
solution. Stirr the mixture for 10—15 minutes by using glass rod.
4) After 10—15 minutes filter the fruit mixture through a fine sieve or coffee filter.
5) Take test tube of chilled alcohol ( IPA). Add filtrate to it with the help of dropper, very
slowly.
6) A layer of alcohol floating on the top of the fruit mixture is clearly visible .
7) The white material becomes visible as a precipitate that marks the isolation of DNA.

Observation:

DNA precipitates out into the alcohol layer. DNA has the appearance of white stringy
mucus.

Q.2 Dissect the given flower to display the floral whorls. Take a T.S. or V.S.
of ovary to show number of chambers ( locules). Sketch and label the
diagram.

T.S. OF OVARY

1. Ovary is superior, pentalocular, syncarpous.

2. Ovary shows Axile placentation.
Q.2 Make a temporary preparation to show pollen germination. Draw neat and

labelled diagram of the same.

Observation :
1) In the nutrient medium, the pollen will germinate and pollen tube comes out
through germ pore.
2) It is due to enlargement of tube cell and stretching of the intine, pollen tube comes
out and grows.
Q.2. Calculate the population density / frequency of any one plant species by
quadrat method.

Sr. Plant No. of individuals Total no. Total no. Total Population
No . species per quadrats of of no. of density
individuals quadrats quadrats
in all the in which studied
quadrats the
1 2 3 4 5 studied species
occurred

(N) (A) (B) N/B

1 Sp.

Total number of individuals in all the quadrats studied (N)

Population Density = --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of quadrats studied (B)

= --------- =

Result:
Population density of the given plant species …… is ............... .
Q.3 Perform the suitable tests to compare the given soil samples for their PH and type.
Make a note on their PH and soil type.

Soil samples PH Type of soil

% of sand % of silt % of Clay
Soil sample—A 5.8 0—10 % 0—10% 80—100% Sandy soil
Soil sample—B 7.5 10—30% 20—50 % 25—50 % Loamy soil

Q. 3 Perform the suitable tests to compare the given water samples for its/ their PH and
clarity.

Water sample PH of water sample Result

1. Distilled water 7.0 Neutral PH
2. Pond water 8.0 Alkaline PH

Observation about clarity of water

1) Distilled water : less turbid
2) Pond water : More turbid and reduce clarity not suitable for consumption without
treatment.

Q.3 Perform the suitable test to compare the given leaf samples for the presence of
particulate matter. Make a note of the same.
Sr.No Leaf sample Observation
1 Washed leaf Less amount of dust particles than unwashed leaf
2 Unwashed leaf Dust particles, carbon particles, pollen grains, spores

Inference :

Presence of particulate matter unwashed leaf damage to leaf structure by air pollutants causes
to chlorophyll plant can’t produce food or energy.
Q. 3 Make a temporary mount of the given water sample. Observe and prepare a
report on the presence of different plankton in it.

Sr.no. Water sample Observation

1 Distilled water No planktons and microorganisms were
Found in given sample.
2 Pond water Plankton like spirogyra, nostoc, daphnia,
paramecium, diatoms, rotifer were found
in water.
Inference:
Slide prepared from pond water observe different types of planktons hence not
suitable for consumption without treatment.

Q.4 SPOT—A
Identification : The given spot—A is Floral adaptations for wind pollination e.g. Maize
Comment:
1. The flowers are small, and not showy.
2. Flowers without colour, odour, and nectar.
3. Anthers are versatile.
4. Pollens are light in weight,dry and smooth exine.
5. Pollen grains produce in large number.
6. Stigma is hairy, feathery.

SPOT—A
Identification: The given spot—A is floral adaptations for Insect pollination e.g. Salvia
Comment:
1) Flowers bisexual attractive and have bright coloured petals.
2) Nectar glands located at the base of corolla tube.
3) Bilipped corolla, larger lip encloses style and stigma.
4) Two stamens located at the mouth of corolla tube.
5) Stamen mature earlier than the carpels i.e. protandrous.
 Spots -‘A’

Identification : The given spot –A is Demonstration of hybridization techniques

emasculation, bagging and tagging.
Comment:
1. The hybridization technique involves anthesis, emasculation, crossing,
bagging and tagging.
2. Emasculation : Removal of young anthers of selected female flower
parent.
3. Bagging : Emasculated flowers are bagged by polythene bags or sterile
paper to prevent pollination by undesired pollen grains.
4. Tagging : A ‘tag’ is tied to the bag carries information about name of
varieties, day, date, time of anthesis, emasculation, actual crossing.

SPOT- B

Identification: The given spot –B is rate of transpiration by four leaf experiment.

Observations after 2-3 days-

1) Leaf A- fresh and green, as no surface transpiration.
2) Leaf B- remains fresh and green but a little dried as compared
to leaf A, as very few stomata are present on the upper surface
of the leaf.
3) Leaf C- appears to be more dried because transpiration takes
place from the lower surface with more stomata.
4) Leaf D- completely dried due to maximum transpiration along
both the surfaces.
 SPOT- B

Identification : The given spot—B is Separation of Plant (photosynthetic)

Pigments by Paper Chromatography.
Observation & conclusion
The chromatography paper strip shows four distinct spots of different colours at
different positions.
1) First band ----- Yellowish green -- Chlorophyll - b
2) Second band-- Bluish green ------ Chlorophyll - a
3) Third band---- Yellow - ----------- Xanthophyll
4) Fourth band-- Orange ------------- Carotene

SPOT- C
Identification : The given spot—C is Morphological xerophytic adaptations in
Plant e.g. Calotropis procera (Ruee)
Comment:
1. It is a non-succulent xerophytes.
2. The leaves are thick and leathery.
3. The leaves and young branches are covered by a mealy coating along with
hair which acts as insulating covering.
4. The plant contains latex.

SPOT- C
Identification : The given spot—C is Morphological xerophytic adaptations in
plant e.g. Opuntia dillenii.
Comment :
1. It is a succulent xerophytes.
2. The stem is flattened, green, thick, fleshy, photosynthetic , leaf like called
phylloclade.
3. Leaves are modified into spines to reduce transpiration.
4. Phylloclades are with nodes and internodes.
5. Bristles (Trichomes) are present to provide protection against grazing
animals.
 SPOT- C

Identification : The given spot--C is Morphological aquatic adaptations in plant

e.g. Hydrilla.
Comment:
1. It is submerged rooted hydrophyte.
2. The stem is soft and slender.
3. Poorly developed adventitious roots.
4. The leaves are without cuticle and stomata.
5. Stem possesses aerenchyma which provide buoyancy.
6. Mechanical tissues like collenchyma and sclerenchyma are absent.
7. Whole plant is covered over by mucilage to protect against rottening effect
of water.

SPOT- C

Identification : The given spot is morphological aquatic adaptations in plant e.g.

Eichhornia (Water Hyacinth)
Comment:
1. It is a free floating fresh water hydrophyte.
2. The stem is spongy due to aerenchyma that stores air.
3. Leaves show swollen, spongy, petioles and arises in clusters at node.
4. The leaves have waxy coating to prevent wetting and rottening.
5. They have root pockets.
6. Adventitious roots are also produced in clusters at nodes. They acts as
balancers.
SPOT—D
Identification: The given spot—D is T.S. of mammalian testis.
Description:
1) Testis shows presence of tunica albuginea and seminiferous tubules.
2) Seminiferous tubules lined by germinal epithelial cells.
3) It shows different stages of spermatogenesis i.e. spermatogonia, primary
and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and sperms.
4) Few large pyramidal cells present interrupting germinal epithelium are
sertoli cells.
5) Leydig’s cells lies in between the seminiferous tubules secrete androgen
or testosterone.
 SPOT—D
Identification : T.S. of mammalian Ovary
Description:
1) It shows outer cortex and inner medulla.
2) The cortex is lined by germinal epithelium.
3) Cortical region shows different stages of development of ovarian
follicles i.e. primary follicles, secondary follicles and mature follicles.
4) It show mass of yellow cells called corpus luteum, formed in the
follicular cavity of empty Graffian follicle after release of its ovum (
ovulation ).
5) Corpus albicans represent a degenerating corpus luteum if ovum is not
fertilized.

SPOT—D
Identification: The given spot—D is V.S. of blastula.
Description:
1) It shows outermost , flattened cell layer called trophoblast.
2) It encloses a cavity called blastocoel and inner cell mass.
3) Inner cell mass is attached to one side to trophoblast cell layer.
4) Trophoblast cells in contact with the inner cell mass ( embryonal knob)
called cells of Rouber.
5) Trophoblast cell layer produces extra embryonic membranes.
6) Inner cell mass develops into proper embryo.

SPOT—E
Identification: The given Spot—E is karyotypes of Down syndrome ( 21st
trisomy)
Comments:
1) Down syndrome (21st trisomy) is autosomal chromosomal disorder.
Caused due to an extra copy of chromosome number 21st. these
individual will have 47 chromosomes.

2) Symptoms:
i) Mental retardation and skeletal development is poor.
ii) Face is typically flat and rounded with flat nose,
iii) open mouth and protruding tongue, eyes slant up and out with
internal epicanthal folds.
iv) Flat hands and stubby fingers and palm is broad with single
palmer crease.
 SPOT—E
Identification : The given Spot—E is Karyotypes of Turner’s Syndrome ( X-
monosomy/XO females).
1) Turner’s Syndrome is sex chromosomal disorder caused due to non-disjunction of
chromosome during gamete formation.
2) Individual born with Turner’s Syndrome has 44 autosomes with XO.
3) Symptoms:
i) They are phenotypically female ( sterile female)
ii) Short stature and webbed neck.
iii) Lower posterior hair line , broad shield-shaped chest.
iv) Poorly developed ovaries and breast.

SPOT—E
Identification: The given Spot-E is Karyotypes of Klinefelter’s Syndrome (
XXY male)
1) Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY male) chromosomal disorder caused due
to extra X-chromosome in males.
2) Genotype of individual is 44 + XXY.
3) Symptoms:
i) feminized males
ii) They are tall with long arms, feminine breast development (
Gynaecomastia).
iii) No spermatogenesis, individuals are sterile.
SPOT—F
Identification: The given Spot-F is pathogen-Plasmodium
Disease -Malaria.
Control measures :
1) Prevention of mosquito bite by using mosquito nets and insect repellents.
2) Spraying insecticides in draining stagnant water where mosquito lays eggs.
3) Mosquito larvae controlled by using Gambusia fresh water fish.
 SPOT—F
Identification:
The given Spot—F is Pathogen- Entamoeba histolytica.
Disease : Amoebiasis
Control measures :
1) Wash hands with hot water and soap after using toilets and changing baby’s diaper.
2) Proper sanitary facilities including sewage disposal.
3) Drink boiled water, or chlorinated and filtered water.
4) Avoid eating unhygienic food.
5) Vegetables properly washed and cooked.
SPOT—F
Identification: The given Spot—F is Pathogen- Ascaris lumbricoides
Disease- Ascariasis.

Control measures-

1) Avoid contact with soil that may be contaminated with human feces.
2) Wash your hands before eating or preparing food, and after touching soil or using
the toilet
SPOT—F .

Idntification: The given spot—F is Pathogen- Microsporum.

Disease- Ringworm/ Dermatophytosis

Control measures-

1) Keep your skin clean and dry.

2) Avoid close contact, sharing of clothes, sport equipment’s.

3) Wash clothes in hot water with fungicidal soap help to destroy fungal pathogens

SPOT- G

Identification : The given spot is Metaphase –I of Meiosis-I.

Comment:
1. Equatorial plane develops in the centre of the cell.
2. Chromosomes becomes short and thick.
3. Bivalent chromosomes arranged at the equatorial plane.
 4. The bivalent chromosomes arranged in such a way that their arms towards
the equator and centromere towards the pole.
5. At the end, spindle formation takes place.

SPOT- G

Identification : The given spot is Anaphase –I of Meiosis-I.

Comment:
1. Reduction division of chromosomes takes place in this stage.
2. Due to condensation of spindle fibres homologues chromosomes pulled
towards opposite poles.
3. Seperation and dragging of recombined homologues chromosomes towards
opposite poles.

SPOT- G

Identification: The given spot—G is Telophase –II of Meiosis-II.

Comment:
1. Daughter chromosomes get collected at the opposite poles.
2. Spindle fibres disappear.
3. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear.
4. At the end of karyokinesis-II four nuclei are formed.

SPOT—H
Identification: The given Spot-H is Camel showing xeric adaptations.
Comment:
1) Camel Can tolerate wide range of temperatures
2) Camel excretes concentrated urine to conserve water.
3) It accumulates fat in the hump so that heat flows away from the body and
inward flow of heat is prevented..
4) close its nostril to stop blowing sand from entering nostrils.
5) Flat and wide feet help it to walk easily over soft sand.
6) It has long eye-lashes that protect eye from sand dunes/ strong winds.
7) It is capable of drinking large volume of water in a short time.
 SPOT—H
Identification : The given Spot—H is fresh water fish Labeo rohita (Rohu)
showing aquatic adaptation.
Comments:
1) Body laterally compressed and streamlined to minimize resistance of water
and reduce friction with water.
2) It shows presence of gills for respiration and help in exchange of gases in
water.
3) Paired fins help in swimming and caudal fin acts as steering during
swimming.
4) Body covered by scales to prevent osmotic entry of water into the body.

SPOT—H
Identification : The given Spot—H is Dolphin showing aquatic adaptation.
Comments:
1) It is a mammals and not a fish.
2) It has streamlined, smooth and furless body to reduce friction.
3) It has a backward curving dorsal side and dorsal fin.
4) Snout is beak like.
5) Nostrils near the top of head, facilitates easy breathing when animal reaches
the surface of water for breathing.
6) Flippers can control for steering , slowing and going up or down or out of
water.

SPOT- I

Identification : The given spot is V.S. of anatropous ovule.

Indicated parts of anatropous ovule shows : Funicle
Funicle: Ovule is attached to the placenta by a small stalk called
funiculus.

SPOT- I

Identification : The given spot is V.S. of anatropous ovule.

Indicated parts of anatropous ovule shows : Hilum
Hilum: The point of attachment of the funiculus to the main body of the
ovule is known as the hilum.
 SPOT- I

Identification : The given spot is V.S. of anatropous ovule.

Indicated parts of anatropous ovule shows : Nucellus
Nucellus: The ovule consists of central parenchymatous tissue called
nucellus.

SPOT- I
Identification :
The given spot is V.S. of anatropous ovule Indicated parts Show--Integuments
Nucellus is usually surrounded by two protective coverings called
integuments viz. outer and inner integument.

SPOT- I

Identification : The given spot is V.S. of anatropous ovule Indicated parts

shows : Micropyle
A narrow opening at the apex of the ovule is called the micropyle.

SPOT—I
Identification: The given spot—I is V.S .of anatropous ovule indicated
parts shows—embryo sac.
Embryo sac: The embryo sac (female gametophyte) is an oval
multicellular structure embedded in the nucellus.

SPOT—I
Identification: The given Spot—I is functional areas of cerebrum part
indicated by the marker are Frontal lobe.
Comments:
1) They have motor area which controls voluntary motor activities or
movements of muscles.
2) Premotor area is higher centre for involuntary movements and
autonomous nervous system.
3) Association area is for coordination between sensation and movements.
4) Broca’s area/ motor speech area translate thoughts into speech.
5) Expression of emotions, intelligence, will power , memory , personality
areas located in frontal lobe.
 SPOT—I
Identification: The given Spot—I is functional areas of cerebrum part indicated by the
marker are-Parietal lobe.
Comments:
Parietal lobe of cerebrum mainly for somaesthetic sensation of pain, pressure,
temperature, taste ( gustatoreceptor).
SPOT—I
Identification : The given Spot—I is functional areas of Cerebrum part indicated by the
marker are ---Temporal lobes.
Comments:
Temporal lobes of cerebrum contains centres for smell ( olfactory), hearing(auditory)
speech and emotion.

SPOT—I
Identification: The given Spot—I is human eye part indicated by the marker are—
Retina.
Comments:
1) Retina is innermost, delicate, non-vascular light sensitive layer.
2) Rod and cone cells lie deep in the retina so that light pass through the ganglion and
bipolar cells before reaching them.
3) Cone cells responsible for daylight ( photopic ) vision and colour vision.
4) Rod celles function in dim light ( scotopic ) vision.

SPOT—I
Identification: The given Spot—I is human ear part indicated by the markers are Ear
ossicles.
Comments:
1) Middle ear consists of chain of three ear ossicles called malleus, Incus and Stapes.
2) On receiving vibrations from the tympanic membrane, the ear ossicles amplify the
vibrations and transfer to the cochlea.
 SPOT—J
Identification: The given spot—J is pedigree chart for inheritance of traits e.g.
inability to roll the tongue.
Comment:
1) The rolling of tongue is the ability of a person to roll the tongue inwards in
‘U’shaped.
2) The inability to roll the tongue is caused by autosomal recessive allele’a’.
3) Both homozygous dominants ( AA) and heterozygous (Aa) individuals are
able to roll the tongue while homozygous recessive (aa) individuals are
unable to roll the tongue.
SPOT—J
Identification: The given spot—J is pedigree chart for inheritance of
traits.e.g. Window’s peak.
Comment:
1) Widow’s peak is a V-shaped hair line across the forehead.
2) It is a dominant autosomal traits.
3) The gene responsible for widow’s peak is dominant ‘W’. both
homozygous dominant (WW) and heterozygous (Ww) individual have
widow’s peak, while homozygous recessive ( ww) individual have
straight hair line.
4) Widow’s peak is observed in both men and women.

SPOT—J

Identification: Pedigree chart for inheritance of traits e.g. Human blood groups.
Comment:
1) Blood groups in human beings described as per ABO system.
2) Gene -I controls the ABO blood groups.
3) It has three alleles IA, IB and i ( recessive).
4) Each individual possesses only two alleles out of three.
5) Alleles IA and IB are co-dominant. Completely dominant over allele -i.
6) Six different genotype and four different phenotypes with blood groups such
as
Phenotype Genotype
Blood group-A I I or IAi
A A

Blood group-B IBIB, IBi

Blood group-AB I AI B
Blood group-O ii
 SPOT—J
Identification: Pedigree chart for inheritance of traits e.g. Colour blindness.
Comment:
1) Colour blindness is a X-linked recessive disorder of humans.
2) Due to recessive gene present on X-chromosomes, colour sensitive cone cells
are not formed result in red-green colour blindness.
3) It follows criss-cross inheritance as this trait is transmitted from father to the
grandson through his carrier daughter.
4) It is more common in male than female.
SPOT—J
Identification : The given Spot—J cell marked in slide is Erythrocytes.
Features/ Function:
1) RBCs are circular, biconcave and enucleated in human.
2) Red colour due to an oxygen carrying pigment, haemoglobin in their cytoplasm.
3) Function:
i) RBCs transport respiratory gases O2 and CO2.
ii) It maintain PH and viscosity of blood.

SPOT—J
Identification : The given spot—J cell marked in slide is Leucocyte-- Eosinophil
Features/Function:
1) Acidophil contain lysosomal granules that are stained to red colour with acidic
stains like eosin.
2) Nucleus is bilobed.
3) Eosinophil are about 1—3 % to total WBCs.
4) Function:
i) They show antihistamine property.
ii) They are responsible for detoxification as they produce antitoxins.
iii) They destroy antigen-antibody complex by phagocytosis.

SPOT—J
Identification : The given spot—J cell marked in slide is Leucocyte--Basophils.
1) Basophils have very few granules of large size and stain with basic stains
like methylene blue.
2) Basophil are non-phagocytic, small spherical cells with 0.5 to 1 % of total
WBCs.
3) Nucleus is twisted.
4) Function:
i) They are present in infected and allergic conditions only.
ii) Basophils secrete heparin, histamine and serotonin.
 SPOT—J
Identification: The given spot—J cell marked in slide is Leucocyte--Neutrophils.
1) Granules are very fine, large in number, stained with neutral stains.
2) Nucleus is multilobed ( 2—7 lobed).
3) Neutrophils are about 70 % of total WBCs.
4) Function --Neutrophil destroying pathogens by phagocytosis.

SPOT—J
Identification: The given spot-J cell marked in slide is Leucocyte-Lymphocytes.
1) Lymphocytes smallest of all WBCs.
2) Large spherical nucleus.
3) They constitute about 25—30% of total WBCs.
4) B-lymphocytes mature in bone marrow and responsible for antibody production
immunity.
5) T-lymphocytes matures in thymus and responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

SPOT—J
Identification: The given spot—J cell marked in slide is Leucocyte-Monocytes.
1) Monocytes are largest of all the WBCs.
2) Nucleus is large and bean or kidney shaped.
3) They form 3—5 % of WBCs.
4) Monocytes actively motile and give rise to macrophages.
5) Function: Monocytes destroy the bacteria and dead or damaged tissue by
phagocytosis.