Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School RNP Campus Page

Alert notification and ultrasonic sensor system

for sustainable waste management

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A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of the
Senior High School Department – RNP Campus
Liceo de Cagayan University
Cagayan de Oro City

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In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
(III)

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ANDREI JOSE DELOSO

ABEGAIL ABANALES
BO MANU BENEDICT ABBU
ASHLEY FRANZINE AO
ZHANN KELLY BANQUE
JAMES EMEVERTO COLUMNAS
ZASQUIA ALTHEA ENOT
MOH’D AKRAM LANGILAO
MOHAMMAD HUSSIEN MATANOG
RIZA MAY NOTAR
CHRISTIAN JOSEPH RACHO
ZEUS ANDREI SALVAN
BRYDON TORRES
ALEXANDER YBAÑEZ

APRIL 2024

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APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled, “Alert notification and ultrasonic sensor system for
sustainable waste management”, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior
High School graduation under the strand Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) by Group 1, by Andrei Jose Deloso, Abegail Abanales, Bo Manu
Abbu, Ashley Franzine Ao, Zhann Kelly Banque, James Emeverto Columnas, Zasquia Enot,
Moh’d Langilao, Mohammad Hussien Matanog, Riza May Notar, Christian Joseph Racho,
Zeus Salvan, Brydon Torres, and Alexander Ybañez has been examined, accepted, and
recommended for Oral Examination.

John Mark Magallanes

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with the grade of __________.

Dr. Judy Marie R. Zoleta

Chairman

Engr. Jesus B. Rangcasajo Dr. Marco Marvin L. Rado

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior High
School graduation under the strand Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM).

ALISSANDRA T. CABASAGAN, MAEd

Research Coordinator, SHS-RNP
TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction .…………………………………………………….… 1-3

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………….… 3-4

Objectives of the Study ………………………………………….….4-5

Significance of the Study ………………………………………...…5-6

Scope and Delimitation of the Study ……………………………….6-7

Conceptual Framework …………………………………………....….7

Theoretical Framework …………………………………………...…..8

Definition of Terms……………………………………………...… 8-9

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature………………….……………………………. 10-11

Local Literature .………………………………………………. . 11-12

Foreign Studies….….…………………………………………… 12-13

Local Studies…………………………………………………………13

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research Design ……………………………………………………. 14

Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………..……….14

Proposed alert-notification System with Ultrasonic Sensors via

Arduino…………….…………………………………….……………… 15-18

Prototype Design ……………………………….……………………18

Hardware Design Flow……………………………………….….18-19

Hardware Design…………………………………….……….…..19-22

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Software Design Flow…………………………………………..…..22

Software Design…………………………………………………23-25

REFERENCES………………………………………………………

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

One of the issues our society is currently facing is the improper disposal of waste.

With a global surge in waste production, it's crucial to delve deeper into the specific

challenges faced in waste management. Recent statistics highlight a substantial increase in

urban waste, necessitating innovative solutions for efficient and timely disposal. Garbage

bins in our vicinity are often left full and not emptied even when overflowing with trash.

Consequently, our surroundings become messy, unclean, and unhygienic. It's important to

note that the consequences of neglecting to empty these bins go beyond just creating

uncleanliness; it also contributes to pollution and the spread of airborne diseases.

Overflowing trash does not only present unpleasant sights, but according to Compactor

Management Company (2023) also presents grave dangers, namely; diseases due to pests and

insects, air pollution, contamination of Surface water, and serious health issues.

In this day and age, scattered and incorrectly disposed trash is found in homes and

public places, whether in the city or the province. This has been a major issue not only in the

Philippines but also elsewhere in the world. It has been a significant problem up until now,

and finding a solution is exceedingly challenging. Scattered garbage and overstuffed trash

cans can clog drainage systems, causing floods. This is unhealthy for society not only

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because it smells bad but also because it is filthy. The researchers developed the study to

shed light on a complex problem. This study will contribute to solving a global problem.

Improper and overfilled garbage bins are a worldwide environmental problem.

Globally, people dispose of a massive 2.12 billion tons of garbage yearly (Choudhuri, n.d.).

The well-being of society is at risk in areas where trash cans are overstuffed and neglected. It

is generally known that there are overflowing trash cans and clutter lying around everywhere

in the Philippines. Although the government is making every effort to help with this serious

problem, it is not enough for the entire nation. Population growth is one of the factors that

contribute to the unregulated garbage.

Moreover, according to Baralla et al. (2023), an increase in urbanization and

population growth produced a sizable increase in waste production over the last century,

causing real problems in human health and the environment. The increase in population and

urbanization are underlying causes of poor waste management globally. There have been

many approaches to seek sustainable solutions for these problems and yet it still boils down

to proper waste management that includes; Improper disposal, consumer behavior, and poor

collection of garbage in communities and cities. In another study conducted by Nahabi

(2023), the study results showed several variables, including poor collection facilities, a lack

of permanent disposal sites, a dearth of temporary disposal sites, and population growth,

among others, contributed to incorrect solid waste disposal. These factors contribute to the

problem of trash bins overflowing in some cities insufficient collection frequency can lead to

an overflow in trash bins.

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In the modern world, the management of waste and recycling has become a crucial

concern. One innovative solution to streamline this process and enhance efficiency is the

incorporation of GSM modules and QR codes into garbage bins. These small but impactful

devices offer a range of benefits, from notifying collectors when bins are full to promoting

responsible disposal practices among users. This study will delve into the world of GSM

modules and QR codes for garbage bins, exploring their functionality, advantages, and the

significant role they play in shaping a more sustainable and effective waste management

system.

As technology evolves, various new technologies emerge in this world, some of

which are cleaning equipment. It is determined that constructing an alert-notification system

that alerts the administrator when the trash bin is full will be extremely beneficial. When it

works, the alert-notification system provides a safe, clean, and environmentally harmless

method, especially when it comes to waste bins/trash that can’t be examined regularly.

Similarly, the study of Muyunda and Ibrahim (2017) created a route plan for cities’ authority

for the collection of garbage by using a webpage as a platform to display notifications about

the status of the trash bins in targeted areas, though it lacks some basic alarm feature it

directly alerts the people in charge and be kept posted about the trash bins in the city. This

innovation helps maintain the cleanliness and hygiene of the city avoiding the harmful and

reeking smell of garbage.

Its ability to provide safety, cleanliness, and orderliness while aiding in the prevention

of illnesses and viruses is one of its many strengths. Additionally, it aids in preventing waste

piles by alerting users when the trash container is full by sending information to the user. It

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won't be inconvenient anymore and will be more efficient than a standard trash bin with this

alert-notification system. It has lots of capabilities. Moreover, a GSM module is a cellular

technology that is widely used for transmitting messages and data services. (Chaturvedi et al.,

2018) while QR codes are most commonly used for tracking information about a certain

product (Hossain et al., 2018).

As the years progress, the alert-notification system has witnessed a remarkable surge

in popularity and widespread adoption across diverse industries. This innovative

communication tool has evolved to become an indispensable asset, enabling swift and

efficient information dissemination among individuals or groups. It stands as a testament to

the growing demand for instantaneous and reliable communication solutions in our

fast-paced world. The study by Rubini et al. (2018) created a system called “Implementation

of a Smart Garbage Monitoring System using GSM” that helped them solve the proper waste

disposal for medical waste and polythene bags. This study also uses the GSM module to

continuously alert the appropriate authorities. Additionally, the study by Balaji et al. (2022)

designed QR code tags for them to track the waste segregation status. Where they scan the

QR code using a smartphone application that contains a dashboard for monitoring. In the

current study being conducted the notification type will be push notification.

Alert notification systems offer valuable support in the field of waste management

and disposal by providing real-time monitoring of waste levels in bins and containers. This

technological innovation empowers organizations to optimize their waste management

processes through the continuous flow of data on waste levels, enabling timely collection and

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disposal. This proactive approach not only upholds cleanliness and hygiene but also mitigates

the risks associated with overflowing bins and environmental hazards.

Moreover, four Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations align with the

study. Goal 3 focuses on Good Health and Well-being, with Target 3.9 emphasizing the

reduction of deaths and illnesses caused by hazardous chemicals, as well as air, water, and

soil pollution and contamination. Proper waste management minimizes health risks

associated with improper disposal. Timely waste removal reduces the chances of disease

spread and ensures a healthier living environment. Moving on to Goal 9, which is Industry,

Innovation, and Infrastructure: Target 9.4 emphasizes upgrading infrastructure to make it

sustainable, with increased use of clean and environmentally sound technologies. The

integration of ultrasonic sensors, Arduino, and notification systems represents innovation in

waste management infrastructure. Next, Goal 11 aims to create inclusive, safe, resilient, and

sustainable cities, with Target 11.6 focusing on reducing environmental impact through air

quality and waste management. The study encourages community practice of proper waste

management to maintain sanitary conditions, reduce health risks, and maintain high air

quality, thus promoting inclusiveness, safety, and resilience. Lastly, Goal 17 focuses on

Partnerships for the Goals: Target 17.8 aims to fully operationalize the technology bank in

science, technology, and innovation capacity-building mechanisms for least developed

countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, particularly information and

communications technology. Collaborative efforts between local governments, communities,

educational institutions, and the private sector are essential for the successful implementation

and scalability of the alert-notification system. In essence, the alignment of this study with

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these Sustainable Development Goals underscores its potential to contribute significantly to

global initiatives, emphasizing the crucial role of technological innovation and collaborative

partnerships in fostering a sustainable and healthier future. (Goal 12, which is Responsible

Consumption and Production: Target 12.4, emphasizes managing chemicals and waste

responsibly, reducing their release into the environment, and minimizing their harmful effects

on human health. By managing the collection of waste responsibly, it would reduce the

impact on human health and the environment. Additionally, this study can help people and

the environment have proper waste management practices that minimize the harmful effects

of waste.)

To improve waste management, the main objective of this research is to create an

alert notification system for trash bins using ultrasonic distance sensors. Waste management,

specifically the issue of overflowing trash cans, has become unmanageable. A smart garbage

system may help monitor the waste for a healthier environment. Additionally, this system

aids in minimizing the total number of waste collection operations. As a result, the entire cost

of collecting waste is reduced ( Kurre, 2016).

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to tackle the urgent challenges linked to the rising problem of

inadequate waste collection and management. As the population continues to grow, there is a

corresponding surge in the quantity of generated waste, imposing significant pressure on

local authorities and waste management companies striving to cope with this escalating

demand. In response to this, the study suggests creating an intuitive and cost-effective

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alert-notification system that incorporates sensor technology, wireless communication

capabilities, and user-friendly interfaces.

The Philippines faces significant challenges in waste collection and management due

to population growth, putting strain on local authorities and waste management companies,

posing threats to public health and sustainable development. This issue not only poses a

threat to public health but also hinders sustainable development efforts.

These challenges arise from a lack of proper waste disposal in the Philippines. In

addition, many households and establishments in the Philippines do not have well-structured

systems for separating waste. This lack of segregation results in a more complicated and

costly waste management process for the authorities that further worsens the challenges of

waste disposal.

Furthermore, as other countries are more into the usage of the real-time monitoring

system, unlike in the Philippines, the absence of real-time monitoring and notification

systems for the trash increases the problem. The lack of monitoring can lead to inefficient

waste collection, as the bins are being emptied more frequently, even when the bins are not

full or overflowing.

The research proposes a cost-effective alert notification system using advanced sensor

technology and wireless communication to improve waste management in the Philippines.

This system monitors bin fill levels, alerts sanitation workers, and promotes better waste

segregation.

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1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a practical and

cost-effective alert-notification system for trash bins, integrating ultrasonic distance sensors

and Arduino microcontrollers, to improve waste management efficiency.

1. To create an efficient trash ultrasonic sensor with alert-notification system.

2. To measure the system's accuracy in activating the alert-notification feature in

alerting the users.

3. To test and evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the system in notifying users or

when the ultrasonic sensor detects objects in the predetermined threshold.

Significance of the study

In this research, the researchers are dedicated to developing an alert-notification

system that will promptly alert administrators and authorities when garbage bins are full.

Improper waste disposal is a pressing contemporary issue, often leading to overflowing trash

bins. Additionally, advancements in cleaning technology show promise in mitigating

pollution, enhancing safety, and preserving the environment. This study is deemed important

to the following:

Local Governments. An alert-notification system benefits local governments by

optimizing waste collection routes, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing public

health. It also reduces infrastructure development costs by providing real-time data on waste

bin fill levels, enhancing public spaces, and preventing disease spread.

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Sanitation Personnel. The system efficiently notifies sanitation personnel when

garbage bins become full, leading to optimized waste collection routes, heightened safety,

enhanced working conditions, elevated productivity, and increased job satisfaction, which

may, in turn, curtail turnover rates. Furthermore, the automation of waste collection processes

by the system effectively lessens its environmental footprint through decreased fuel usage

and reduced carbon emissions. It also enables improved resource allocation and cost

management, potentially resulting in financial savings for sanitation departments.

Environment. This research holds substantial environmental benefits by mitigating

the buildup of trash that can otherwise overflow and be dispersed into the surrounding natural

habitats due to natural forces. This preventive measure also serves to hinder the transmission

of diseases and viruses within the environment. Furthermore, the study aids in the

preservation of the visual attractiveness of the surroundings, thereby enhancing the overall

experience for residents and visitors alike. Additionally, it plays a pivotal role in bolstering

ecosystem well-being through the reduction of pollution and safeguarding biodiversity.

The Community. A healthy environment leads to a healthy community. A study like

this will greatly benefit them as it will avoid dirty pile-ups of garbage in community garbage

disposal or disposal areas and can lead to a cleaner and more pleasing environment for others

in the community. Furthermore, a clean environment promotes better physical and mental

health among community members. It reduces the risk of diseases caused by unhygienic

conditions and creates a positive atmosphere that enhances overall well-being.

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Students. A program like alert-notifications can benefit students by offering a

comprehensive learning experience that combines technological skills with environmental

awareness and community engagement. This study can involve students in community

initiatives to keep their surroundings clean and sustainable.

Future Researchers. This study would provide baseline data for future researchers to

undertake more in-depth investigations comparable to this one. Future researchers may

expand on this study's solid foundation of knowledge by delving further into the numerous

aspects that contribute to a clean environment. Additionally, the findings of this study may be

utilized to build effective waste management methods and regulations in communities,

ultimately leading to long-term gains in environmental sustainability.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focuses on the development and performance of the smart trash bin system

along with a height sensor and an alert-notification to observe and alert the users regarding

trash levels. The system's main task is to trigger an alert when the ultrasonic sensor detects

objects in the predetermined threshold and notify the owner of the trash bin, to indicate that

the waste requires emptying or disposing. The prototype will alert once the garbage bin load

is 5 centimeters away from the sensor.

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However, it's essential to recognize that while the study aims to create an efficient and

user-friendly smart trash bin system, there are specific limitations that must be

acknowledged.

Furthermore, the research will only delve into the practicality and durability of the

smart trash bin system, gauging its effectiveness in real-world settings. The study will be

conducted within the confines of Liceo De Cagayan University's RNP Campus, with a

particular focus on a classroom environment where students' concentration may be

influenced by the presence of pleasant or unpleasant odors.

While this research strives to contribute to more efficient waste management

practices, its scope is limited to the development, testing, and evaluation of the smart trash

bin prototype within the specified campus setting. Factors related to broader waste

management associations, regulations, and policies in the Philippines will not be within the

direct scope of this study but could be considered for future research and implementation on

a larger scale.

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Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

The conceptual model for this research project envisions a system in which ultrasonic

distance sensors are integrated into trash bins and connected to Arduino microcontrollers.

These sensors continuously measure the distance between the sensor and the trash inside the

bin. The collected data is processed by the Arduino, which evaluates the bin's fill level.

When the fill level exceeds a predefined threshold, the Arduino activates the

alert-notification system. Additionally, the Arduino will activate the GSM module to instruct

the SIM Card to send a notification to the maintenance department workers. Afterward, the

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workers will scan a QR Code from the device. The worker's phone will then send a message

to Arduino's GSM Module after scanning the QR Code. The message received by the GSM

module will be processed by Arduino. Finally, after the Arduino finishes processing the

message, the SIM Card will send a message to the database. This system serves as an alert

mechanism, notifying waste management personnel or users that the bin requires attention.

The users' timely response contributes to preventing overflowing trash and inefficient waste

management practices. Overall, this conceptual model illustrates how technology, in the form

of ultrasonic sensors and Arduino, can be harnessed to enhance waste management efficiency

by providing real-time monitoring and actionable alerts.

1.7 Theoretical Framework

This study operates within the theoretical framework of harnessing the potential of

Internet of Things (IoT) technology to revolutionize waste management practices. IoT forms

the foundational concept, enabling the connectivity and interaction of physical devices, such

as ultrasonic distance sensors and Arduino microcontrollers, with the digital realm. These

sensors, strategically integrated into trash bins, play a pivotal role in data collection by

emitting ultrasonic sound waves to gauge the fill levels within the bins. The Arduino

microcontrollers, acting as data processing hubs, undertake the crucial task of analyzing

sensor data, making informed decisions, and subsequently triggering the alert-notification

system when predefined thresholds are met. The alert-notification system, a centerpiece of

this research, serves as an alert mechanism, bridging the gap between technology and user

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action. It notifies users or waste management personnel when a trash bin necessitates

emptying, thereby optimizing waste collection processes and minimizing overflow incidents.

Definition of Terms

For a clearer understanding of the study, the following terms are defined in the

context of this research.

Arduino. Used for the sensors to detect the limit height reached in the

alert-notification system in the garbage bins.

Arduino IDE. To be able to run the Arduino, this program software is used for

encoding the needed codes for the Arduino’s detection functionality.

Arduino Code. The codes required for the alert-notification system to function its

purpose.

Improper Waste Disposal. The act of discarding waste materials in a manner that

does not adhere to established waste management guidelines, potentially causing

environmental pollution and health hazards.

Overfilled Garbage Bins. Refers to waste receptacles, such as trash bins, that have

reached or exceeded their designed capacity, leading to overflowing trash and sanitation

issues.

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Population Growth. The increase in the number of individuals residing in a

particular area or region over time contributes to higher waste generation and management

challenges.

Urbanization. The process of population migration from rural to urban areas,

resulting in the growth and development of cities and towns, is often accompanied by

increased waste production.

Waste Management. The systematic handling, collection, transportation, recycling,

and disposal of waste materials in an environmentally responsible and sustainable manner.

Environmental Pollution. The introduction of harmful substances or contaminants

into the natural environment, including air, water, and soil, can have adverse effects on

ecosystems and human health.

Ultrasonic sensors. Electronic devices that use high-frequency sound waves to

measure the distance between the sensor and the contents inside the trash bin.

GSM module. It will send information to the administrator or authorities if the

garbage bins are full.

QR code. It serves as the attendance if the garbage bins are taken by the

administrator or authorities.

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

In this section, The researchers provide a thorough and detailed investigation of their

incorporating study findings with the body of literature and related studies about the

alert-notification system in trash bins using ultrasonic sensors. The content of these studies

covers a wide range of issues, viewpoints, observations, conclusions, and numerous

developments relevant to the in-depth study in question. In addition, this chapter includes the

GSM Module, QR Code, Ultrasonic Sensor, and Arduino under the two subsections, namely;

Foreign Literature and Local Literature, each providing a deeper understanding of the

subject.

Foreign Literature

GSM Module

The researchers proposed a solid waste management system that is wireless for smart

cities, a study that can monitor the status of the dustbins, and the municipal corporation will

monitor it. The study maintains the flooding of garbage because of the waste that is made

each day and maintains the cleanliness of the cities. Through SMS, the municipal corporation

gets alerts along with location information through the GSM and GPS modules integrated at

the dustbin, so the waste collector knows the location of the garbage. (Subramanyam & Anil,

2018).

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The municipal garbage bins are overflowing, and they need to be frequently cleaned,

which is required to avoid land pollution, a messy environment, and the spread of diseases.

To clean the garbage bins, they need a system that gives information about the bin and alerts

the municipality about the condition of the bin. The researchers proposed a study that helps

solve the problem when the garbage bins are full. Using GSM, it will automatically send the

location of the bin to the authorized person. (Shraddha, Rashmi, et al., 2017).

The study by Rahman et al. (2018) states that every incoming SMS can be processed,

extracted, and store new configuration from the host by the GSM module or Global System

for Mobile communication, it also transmits alert/notification SMS when the radiation data

surpasses the threshold value and send SMS data at predetermined intervals according to

configuration. As mentioned in the study, the GSM module can also be used when the

threshold value is reached it then sends out an alert/notification SMS, which in the current

study utilizes this function to send out notifications to users when the predetermined

threshold of the garbage load is reached.

Moreover, Mahzan et al. (2018) study prototype used the GSM module to send out

messages or notifications to the user once the temperature sensor detects the heat of 40°C.

The GSM module is a flexible device that can be connected to multiple devices and functions

as a bridge between the device and the network.

In the current study, the prototype uses an ultrasonic sensor that detects the garbage

load of the trash bin and then sends out data to the other components to alert and notify the

users, in notifying the study uses a GSM module by transmitting notification SMS to users.

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Similarly, the study of Jalani et al. (2021) made use of the GSM module to send out a

notification to users about the ARDS’s waste level indicating whether it's full or 25% full,

ARDS in their study efficiently sorted recyclable materials with the reported accuracy of

95%. The GSM module is efficient in processing these data and is able to send accurate data

to the network.

QR Code

As mentioned in Tiwari's study (2016), a QR code is a two-dimensional matrix barcode

designed for quick and efficient interpretation by smartphones, storing data and denoted by

"QR" for quick response. When integrated into mobile devices, the QR code reader

application enables users to scan the code's data and transmit it in the form of a video, link,

text, or other formats (Ali et al., 2017). Moreover, while QR codes were initially developed

for tracking car parts, they are now employed in various industries beyond manufacturing,

including retailing, healthcare, and transportation (Tiwari, 2016).

According to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, India is one of the largest

producers of solid waste. The government was having a problem with managing the waste

even though the government did everything just to ensure proper waste management they

didn’t do what they wanted. The researchers came up with a study of IoT and sensors that

may help manage waste efficiently. They proposed a study of using QR codes to track and

monitor waste. The QR codes need to be scanned via an application that verifies, stores the

data, and alerts the maintenance. (Aparna, et al., 2021)

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Ultrasonic Sensor

As mentioned in a study by Latha et al. (2016), an ultrasonic sensor is a technology

made to determine the distance between objects through air. Anitha (2017) claims that an

ultrasonic sensor is extremely accurate and has reliable results in estimating distance.

Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used in technologically based tasks to assess changes in

location, level, and other features, such as presence sensors (Koval et al., 2016). Additionally,

ultrasonic sensors can be used as level sensors to detect, track, and manage liquid levels in

sealed containers; this technology has also helped in the medical field as it enabled the

capture of internal organs, diagnose tumors, and ensure the well-being of newborns (Ramesh

et al.,2021). The ultrasonic sensor is installed on top of the bin and alerts authorities when the

trash is nearly full and ready to be collected (Anitha, 2017). Using this technology would

make it simpler to monitor garbage levels.

Arduino

According to Cameron (2018), Arduino enables access to remote sensors and control

of remote devices, applying this component to the current study’s prototype enables the

prototype to send notifications and activate the alert-notification system when the garbage

load reaches the height limit.

Additionally, Arduino is similar to a small computer that can be programmed to

connect and control various electronic devices, it also has a number of pins that can be set to

either input or output (Geddes, 2016). Setting Arduino to either input or output makes it

flexible to receive data and send data to control devices.

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Moreover, Using HTTP requests, Arduino microcontrollers may also transmit and

receive data over the internet. ESP board is a straightforward microcontroller that may be

linked to the internet. Either ESP microcontrollers can be used as a Wi-Fi server or they can

connect to one (Ismailov & Jo’Rayev, 2022). This feature allows the current study to

implement the notification system along with the alert system as Arduino can connect to the

internet enabling wireless communication for the notification.

The literature states that users can also have access and receive the notification

feature using the help of Arduino making it user-friendly, efficient, and convenient.

Local Literature

GSM Module

The study by Christopher et al., (2022) said that inappropriate waste management is a

problem and one of the causes of it is the people who should be responsible for it. The

researchers propose a device that minimizes the contact of waste, this device is not just

capable of collecting waste but also segregating waste and shredding waste. The GSM

module will send an SMS to inform the personnel about the status of the bin that is provided

by the ultrasonic sensor which is the data of the capacity of the transport bins. To determine

the performance of the device, they conducted tests which are response-time and

garbage-level detection tests.

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QR Code

In the current study, QR codes are integrated into the system. Scanning the QR code

on the proposed prototype occurs towards the end of the system's process, serving as a means

to monitor the information or activity of the personnel collecting the garbage load after the

alert system is triggered. QR codes are chosen for their ability to facilitate the monitoring of

necessary data, making the process more efficient. Agripa and Astillero (2022) highlighted in

their study that utilizing QR codes for retrieving basic information, travel orders, attendance,

etc., proved to be more accessible, cost-effective and reduced the occurrence of errors.

Furthermore, the evaluation revealed that using a QR code for the attendance system

surpassed expectations in terms of functionality, dependability, efficiency, precision, utility,

upkeep, and portability. QR codes are easily accessible and user-friendly, enhancing their

usability for the end-users.

Additionally, two of the researchers in the school here in the Philippines, Bacuna and

Dadiz (2022) conducted research about attendance systems using QR codes. They gave the

students a QR code where all their needed information was set that would track their in- or

out-of-school activities. Similar to this study, this research would use the QR code to monitor

the collection of the garbage and determine whether the sanitary personnel were able to

collect it or not. This innovative use of QR codes to track attendance and waste pickup

demonstrates the power of technology to simplify many procedures. Using QR code, the

researchers can effectively collect and analyze data, allowing them to enhance overall waste

management efficiency.

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As mentioned in the study by Pabillaran et al.(2023), using pen and paper to record

attendance is time-consuming and inconvenient. QR codes became widespread due to how

time-saving and convenient they are while transferring data or information from one device

to another. QR codes could help institutions monitor and store data using a system that would

automatically capture individual data, enhancing their job efficiency (Pabillaran et al.,2023).

Ultrasonic Sensors

The study by Navjot Sidhu et al. (2021) found that technological interventions, such

as smart bins equipped with sensor technologies, can improve garbage collection routes and

save operating costs. Aligning with the aim of the study to implement appropriate waste

disposal, ultrasonic sensors play a large role in the function of this current study’s prototype.

Moreover, in the study conducted by Bautista et al. (2023), the prototype system uses

ultrasonic sensors attached to garbage bins to monitor waste levels, enabling a need-based

garbage clearance process. Similar to the alert-notification system smart bin prototype the

current study is proposing, it also uses ultrasonic sensors for this role and function.

Additionally, based on the work of Entrino et al. (2023), the Davao Research Journal.

Davao's sea has been polluted, and they created a model that collects garbage consisting of

sensors and SMS notifications, which notifies the owner if the bin is full and needs to be

properly disposed of. SMS notification helps owners dispose of garbage to maintain

cleanliness and avoid the growing issue of garbage. To contribute to this aim, Kumari et al.

(2018) developed the “Smart Garbage Bin'' enabled by IoT or the Internet of Things, this

creation contains the HY-SRC05 sensor, which measures the amount of trash in the bin, is

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located in the data gathering layer of the bin monitoring system, which has a three-tier

architecture. When the garbage can is full, ultrasonic sensors can be used to sound an alarm,

or they can be used to measure the amount of trash at various bin heights namely: 0% or

Empty, 50% or Medium, 90% or Nearly Full, 100% or Full, and Threshold Crossed or Spill

Over.

Arduino

In the Philippines, Arduino has also been tested and integrated into devices. The

research conducted by Morallo, N. (2017) used Arduino as a platform to create the Smart Bin

based on the Global System for Mobile Communications Modem and Ultrasonic Sensors

interface. The Arduino in the research assumed the role of receiving and passing through the

Arduino all the data from the different LEDs, sensors, and other components of the

prototype.

Additionally, Bautista et al. (2023) were able to create an image-processing prototype

to segregate garbage in the study “Arduino-Based Waste Detector with Alarm System”. Their

study aimed to execute a waste segregator smart trash bin to inform the public of the

importance of appropriate waste segregation and disposal. This Arduino-based prototype was

able to recognize different types of garbage namely; plastic bottles, metal waste, and other

waste.

In another study, Arduino was also equipped to tackle multiple laser alarm systems

conducted by Lusterio et al (2020), Several illicit activities, such as theft and robbery, are

prevalent in the neighborhood. They suggest a study that uses an Arduino Uno board and a

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multi-laser alert system to help them identify people engaging in criminal activity. The laser

tracks movement and determines its location. It is set to make noise when all of the LDRs

receive no light from the lasers. They consider employing numerous lasers to detect a

person's movement with ease.

The pieces of literature above present the flexibility of Arduino usage in small or

large innovations. This reinforces the reliability of using Arduino in this current study to

operate properly in the proposed prototype.

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CHAPTER 3

3.1 Research Design

This research focuses on developing an alert-notification system that will notify the

administrator when it's full and also uses an alert-notification feature to maintain the

cleanliness of the surroundings. The selection of a quantitative approach aligns with the

researchers’ objective of creating a measurable and replicable solution. This approach allows

for rigorous testing and statistical analysis, ensuring robust conclusions regarding the

system's effectiveness.

3.2 Data Gathering Procedure

To ensure precision in the measurements, specific parameters such as fine-tuning the

system, calibration, and real-world testing will be carefully monitored. Calibration will

involve adjusting the sensor’s settings in the Arduino microcontroller. Anticipated challenges

during real-world testing include the weather conditions the integrated device may be in, and

will be addressed systematically. To assess user satisfaction, participants interact with the

system, providing valuable feedback. The study also evaluates the system's impact on waste

management efficiency, considering overflow reduction and cost savings. Environmental

impact, like litter reduction and improved hygiene, is analyzed. Collected data undergoes

thorough analysis, and findings are presented in a well-documented research report, featuring

clear graphical representations, actionable recommendations, and insights into how the

alert-notification system can enhance waste management practices.

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3.3 Proposed alert-notification System with Ultrasonic Sensors via Arduino

3.3.1 System Architecture Overview

Figure 2. System Architecture Overview

In the operational process shown in the diagram, when the fill level surpasses a

predetermined limit, the Arduino triggers the alert system. Furthermore, the Arduino initiates

the GSM module to command the SIM Card for dispatching a notification to the maintenance

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team. Subsequently, team members will scan a QR Code on the device. Upon scanning, the

worker's mobile device transmits a message to the Arduino's GSM Module. The Arduino

processes the received message, and upon completion, the SIM Card sends a message to the

server which is supported by the database.

3.3.2 Alert- Notification Workflow

Figure 3. Alert-Notification System Workflow

The figure shown above is the visual representation of how the alert-notification

system performs. The figure shows a chronological workflow for how the data is processed

from the ultrasonic sensor of the garbage bins to activate the alert-notification system. First,

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the ultrasonic sensor will detect the garbage load once it reaches the target threshold. Second,

the data is sent and processed in the microcontroller. However, if the target threshold is not

yet reached, the process will go back to the detection phase. Once the data is received it will

activate the GSM module and send notifications through SMS to the waste personnel

administrator.

3.3.3 QR Scanning Workflow

In the operational process shown in the diagram, waste personnel engage by scanning

a QR code. The scanned data is then transmitted to the administrative interface and further

relayed to a server supported by a database. This sequential process ensures the incorporation

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of data generated by waste personnel through QR code scanning into a comprehensive

information system. The flow, from the initial scan to the ultimate storage within the server's

database, establishes an effective and traceable pathway for managing and documenting

waste-related activities.

3.3.3 Requirement Analysis

The users of the system are the waste collectors from Liceo de Cagayan University -

RNP Campus. The system involves four processes. Waste management personnel will initiate

the integration of the device with the trash bins. Subsequently, they will monitor the server.

Upon receiving notification that the ultrasonic sensor's threshold has been reached, waste

management personnel can proceed to collect the garbage. The final step involves scanning

the QR code to record the individual responsible for collecting the garbage.

3.3.4 System Features

Figure 4: System Features

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The features of the automated attendance management system and the ones who can

benefit from it are shown in the diagram in Figure 4.

1. Fill-Level Monitoring - the maintenance department can easily monitor the fill

level of the trash bin through user-friendly software.

2. Alerts - the system sends a notification to the waste personnel through SMS.

3. Remote Monitoring - the maintenance team can remotely monitor the fill

levels of multiple trash bins in real-time.

4. Real-Time Notifications - The system sends real-time notifications to users

when the trash bin is approaching full capacity, allowing them to plan waste

disposal more efficiently.

5. Tracking Personnel Activity - Waste personnel will scan the system's QR

code, which serves as a method for capturing and recording information

pertaining to their activities.

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3.4 Prototype Design

Figure 5. Prototype Design

The choice of Arduino, ultrasonic sensors, and other components is rooted in a

comprehensive evaluation of available technologies. Factors considered include balancing

cost, efficiency, and compatibility.

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3.5 Hardware Design Flow

Figure 6. Hardware Design Flow

The figure above illustrates the operational workflow of the alert-notification system.

The hardware design process involves ten distinct steps. It starts with pinpointing the

problem statement and progresses to a collaborative brainstorming phase for idea generation.

Following this, concepts are outlined meticulously to establish a solid foundation. A critical

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step involves evaluating the system requirements, and ensuring alignment with identified

needs.

The architectural framework of the system is then conceived with precision,

considering functionality and efficiency. Schematic captures, accompanied by their

respective reference designs, play a crucial role in translating conceptual blueprints into

tangible configurations. This intermediate stage acts as a bridge, transforming abstract ideas

into tangible representations.

The concluding step involves realizing the system's physical form through the PCB

(Printed Circuit Board) layout. This stage is integral for bringing together various elements

and connections within the hardware, providing a comprehensive manifestation of the

designed system. In essence, the hardware design flow guides the transformation of ideas

into a functional alert-notification system through a strategic and iterative process.

3.6 Hardware Design

3.6.1 Arduino Uno R3

Figure 7. Arduino Uno R3

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The Arduino UNO R3 is a popular open-source hardware platform that is widely used

for designing and developing electronic projects. Arduino UNO R3 is a microcontroller

board based on a detachable ATmega328 AVR microcontroller housed in a dual-inline

package (DIP). It has 20 digital input/output pins 6 of which can function as PWM outputs

and 6 as analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an

ICSP header, and a reset button. It is designed to be user-friendly and open to users with

different levels of programming and electronics experience. Users can load programs onto it

using the easy-to-use Arduino software application.

3.6.2 Ultrasonic Sensor - HC-SR04

Figure 8. Ultrasonic Sensor - HC-SR04

The ultrasonic sensor is a device that relies on the principles of sound wave

propagation to measure distances and detect objects in a wide range of applications. These

sensors emit high-frequency sound waves and then measure the time it takes for these waves

to bounce back after hitting an object. By calculating the round-trip time of these sound

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waves, ultrasonic sensors can accurately determine the distance to the object. This

technology is non-contact and highly reliable. It is suitable for applications such as obstacle

detection in robotics, proximity sensing in industrial automation, and precise distance

measurement in fields like automotive safety and home automation. Ultrasonic sensors are

favored for their versatility, accuracy, and robustness, enabling them to function effectively in

various environmental conditions, including darkness, dust, and humidity. This adaptability

and efficiency have cemented their role as a fundamental component in modern sensor

technology.

3.6.5 Huawei 12V 2A Power Adapter

The selection of a 12V 2A power adapter to power the prototype was based on several factors aimed

at ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Firstly, the choice of a 12V voltage rating aligns with the

operational requirements of the components and peripherals integrated into the prototype. Many electronic

components, including sensors, microcontrollers, and communication modules, are designed to operate

within a specific voltage range, and a 12V supply meets the needs of these components without exceeding

their voltage tolerance limits. Additionally, the 2A current rating provides sufficient power capacity to

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support the simultaneous operation of multiple components and peripherals connected to the prototype.

This ensures stable and consistent power delivery,

3.6.6 SIM900A GSM Module

Figure 12. QuadBand GPRS-GSM SIM800L

GSM modules for Arduino are valuable components that enable communication with

mobile networks, making them a pivotal element in IoT (Internet of Things) applications.

These modules are designed to facilitate the integration of SIM cards, allowing devices to

connect to cellular networks for data transmission and messaging. By providing GSM/GPRS

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capabilities to Arduino-based projects, SIM card modules empower devices with the ability

to send and receive SMS messages, access the internet, and interact with remote servers. This

opens up a wide range of possibilities for remote monitoring, control, and data exchange.

Whether used in security systems, environmental monitoring, or in the context of your

research project on waste management, SIM card modules enhance the system's capacity to

transmit real-time alerts and information to designated users or personnel. Their compact size

and compatibility with Arduino platforms make them an accessible and efficient means of

incorporating wireless communication into various applications, ultimately expanding the

scope and functionality of IoT projects.

3.7 Software Design Flow

The software design flow integrated into the Alert-Notification System for Trash

Bins, encompassing database integration, effective troubleshooting, seamless integration

strategies, and comprehensive evaluation methodologies, is important for efficient waste

management. The software architecture ensures seamless data flow, with the ultrasonic

sensor's measurements processed efficiently by the Arduino before activating the

alert-notification system. The carefully designed database ensures that data regarding bin fill

levels and system performance is effectively managed, fostering informed decision-making.

Troubleshooting mechanisms empower the system to proactively identify and address

data-related issues, enhancing reliability. Integration strategies enable seamless interactions

between software and database components, facilitating real-time data flow. Rigorous

evaluation procedures ensure system performance meets defined goals. These cohesive

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elements work together to optimize the user experience, supporting data-driven efficiency

and continuous system improvements.

3.8 Software Design

3.8.1 Database

Figure 12.1. Database

The decision to utilize a QR code system integrated with Google Forms and Google

Sheets for our database was driven by several key considerations. Firstly, leveraging QR

codes offers a convenient and user-friendly method for data collection, particularly in

scenarios where manual input may be impractical or time-consuming. By simply scanning a

QR code, users can quickly access and submit data through a standardized and intuitive

interface, enhancing the efficiency of our data gathering process. Additionally, integrating

Google Forms with Google Sheets provides a seamless and robust solution for data

management and storage. Google Forms offers customizable form templates and versatile

question types, allowing us to tailor the data collection process to our specific research needs.

Meanwhile, Google Sheets serves as a centralized repository for collected data, enabling

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real-time updates and collaboration among research team members. The integration between

Google Forms and Google Sheets streamlines data aggregation, organization, and analysis,

facilitating more efficient decision-making and insights generation. Overall, the adoption of

this QR code-based approach integrated with Google Forms and Google Sheets represents a

strategic choice to optimize our data collection and management workflow, ensuring

accuracy, accessibility, and scalability throughout the research process.

3.8.2 Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting is a critical aspect of maintaining the alert-notification System for

Trash Bins via Arduino using Ultrasonic Distance Sensors for Efficient Waste Management.

As with any complex system, occasional issues may arise that require prompt resolution to

ensure uninterrupted waste management operations. Common troubleshooting procedures

may include checking for loose or damaged wiring connections between the ultrasonic

sensors, Arduino board, and the alert-notification system. Sensor calibration may need to be

reevaluated to ensure accurate distance measurements. Monitoring the power supply is vital

to confirm that the system receives stable voltage. Additionally, software-related problems,

such as code errors or sensor data processing issues, should be addressed by debugging and

code revision. Regular maintenance practices, including cleaning and inspecting components,

can help prevent hardware-related problems. Comprehensive documentation of the system's

hardware and software configurations will aid in efficient troubleshooting, enabling quick

identification and rectification of issues.

3.8.3 Integration

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Integration plays a pivotal role in the effectiveness of the alert-notification System for

Trash Bins via Arduino using Ultrasonic Distance Sensors for Efficient Waste Management.

It involves the seamless interaction and harmonious operation of hardware and software

components. The ultrasonic distance sensors must be accurately calibrated and integrated

with the Arduino board, allowing it to process data from the sensors and make informed

decisions regarding trash bin fill levels. The Alert-notification system, in turn, must be

synchronized with the Arduino to produce timely alerts. In addition to hardware integration,

the software component, including the code running on the Arduino, plays a vital role. The

software must efficiently process sensor data and trigger alerts based on predefined

thresholds, ensuring that notifications are timely and accurate. Successful integration ensures

that the system functions cohesively, providing an efficient and reliable solution for waste

management, and that sensor data is effectively translated into actionable information for

users and waste collection teams.

3.8.4 Evaluation

The evaluation of the alert-notification System for Trash Bins via Arduino using

Ultrasonic Distance Sensors for Efficient Waste Management is a crucial phase in assessing

the system's overall performance and its impact on waste management practices. Evaluation

includes a comprehensive analysis of how well the system meets the predefined goals and

requirements. This involves examining the accuracy and reliability of the ultrasonic distance

sensors in measuring trash bin fill levels and the efficiency of the alert-notification system in

alerting users and waste collection teams. Real-world testing in various environmental

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conditions allows for the assessment of system reliability. User feedback and experiences are

also valuable in evaluating the system's practicality and user-friendliness. The system's

ability to streamline waste management processes, reduce overflow, and promote responsible

disposal practices is a key focus during evaluation. Data on system effectiveness, user

satisfaction, and the system's impact on waste management efficiency will inform future

improvements and enhancements. Overall, a thorough evaluation ensures that the

alert-notification System is fine-tuned to meet the evolving needs of efficient waste

management.

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CHAPTER 4

DATA PRESENTATION: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Prototype Understudy

A smart waste management system that utilizes ultrasonic sensors to detect the

distance of waste levels in the garbage serves as a more reliable and practical alternative to

the traditional ways of collecting garbage according to a study by Yusof et.al. (2017). This

suggested system will prevent rubbish from overflowing into trash bins by monitoring

garbage levels and sending real-time notifications, as stated in a related study by Soh et al.

(2019). This suggests that the system will improve waste collection effectively. As claimed

by Hassan et. al. (2018), the ability to get real-time notifications is advantageous for both

workers and the municipality, as it allows for effective monitoring of the garbage depths

within trash bins. The invention of this innovative method helps avoid waste overflow and

environmental contamination by enabling authorized staff to collect garbage on time and

handle waste efficiently (Hassan et al., 2018).

An evaluation was done with the Arduino Serial Monitor, Google Messages, Signal

Status Settings for Phones, and Google Sheets App, with the researchers being the evaluators,

to measure the functionality and accuracy of the proposed system. The prototype is placed 20

centimeters above the trash bin’s base on the side, with the trash bin being 24.13 centimeters

in height, and the ultrasonic sensor’s predetermined distance is set to 5 centimeters and it

detects objects once every 10 seconds to ensure that the Ultrasonic Sensor will not

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accidentally detect falling objects that may pass through. Additionally, the testing of the

prototype in the three tests was held in the same location to ensure the accuracy and precision

of the signal from the network the prototype receives.

Under thorough observation of the researchers, it was observed that any classification

of trash could be detected in the ultrasonic sensor and the system. The prototype can go

through different conditions, such as rainy conditions but still produce the same expected

results but with delay. In this prototype, the researchers created an effective alerting system

after detecting trash load.

Actual Testing

Trials True False

Test #1 1

Test #2 1

Test #3 1

Test #4 1

Test #5 1

Test #6 1
Table 1

The table depicted in Figure *** indicates that tests 1 - 6 confirm the accuracy of the

proposed system in alerting the user. This data underscores the system's reliability and its

ability to accurately detect objects once the ultrasonic sensor has identified them within the

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predetermined threshold. It's important to note that these results are contingent upon specific

conditions being met, including the garbage bin load and the user receiving a message from

the prototype.

Trial Weather Condition Time Delay

Test #1 Normal 4 seconds

Test #2 Normal 3 seconds

Test #3 Normal 5 seconds

Test #4 Rainy 7 seconds

Test #5 Rainy 10 seconds

Test #6 Rainy 9 seconds

Table 2

The table above illustrates that tests conducted on a rainy day took much longer for

the proposed system to alert the users. Weather conditions are important to consider when

gathering data, as factors such as humidity and moisture may affect the proposed system’s

functionality. Nonetheless, the proposed system still alerted the users, albeit with a much

longer time delay in the alerting process. This demonstrates the reliability of the proposed

system, as it still alerts the users regardless of the weather conditions the garbage bin may be

subjected to.

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After analyzing the collected data, it shows a comparison of the performance of systems

under normal and rainy weather, showing how weather affects signal strength and delay

notification. Despite the rainy weather, the difference in GSM signal strength suggests that

location is more influential than the weather conditions. The test, with a similar height of the

trash bin which is 24.13 cm, shows that while signal strength varies with the weather, the

system's response time remains stable with a slight delay. In addition, the system is still

notified under normal or rainy conditions but it is sensitive to location.

The results show that the proposed system’s alerting function has a slight difference in

terms of the delay in seconds, depending on what weather conditions the trash bin may be in.

The results also show that both the cellphone signal and the GSM module signal will vary

depending on the type of weather condition. Overall, the proposed system will remain fully

functional no matter the weather condition it is in.

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Chapter 5

This section summarizes the paper to a comprehensive overview of the study. In this

section, the aims and objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions are discussed and

condensed.

Summary

The study addresses the urgent challenges of inadequate waste collection and

management linked to the increasing waste generation due to population growth. Suggested

creating a cost-effective alert-notification system incorporating sensor technology and

wireless communication to address these challenges. The lack of proper waste disposal and

segregation intensifies the issue, leading to inefficient waste collection. The proposed system

aimed to improve waste management by monitoring bin fill levels, alerting sanitation

workers, and promoting better waste segregation. The objective is to develop a cost-effective

and alert notification system for trash bins. To measure the system's accuracy in activating

the alert notification system. And to test, to evaluate the accuracy and the reliability of the

system.

The research aims to develop an alert notification system for monitoring sanitation

levels, using quantitative testing and statistical analysis. It involves refining settings,

conducting practical trials, and assessing metrics such as user satisfaction, waste

management efficiency, and environmental impact. The system employs ultrasonic sensors

connected to Arduino for level monitoring and notifies maintenance teams via a GSM

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module. Waste personnel update a server through QR code scanning. Requirements include

bin integration, server monitoring, pick-up upon notification, and personnel identification.

Features include fill-level monitoring, alerts, remote monitoring, real-time notifications, and

personnel tracking. The hardware design process includes identifying problems,

conceptualizing, assessing requirements, creating schematics, and arranging components.

Arduino UNO R3 and ultrasonic sensors are key components. The software design involves a

QR code system integrated with Google Forms and Sheets for efficient data collection.

Troubleshooting involves addressing hardware and software issues, calibration, and

debugging. Evaluation includes assessing accuracy, reliability, user satisfaction, and overall

impact on waste management efficiency.

Discussion

The prototype system employs an ultrasonic sensor to determine when the garbage

can is full and sends the user a text message to alert them. To preserve the data and time

associated with the bin, a QR code must be scanned on the bin. The prototype's primary

objectives are to keep the environment clean and to stop waste from piling up in the garbage.

Although there will be minor variations in the outcomes based on the weather, the prototype

operates effectively regardless of the conditions. The system's dependability is demonstrated

through testing at a consistent site. The proposed system is capable of offering cost and time

efficiency in waste management, making garbage collection more effective. The researchers

conducted two tests for the prototype which firstly involves the process of the distance in the

sensor to which it will detect and send a notification to the coded number and the results

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show that it is successful in notifying the user. The second test involves how the weather

conditions can affect the delay in sending a message to the user. The results showed that there

is a significant delay when the weather condition is rainy in which the delay is approximately

3 seconds.

Conclusion

To sum up, the placement and sensor configurations of the prototype guarantee

precise identification while reducing false positives. By giving real-time data on trash levels,

these systems enhance operational efficiency while reducing costs and promoting

environmental sustainability. Signal strength fluctuates despite weather variations. The

system's resilience in managing garbage disposal is highlighted by the fact that it reliably

warns users in both normal and rainy situations, even with minor delays. This proactive

approach minimizes the risk of overflow and ensures timely collection, ultimately

contributing to cleaner streets and healthier communities. Furthermore, the integration of

mobile applications or online platforms allows for seamless monitoring and management,

empowering both waste management personnel and residents to take informed actions and

contribute to a more sustainable future. The proposed waste management system, upon

implementation, provided a reliable, and efficient alternative for collecting waste.

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Recommendations

Users: Implement proper training programs for users to ensure they fully understand how to

use the prototype effectively and maximize its benefits.

Fast-Food Chains: Integrate the prototype seamlessly into existing waste management

processes and establish clear protocols for staff to follow, ensuring smooth adoption and

operation.

STEM Students: Encourage STEM students to engage with the prototype as part of their

coursework or projects, providing hands-on experience with real-world applications of

technology in waste management.

Future Researchers: Document and share detailed insights, challenges, and learnings from

the development and implementation of the prototype to serve as valuable reference material

for future researchers exploring similar topics.

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APPENDIX A

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APPENDIX D: CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: James Emeverto V. Columnas

Address: Pinikitan Camaman-an, Cagayan de Oro City
Birthdate: February 24, 2006
Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro City
Parents: Jose Emeverto T. Columnas
Cherryl V. Columnas

Name: Zeus Andrei R. Salvan

Address: Lingi-on, Talakag Bukidnon
Birthdate: November 30, 2005
Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro City
Parents: Sharizel T. Ramao
Robert D. Salvan

Name: Brydon Zeiben P. Torres

Address: Poblacion Sur, Carmen Bohol
Birthdate: October 21, 2005
Birthplace: Poblacion Sur, Carmen Bohol
Parents: John Leo D. Torres
Mardgie Torres

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Name: Ashley Franzine Ao

Address: Molugan, El Salvador City, Mis. Or.
Birthdate: August 19, 2005
Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro City, Mis. Or.
Parents: Doreen Jane C. Ao
Dexter James E. Ao

Name: Alexander Y. Ybañez

Address: Corrales Ext. Yaba Comp., CDO
Birthdate: January 11, 2006
Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro City
Parents: Liezyl Y. Ybañez
Dexter M. Ybañez

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Name: Abegail E. Abanales

Address: Sta.fe, Libona, Bukidnon
Birthdate: December 27, 2005
Birthplace: Polomolok, South Cotabato
Parents: Chel E. Abanales
Rex M. Abanales

Name: Mohammad Hussien A. Matanog

Address: Apovel Sub, Bulua, Cagayan de oro
Birthdate: November 10 2003
Birthplace: Maguing Lanao del Sur
Parents: Alaniah B. Matanog

Name: Bo Manu Benedict A. Abbu

Address: Zone 4 Agusan, Cagayan De Oro
Birthdate: June 21, 2005
Birthplace: Carmen, Cagayan De Oro
Parents: Roy M. Abbu
Queene S. Alegarbes

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Name: Zhann Kelly C. Banque

Address: RER Phase 1 Block 5 Lot 8 Faustino Neri St.
Birthdate: January 17, 2006
Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro city
Parents: Jon Floyd Bernal Banque
Kassandra Noel A. Ceniza

Name: Andrei Jose G. Deloso

Address: 544-A Saarenas St., Barangay Patag,
Cagayan de Oro
Birthdate: April 19, 2006
Birthplace: Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro
Parents: Jose Renante L. Deloso Jr.
Melda C. Galvez

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Name: Christian Joseph O. Racho

Address: 327 Felicisimo Nagac St. Zone 1
Kauswagan,
Cagayan de Oro City
Birthdate: October 03, 2004
Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro City
Parents: Joseph Rafael R. Racho

Name: Riza May E. Notar

Address: Lot 8, BLK. 2, Phase 5, Bamboo Lane,
Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City
Birthdate: December 30, 2005
Birthplace: Iligan City
Parents: Emerlita E. Notar
Nolito L. Notar

Name: Moh'd Akram B. Langilao

Address: Opal St., Barra, Opol
Birthdate: February 21, 2004
Birthplace: Iligan City
Parents: Asmin B. Langilao
Abdurafie S. Langilao

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Name: Zasquia Althea R. Enot

Address: Block 6, Lot 81, Lumina, Gran Europa,
Cagayan de Oro City
Birthdate: October 10, 2005
Birthplace: Kolambugan Provincial Hospital
Parents: Bernadette R. Enot
Joegin A. Enot

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Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School RNP Campus Page

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