MATH 30.

14: Module 1
Integration (Part 1)

Department of Mathematics

School of Science and Engineering

Ateneo de Manila University

Second Semester, SY 2021-2022

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Overview

1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

2 Integration by Substitution

3 Integrals of Sine and Cosine

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Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

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Context

Consider these two questions:

1. Given the daily rate of COVID-19 cases, how will you calculate
the total number of COVID-19 cases over a period of three
months?
2. Given the rate at which the Philippine economy (in terms of the
gross domestic product) is shrinking during the quarantine
months, how do we calculate the first quarter GDP of the
Philippines?

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Context

Recall that in MATH 30.13, you learned about the derivative, the
rate of change of a function. You also learned about differentiation,
the process of taking derivatives.

Now, a major topic in MATH 30.14 is integration, the reverse

process of differentiation. The new focus is: given the rate of change
of the function, how do we find or compute for the original function?

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Introduction

The process of integration enables us to answer the two questions

above. The total number of COVID-19 cases can be computed from
the rate at which daily infections are happening. The concept behind
this total number of infections is called the definite integral.

The definite integral has many interpretations. Among them, it is the

area under a curve. In fact, the total number of COVID-19 cases over
a given period of time can be interpreted as an area - namely the
area under the curve of the rate of infection function.

Similarly, given the rate at which the GDP is changing, we can

interpret the GDP for the year as the area under a certain curve.

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Antiderivatives

In order to illustrate antiderivative, given the function F ′ (x) = 2x.

Find a function F (x). That is, we want to find one function F (x)
whose derivative is F ′ (x) = 2x. Back in MATH 30.13, we were given
F (x) and we needed to calculate for F ′ (x). Now, the goal is the
opposite. Given the derivative F ′ (x) we want to determine the
original function F (x).
Note that one such function is F1 (x) = x 2 .
To check this, we verify that
d 2
F1′ (x) = x = 2x = f (x)
dx
Such a function F1 (x) is called an antiderivative of f (x).

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Antiderivatives

However, this isn’t the only function.

Another such function is F2 (x) = x 2 + 1.
A third possible function is F3 (x) = x 2 − 4
Thus, both F2 (x) and F3 (x) are also antiderivatives of F ′ (x).

Question: Can you tell why F1 (x), F2 (x), F3 (x) are all considered as
antiderivatives?
Answer: It’s because given the functions x 2 , x 2 + 1, and x 2 − 4, if we
get their derivatives, then we still get 2x.
In fact, there are infinitely many antiderivatives of F ′ (x). All these
antiderivatives form a family of functions.

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Antiderivatives

Notice that the antiderivatives all differ due to a constant value

(0, 1, −4). Thus, in order to obtain a general antiderivative, we can
summarize these constant values by assigning a single variable to
them.
The most general antiderivative of F ′ (x) is given by

F (x) = x 2 + C

where C is any constant. This most general antiderivative is referred

to as the indefinite integral, and we write it as:
Z
2x dx = x 2 + C

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Antiderivatives
The expression Z
f (x) dx

refers to the most general antiderivative of f (x) or the indefinite

integral of f (x). We can break this expression further into three
major components
Z
1. The integral symbol denoted by is the operation of finding all
solutions of this equation and is called the indefinite integral.
2. The function f (x) is called the integrand.
3. Further, the symbol dx refers to the differential of x. The
variable x is the same variable used in the function f (x). Thus,
dx serves to identify x as the variable of integration.
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Antiderivatives

Definition
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I when
F ′ (x) = f (x) for all x in I . The family of all antiderivatives of f is
written as Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C

and is called the indefinite integral of f .

The inverse nature of integration and differentiation can be verified

by exchanging F ′ (x) with f (x) in the integration definition to obtain:
Z Z
f (x) dx = F ′ (x) dx = F (x) + C

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Antiderivatives

Z
Moreover, if f (x) dx = F (x) + C , then

Z !
d
f (x) dx = f (x)
dx

Note that the integration formula can be obtained from the

differentiation formulas as well. Thus, we can think of integration as
the reverse of differentiation. The following theorem exhibits the
integration formulas as differentiation formulas.

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Indefinite Integrals
Theorem
x n+1
Z
1. x n dx = + C , n ̸= −1
n+1
Z
2. k dx = kx + C
Z Z
3. kf (x) dx = k f (x) dx
Z Z Z
4. [f (x) ± g (x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g (x) dx
Z
5. e x dx = e x + C
Z
1
6. dx = ln |x| + C , x ̸= 0
x
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Remarks

Some important things to note:

1. If n = 0 in rule 1, then
Z Z
0 x 0+1
x dx = 1 dx = +C =x +C
0+1

This is illustrated through rule 2.

2. Rule 3 states that a constant factor can be moved across an
integral sign. However, a variable factor cannot be moved across
an integral sign.

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Indefinite Integrals

Here, we are simply reversing the differentiation process and this is

reflected through the integration rules. Let’s try to differentiate the
results of the integrals in 1 and 5 and see if we’ll get back the original
integrand or function.
d x n+1
 
n+ 1
+ C =  [x n+1−1 ] = x n

1.
dx n + 1 n+1

d x
2. [e + C ] = e x
dx
Due to the power rule and chain rule, everything cancelled out and
we got back the integrand.

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Indefinite Integrals

It is very important that we include C for indefinite integrals. This

value corresponds to any constant function, C ∈ R.

1. Note that the derivative of a constant function is always 0.

2. Thus, when we integrate a function, it is possible that it includes
a constant function.
3. However, given that it can be any constant function (We have
no way of determining the value unless we are given additional
information), then we set this value to be C .

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Illustration
Illustration 1.1.1
Z
Use indefinite integral formulas to evaluate (x 3 + x 2 + x) dx

For this item, we will use rule 1 and rule 4 to evaluate the given
integral.
Z Z Z Z
(x 3 + x 2 + 1) dx = x 3 dx + x 2 dx + x dx

x 3+1 x 2+1 x 1+1

= + C1 + + C2 + + C3
3+1 2+1 1+1
x4 x3 x2
= + + +C
4 3 2
Since C1 , C2 , C3 are real constants, we can generalize this result by
replacing them with a more general constant value C .
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Illustration
Illustration 1.1.2
Z
Use indefinite integral formulas to evaluate (5e x + 9x 2 ) dx

For this item, we will use rules 1, 3, and 4 to evaluate the given
integral.
Z Z Z
(5e x + 9x 2 ) dx = 5e x dx + 9x 2 dx
Z Z
=5 e x dx + 9 x 2 dx
 3
x x
= 5e + 9 +C
3
= 5e x + 3x 3 + C
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Example
Example 1.1.1
√
Z
Evaluate x dx.

For this item, we will use rule 1 to evaluate the given integral.
Expressing as a power of x, we get
Z Z
√ 1
x dx = x 2 dx
1
x 2 +1
= 1 +C
2
+ 1
3
x2 2 3
= 3 +C = x2 +C
2
3

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Example
Example 1.1.2
Z
x +1
Evaluate √ dx.
x

We will use rules 1 and 4 to evaluate the given integral. We first need
to separate the two terms and then express them as powers of x.
Z Z  
x +1 x 1
√ dx = √ +√ dx
x x x
Z Z Z
1
− 21 1 1
= (x + x
2 ) dx = x dx +
2 x − 2 dx
3 1
x2 x2 2 3 1
= 3 + 1 +C = x 2 + 2x 2 + C
2 2
3

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Example
Example 1.1.3
Z
Evaluate (x 2 − 2)(x + 3) dx.

We will use rules 1, 2, 3, and 4 for this item. We first expand the
expression then we integrate the terms individually.
Z Z
(x 2 − 2)(x + 3) dx = (x 3 + 3x 2 − 2x − 6) dx
Z Z Z Z
= x 3 dx + 3 x 2 dx − 2 xdx − 6dx

x 4 3x 3 2x 2
= + − − 6x + C
4 3 2
x4
= + x 3 − x 2 − 6x + C
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Example
Example 1.1.4
1 2
Find the particular antiderivative of f (x) = − 2 + 1 given that
x x
f (1) = 5.
1 2
The antiderivative of f (x) = − 2 + 1 = x −1 − 2x −2 + 1 is
x x
Z
(x −1 − 2x −2 + 1) dx = ln |x| + 2x −1 + x + C

Since f (1) = 5, then

f (1) = ln |1| + 2(1)−1 + 1 + C
=0+2+1+C =5⇒C =2
Thus, the particular antiderivative is
f (x) = ln |x| + 2x −1 + x + 2
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Example
Example 1.1.5
x 4 − 8x 3
Z
Evaluate dx.
x2

Z Z
x 4 − 8x 3 x/2 (x 2 − 8x)
dx = dx
x2 x/2
Z Z Z
2 2
= (x − 8x) dx = x dx − 8 x dx

x 3 8x 2 x3
= − +C = − 4x 2 + C
3 2 3
Note that when integrating quotients, do not integrate the numerator
and denominator separately.
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Example
Example 1.1.6
√
Z
Evaluate 3
x(x − 3) dx.

Z Z
√
3
√ √
x(x − 3) dx = x 3 x − 3 3 x dx
Z Z
= x 4/3 dx − 3x 1/3 dx
Z Z
= x 4/3 dx − 3 x 1/3 dx

3 7/3 9 4/3
= x − x +C
7 4
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Example

Example 1.1.7
Joey and Phoebe opened a new art store called Gladys and Glynnis.
Other than the sculptures, they also sell paintings. They determined
that the price p (in pesos) for each painting is changing at the rate of
3500
p ′ (x) = −
x2
It is known that 50 paintings are demanded when the price is 850
pesos per unit. What is the price when 70 paintings are demanded?

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Example
Let p(x) be the price for x paintings. Thus,
Z Z
′ 3500
p(x) = p (x) dx = − 2 dx
x
Z Z
1
= −3500 dx = −3500 x −2 dx
x2
= −3500(−1) x −1 + C
3500
= +C
x

3500
Since p(50) = 850, then + C = 850 ⇒ C = 850 − 70 = 780.
50
Thus,
3500
p(70) = + 780 = 830 pesos
70
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Integration by Substitution

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Integration by Substitution

Many of the indefinite integral formulas introduced are based on the

derivative formulas that were studied earlier. However, now, we
consider formulas and methods based on the chain rule for
differentiation.
Z
For example, given (3x + 4)6 (3) dx, how do we evaluate this
integral? We can’t expand this expression since it’ll take too long.
None of the integration rules also work for this integral. Thus, what
we can do is to use a substitution method to evaluate the integral.

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Integration by Substitution

Method
1. Select a substitution that appears to simplify the integrand. In
particular, try to select u so that du is a factor of the integrand.
2. Express the integrand entirely in terms of u and du, completely
eliminating the original variable and its differential.
3. Evaluate the new integral if possible.
4. Express the antiderivative found in step 3 in terms of the original
variable.
To fully master the concept of integration by substitution, you must
determine and recognize the pattern in the following expressions.

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Illustration
Illustration 1.2.1
Z
Evaluate (3x + 4)6 (3) dx

Z
To evaluate (3x + 4)6 (3) dx, let u = 3x + 4.

In the process, we want to convert the variable x into the variable u,

and eventually integrate with respect to u. To be able to integrate
with respect to the variable u, we must also be able to change the
differential dx of x into the differential du of u.
Thus, we take the derivative of u with respect to x:
du
=3
dx
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Illustration

Next, formally multiply both sides by dx. By this, we mean to

’multiply’ by dx, to get du = 3 dx. Strictly speaking, this does not
du
make sense because is NOT a fraction, but rather the derivative
dx
of u with respect to x. But if we think of it as a fraction, then we can
formally multiply by dx to get the corresponding expression for du.

Now the original integral contains the expression 3 dx, and this is
precisely replaced by du.

Thus, with the substitution

Z u = 3x + 4, we get
Z du = 3 dx, and the
original integral (3x + 4) (3) dx becomes u 6 du.
6

We can now integrate using the theorem from the previous lesson.

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Illustration

Let u = 3x + 4, then du = 3dx, and

Z Z
6
(3x + 4) (3) dx = u 6 du

u7 (3x + 4)7
= +C = +C
7 7

Check:

d (3x + 4)7 /7(3x + 4)/7 6

 
+C = (3) = (3x + 4)6 (3)
dx 7 /7

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Illustration
Illustration 1.2.2
Z
3 +4
Evaluate x 2e x dx

1
Let u = x 3 + 4, then du = 3x 2 dx ⇒ du = x 2 dx. Thus,
3
Z Z
x 3 +4 3 +4
x 2e dx = ex (x 2 ) dx
Z  
u 1
= e du
3
Z
1 1
= e u du = e u + C
3 3
1 3
= e x +4 + C
3
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Illustration
Illustration 1.2.3
Z
1
Evaluate dx
4 − 3x
1
Let u = 4 − 3x, then du = −3 dx ⇒ − du = dx. Thus,
Z Z 3 
1 1 1
dx = − du
4 − 3x u 3
Z
1 du
=−
3 u
1
= − ln |u| + C
3
1
= − ln |4 − 3x| + C
3
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Illustration
Illustration 1.2.4
The marginal revenue function for a particular article of merchandise
1
is given by R ′ (x) = 3(5x + 4)− 2 . Find R(x) if R(1) = 10.

du
Let u = 5x + 4, then du = 5 dx ⇒ dx = . Thus,
5
Z Z
1 1 du
R(x) = 3(5x + 4)− 2 dx = 3u − 2
5
1
3 u2 6 1
= + C = u2 + C
5 1 5
2
6 1
= (5x + 4) 2 + C
5

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Illustration

6 1
Since R(1) = 10, then (5(1) + 4) 2 + C = 10.
5
6 1 32
Thus, C = 10 − (9) 2 = . Therefore,
5 5

6 1 32
R(x) = (5x + 4) 2 +
5 5

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Example

Example 1.2.1
√
Z
Evaluate 2x − 1 dx

du
Let u = 2x − 1, then du = 2dx ⇒ = dx , and
2
Z Z
√ √
 
du
2x − 1 dx = u
2
Z
1 1 1 3
= u 2 du = u 2 + C
2 3
1 3
= (2x − 1) 2 + C
3

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Example
Example 1.2.2
Z
Evaluate 10n (n2 − 8)7 dn

du
Let u = n2 − 8, then du = 2ndn ⇒ ndn = , and
2
Z Z
2 7
10n (n − 8) dn = 10 (n2 − 8)7 ndn
Z Z
1
= 10 u · du = 5 u 7 du
7
2
 8
u 5 (n2 − 8)8
=5 +C = +C
8 8
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Example
Example 1.2.3
Z
x
Evaluate dx
x +5

Let u = x + 5 ⇒ x = u − 5 , then du = dx
Z Z
x u−5
dx = du
x +5 u
Z   Z Z
5 5
= 1− du = 1 du − du
u u
Z Z
1
= 1 du − 5 du = u − 5 ln |u| + C
u
= x + 5 − 5 ln |x + 5| + C
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Example
Example 1.2.4
Z
x
Evaluate √ dx
x +2

Let u = x + 2 ⇒ x = u − 2 , then du = dx
Z Z Z
x 1 1
√ dx == √ xdx = √ (u − 2) du
x +2 x +2 u
Z   Z Z
u 2 1 1
= √ −√ du = u 2 du − 2 u − 2 du
u u
2 3 1 2 3 1
= u 2 − 4u 2 + C = (x + 2) 2 − 4(x + 2) 2 + C
3 3

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Example
Example 1.2.5
Z
2
Evaluate te −t dt

du
Let u = −t 2 , then du = −2t dt ⇒ tdt = −
2
Z Z  
−t 2 u 1
te dt = e − du
2
Z
1
=− e u du
2
1 1 2
= − e u + C = − e −t + C
2 2

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Example
Example 1.2.6
e x + e −x
Z
Evaluate dx
(e x − e −x )2

Let u = e x − e −x , then
du = [e x · (1) − e −x · (−1)] dx = (e x + e −x ) dx , and
Z Z
e x + e −x 1
dx = · (e x + e −x ) dx
(e x − e −x )2 (e x − e −x )2
Z Z
1
= du = u −2 du
u2
u −1
= + C = −u −1 + C
−1
= −(e x − e −x )−1 + C
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Example

Example 1.2.7
The price p(x) (in ) of face masks is estimated to be changing at the
rate
−135x
p ′ (x) = √
9 + x2
where x is the number of units (in hundred thousand) of face masks
that is demanded when the price is p(x). Suppose that 400,000 units
of face masks (x = 4) is demanded when the price is 30.
1. Find the price-demand function p(x).
2. How many units are demanded when the price is 20?

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Solution

a. Recall that the price-demand function p(x) represents the price

of face masks when the demand is x. To find p(x), we integrate
p ′ (x). We first make the following substitution:
1
Let u = 9 + x 2 , then du = 2x dx ⇒ x dx = du
2
Z Z  
−135x −135 1
p(x) = √ dx = 1 du
9 + x2 u2 2
Z " 1#
−135 1 −135 u 2
= u− 2 = 1 +C
2 2 2
√
= −135 9 + x 2 + C

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Solution

Since if p = 30 when x = 4 or p(4) = 30, we can use this

additional information to determine the value of C . Recall that
back in Lesson 1, we defined the antiderivative. Here, what
we’re trying to do is to determine the specific value of C which
makes what we’re looking for an antiderivative.
p √
30 = −135 9 + (4)2 + C ⇒ C = 30 + 135 25 = 705

Thus, the function is

√
p(x) = −135 9 + x 2 + 705

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Solution
b. To determine the number of units demanded when the price is
Php 20, we need to solve for x in the equation p(x) = 20.
√
−135 9 + x 2 + 705 = 20
√
135 9 + x 2 = 685
√ 685
9 + x2 =
135
h√ i2  685 2
9 + x2 =
135
2
9 + x ≈ 25.75
x 2 ≈ 16.75
x ≈ 4.09

Thus, the demand is approximately 409, 000 face masks.

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Take Note

1. Don’t be afraid to experiment with your u first! There is usually

a trial and error approach in determining u so don’t panic if you
don’t get u during your first try.
2. Usually, if a particular term is raised to an exponent, then u
corresponds to that term.
3. Usually, if e is raised to a term, then u corresponds to that term.
4. Usually, if a particular term is in the denominator, then u
corresponds to that term.
5. DO NOT choose u = x or let u be the entire expression inside
the integral. Doing so will literally amount to the same integral
in the end, just with u’s instead of x’s

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Take Note

6. One of the tricks of substitution is to think hmm what should I

let be my u so that the derivative of u would also be included in
the integrand.
7. Always remember that all terms must satisfy the change of
variables for the substitution technique to work.
8. Again, do not forget to add C.

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Integrals of Sine and Cosine

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Integrals of Sine and Cosine

Recall that the derivatives of the two trigonometric functions are:

d d
sin(x) = cos(x) cos(x) = − sin(x)
dx dx
With that, we immediately get two formulas for integration of
trigonometric functions:
Z Z
sin(x) dx = − cos(x) + C cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C

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Illustration

Illustration 1.3.1
Z
Evaluate (5 sin x − π cos x) dx

Z Z Z
(5 sin x − π cos x) dx = 5 sin x dx − π cos x dx
Z Z
=5 sin x dx − π cos x dx

= 5(− cos x) − π(sin x) + C

= −5 cos x − π sin x + C

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Illustration
Illustration 1.3.2
Z
Evaluate sin(4x) dx

du
Let u = 4x, then du = 4dx ⇒ dx =
4
Z Z
du
sin(4x) dx = sin(u) ·
4
Z
1
= sin(u) du
4
1 1
= − cos(u) + C = − cos(4x) + C
4 4

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Integrals of Sine and Cosine
In fact, we can generalize the result from the previous example
through integration by substitution.
Z
We now evaluate sin(ax) dx, a ̸= 0.

du
Let u = ax, then du = a dx ⇒ = dx
a
Z Z
du
sin(ax) dx, a ̸= 0 = sin(u)
a
Z
1
= sin(u) du
a
1 1
= − cos(u) + C = − cos(ax) + C
a a
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Integrals of Sine and Cosine

Integrals of Sine and Cosine

Thus, we have the following very important properties:
Z
cos(ax)
sin(ax) dx = − +C
a
Z
sin(ax)
cos(ax) dx = +C
a

Note
Z that we can use a similar method to obtain the general solution
of cos(ax) dx.

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Example
Example 1.3.1
sin(x) − 4 cos(x)
Z
Evaluate dx.
3
Z Z
sin(x) − 4 cos(x) 1
dx = [sin(x) − 4 cos(x)] dx
3 3
"Z Z #
1
= sin(x) dx − 4 cos(x) dx
3
1
= [− cos(x) − 4 sin(x)] + C
3
− cos(x) − 4 sin(x)
= +C
3

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Example
Example 1.3.2
x2
Z  
Evaluate x sin dx.
2

x2
Let u = , then du = x dx
2 Z Z
 2  2
x x
x sin dx = sin · x dx
2 2
Z
= sin(u) du

= − cos(u) + C
 2
x
= − cos +C
2
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Example

Example 1.3.3
Z
Evaluate sin3 (x) cos(x) dx

Let u = sin(x) ⇒ u 3 = sin3 (x), then du = cos(x) dx

Z Z
sin3 (x) cos(x) dx = u 3 du

u4
= +C
4
sin4 (x)
= +C
4

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Example
Example 1.3.4
Z
p
Evaluate cos(x) sin(x) dx

Let u = cos(x), then du = − sin(x) dx

Z Z
p √
cos(x) sin(x) dx = − u du
Z
1
=− u 2 du

2 3
= − u2 + C
3
2 3
= − cos 2 (x) + C
3
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Example
Example 1.3.5
Z
Evaluate tan(πx) dx

We have not yet discussed integrals of tangent functions. However,

recall the identity involving tangents:

sin(x)
tan(x) =
cos(x)

Thus, we have
Z Z
sin(πx)
tan(πx) dx = dx
cos(πx)

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Example

du
Let u = cos(πx), then du = −π sin(πx) dx ⇒ dx = −
π sin(πx)
Z Z
sin(πx)
tan(πx) dx = dx
cos(πx)
Z
sin(πx) du
= ·
u −π sin(πx)
Z Z
1 1 1
= − du = − du
πu π u
1 1
= − ln |u| + C = − ln | cos(πx)| + C
π π

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Example

Example 1.3.6
The rate of change of total revenue (in thousands of pesos) R(t) for
the sale of swimwear with respect to time is given by R ′ (t), where
 πt 
R ′ (t) = 1.3 + 1.22 cos dt
26
Where the variable t represents time in weeks since the company
opened. At time t = 0 weeks, since the company has just opened, no
revenue has been earned yet.
How much revenue does the company have in total after t = 52
weeks?

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Example
Z
R(t) = R ′ (t) dt
Z h  πt i
= 1.3 + 1.22 cos dt
26
πt
  
sin
= 1.3t + (1.22) 
 26 +C
π
26
  πt 
26
= 1.3t + (1.22) sin +C
π 26

However, since at t = 0, it was stated that no revenue has been

earned yet. So, we say that R(0) = 0. Now, we plug in 0 as t in R(t).

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Example
  
26 π(0)
R(0) = 1.3(0) + 1.22 sin +C =0
π 26
 
26
= 0 + 1.22 (0) + C = 0 ⇒ C = 0
π
Therefore our total revenue after t weeks is given by
  πt 
26
R(t) = 1.3t + (1.22) sin
π 26
Now we can solve for R(52). Plugging in 52 as t,
  
26 π(52)
R(52) = 1.3(52) + 1.22 sin = 67.6
π 26

The company’s revenue on its first year is 67.6 thousand pesos.

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Remarks

Note: Below is a graph for R(t). Can you notice that there is a
pattern in the graph? Sometimes, the graph moves upwards very
fast, then slows down, then repeats the cycle. This is because by
nature, graphs involving sine and cosine are in fact periodic; the
shape of the graph repeats after a period. Can a firm or company
have a similar periodic revenue function?

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Remarks

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Remarks

Yes, it can! And an example is already given. Generally, sales of

swimwear consistently reach a high point every summer (where more
people go to swim in pools and beaches), hence the revenue of the
company ”shoots up”. On the other hand, sales reach a low point
during cold periods through the year, like during Christmas seasons,
where people are more hesitant to swim; these are indicated by the
slow increase in revenue.

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