International Journal of Sanskrit Research 2020; 6(3): 88-92

ISSN: 2394-7519
IJSR 2020; 6(3): 88-92 Gradation of sacred rivers of India and glory of river
© 2020 IJSR
www.anantaajournal.com
Received: 16-03-2020 Dr. N Venkatesha Rao Ganga and Sri Vadiraja
Accepted: 18-04-2020

Dr. N. Venkatesha Rao Ganga

Abstract
Associate Prof. Dept. of Sanskrit In our Indian culture rivers are not just considered as storages of water. They are respected and
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of worshipped by all with great reverence. Starting from respecting of small amount of water in a vessel as
Higher Learning, Andhra kalasha, even pools, rivers and seas are respected. The term “nadimata” (नदीमाता) refers to its nature of
Pradesh, India nourishing all irrespective of caste, creed and gender. It quenches our thirst and facilitates cultivation.
Relevant mantras are uttered to pass on from generation to generation. Our study is confined to gradation
Sri Vadiraja of sacred rivers and glory of river Ganga as seen in a stotra done by Raghavendra tirtha and in
Associate Prof. Dept. of Sanskrit Tirthaprabandha composed by saint poet Vadiraja.
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of
Higher Learning, Andhra Key words: Tirtha prabandha, Importance of rivers, characteristics of big rivers, gradation of rivers with
Pradesh, India respect to its purification time, by its volume of propitiation, origin

Introduction
Sri Raghavendra Thirtha (1595-1671) was a great scholar, theologian and saint. He was also
known as Sudha parimalacharya. Among 25 commentaries written on Nyayasudha his
commentary stands unique and it earned him the title “Tippanyaacharyachakravarti”
His mastery in Mimasa earned great honors from kings and the royal scholars of that time. His
mastery on Grammar made his preceptor Sudhindratirtha to give him the title
“MahabhashyamVenkatanatacharya”. His works include commentaries on the works of
Madhva, Jayateertha, and Vyasateertha, interpretation on main upanishads, and a treatise on
poorvamimasa. He served as the pontiff of monastery from-1624 to 1671. His commentary on
tatparyachandrika of Vyasaraja named “Prakasha” proves his excellence on writing treatise on
Vedanta. He has authored more than 50 works. we are referring to his verses titled
“Naditaratamya Stotram”. Here gradation of rivers are well depicted and sourced from
Brahmanda purana. In Brahmanda purana’s third volume we come across several chapters on
the description of rivers.
Sri Vadiraja was born in 1480 AD in Hoovinakere near kumbhashi in South Canara of
Kundapur district of Karnataka state. He lived up to the ripe age of 120 years. He was ordained
to an ascetic order and became pontiff of Sri Krishna Matha in Udupi at the tender age of 8
years. His preceptor was Vaagishatirtha.Vadiraja ledthe life of a saint for hundred twelve years
which is a record of sorts in world history. He was a great devotional poet, a prolific writer in
Sanskrit, Kannada and Tulu languages. He has authored more than hundred works., His works
display a combination of fine poetry, sharp wit and humor, a combination of rhythmic verses
and philosophical deliberations. His literary works comprise of kavya, khandana, mandana,
teeka, tippani, gadya, padya, etc. He visited several pilgrimage centers and composed
Tirthaprabandha.It comprises of 235 shlokas with four prabandhas in all four directions
clockwise. They give us valid information on Pouranic and historical back grounds of the
pilgrim centers he visited.
Vadiraja’s compositions are noted for forcible expression, irony, subtle humor, ornate poetic
style, unshakable devotion towards lord Vishnu. He refuted other schools of thought with
Corresponding Author:
unrivalled mastery of logic. His razor like straight forwardness, sword thrust like logic,
Dr. N. Venkatesha Rao Ganga penetrating perceptions have earned him title Vadiraja. Each one of his opponents without
Associate Prof. Dept. of Sanskrit exception faced defeat in metaphysical encounter with him.
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of
Higher Learning, Andhra
Pradesh, India
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The Characteristics of great rivers. (Mahanadi) Shiva restricted its flow on his head before it entered into
earth. On these two considerations Ganga has been graded
उद् भूत्वा भूधराब्धिं प्रविशत्यम्बुसन्तवतिः| first. Godavari river which grantedrebirth to a dead cow to
remove curse on sage Goutama is ranked second. Sri
या सा महानदी ज्ञाया सिवपापप्रणावशनी॥ Raghavedrartirtha in his “Naditaratamyastotra” has
शतयॊजनमागत्य शैलाविशवत सागरम्॥ pronounced
याम्बुसन्तवतरॆ कॆ तािं प्रिदब्न्त महानदीम्॥ 1
विष्ुपादाब्जसिंभूता गिंगा सिाव वधका मता।
Five characteristics of a Mahanadi are described in the above ततॊ गॊदािरी न्यूना कृष्िॆणी ततॊऽधमा॥ 6
shloka.
1. The river should originate from a mountain. Ganga is superior to all rivers. Then Godavari comes as
2. It should have capacity to wash of sins. second. Krishnaveniriver flowing near Srishailakshetra born
3. It should flow for at-least hundred yojanas.( thousand from Sahyadri mountain comes third.
kilometers.)
4. Finally it should flow into an ocean,
In the work “स्मृ वतमावणक्यसिं ग्रहिः”, author Anandatirthasunu
5. Water should be perennial.
mentioned as below. )
Ranking of the rivers by its capacity of purification by
time, हररपादाब्जसम्भूता गिंगा सिाव र्वदावयनी।
सा वह श्रॆष्ठा नदीनािं िै ततॊ गॊदािरी िरा।
सद्यिःपुनावत गिंगाम्भिः विवभिःसारस्वतिं जलम् ।
गॊदािरी तु गिंगायािःपन्चाशद्गु णनीचगा।
व ु तीर्ॆष
स्नायात्सिॆ ष व ु सिव दॆिविजन्मनाम्।
कृष्िेणी ततॊ नीचा सहस्रगुणनीचगा॥
नवदमहा
सरस्वती ततॊ नीचा कृष्िेण्ािः शताधमा॥7
नदीषूक्तिं फलिं स्यान्नािसिंशयिः॥2
Ganga born from Hari’s feet is greatest. Standing closer to her
Shastras prescribe that a clean body should be accompanied
in supremacy is Godavari. She is fifty times lesser to ganga in
by pure mind. One should think positively and avoid negative
merits. Later comes Krishnaveni which is thousand units
thoughts. Time needed by rivers for purification has been
lesser in merits compared to Ganga.Thus Sarasvati river is
mentioned.
inferior to krishnaveni by hundred units. Thus, supremacy of
Just a dip in Ganga and Narmada river purifies a person. The
Ganga is established.
river Saraswati takes three days to purify a person where as
Surprisingly all these divisions would not clash with each
the river Yamuna takes five days. The above observation
other. In all these aspects Ganga stands first among all rivers.
places river Ganga and Narmada on high pedestal.
Ranking of the rivers by its final destination
Ranking of the rivers by its capacity for purification

विरािफलदानद्यॊयािःकावश्चदसमुद्रगािः।
अधॊपिासफलदा स्मृता सुरतरिं वगणी।
समुद्रगास्तुपक्षस्यमासस्यसररतािं पवतिः॥8
मन्दावकन्यधवफलदा स्मृता गॊदािरी शुभा॥
(स्मृ ,मु-shloka6),
सरस्वती सूयवसुता जह्नुकन्या च नमवदा
एताश्चतुमवहानद्यॊ महानद् युत्तमॊत्तमािः॥3 Rivers are ranked according to the place where it finally
(स्मृ,मु—1,3) reaches. If river reaches another river, but not ocean
ultimately, a dip in that river grants the merit of performing
Whatever one gets benefit of fasting for a year, Ganga grants the sacrifice for three days. When river reaches an ocean, it
it by a single dip in her river. The river Godavari gifts half of grants the benefit of observing sacrifice for a fortnight. A dip
the same benefit of the river Ganga who take bath in her river. in an ocean grants the benefit of performing sacrifice for a
In this sense Ganga ranks first and Godavari ranks second. month.
Among all the rivers, Saraswati, Yamuna, Ganga, and A commentary on sadacharasmruti also mentions this in the
Narmada are considered as Mahanadis. following way.

“षण्मासफलदागॊदावत्सरस्यतुजाह्नवी”4 नद्यां समुद्रगयममन्ययमतःशतगुणां स्मृतम्-9

Ranking of the river according to its origin: “If river reaches the ocean then the auspicious merits gifted
The river Ganga originated from the feet of Vishnu during his by river will be hundred times more than other rivers’’ says a
Trivikramavatar. commentary as told byLord Varaha to Dharani.

तिभगितिःसाक्षात्यज्नवलिंगस्यविष्ॊिः विक्रमतॊ विष्ुपादाब्जसिंभूता गिंगा सिाव वधकामता।

िामपादािं गुष्ठनखवनवभवन्नॊर्ध्ाव न्दकटहवििरॆ णान्तिःप्र ततॊ गॊदािरी न्यूना कृष्िॆणी ततॊऽधमा॥१
विष्टा या बाह्यजलधारा 5 स्वावमचन्द्रपु्करररण्यौ मानसिं च सरॊिरम्।
कृष्िॆण्ािःसमास्ताभ्यिः कािॆरी च सरस्वती॥२

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हीनॊऽन्यॊन्यसमॆताभ्यािं मूना च सरयू तर्ा। ततिःपुण्तमा गिंगा जाह्निी सिवपूवजता॥11

तुिंगभद्रासमा तस्यािःकावलन्द् यूना ततॊऽधमा॥३
Some rivers coming in contact with the presence of Ganga on
नमवदावसन्धुसररतयौ तत्समा भिनवशनी। some occasion of the year may enhance its status at that time.
ततिःकुमुिती नीचा ततॊ नीचा मलापहा॥४
ताम्रपणी भीमरर्ी िन्जुला च वपनावकनी। Timely restriction for bath in ocean,
Bath in an ocean is restricted to only certain days like
पृर्ग्सागरगवमन्यॊ नद्यॊ भीमरर्ीसमािः॥५ parvakala ie, last days of fortnights, samkramanaday of the
ततॊऽन्यासररतॊ नीचास्तटाकश्च ततॊऽधमािः। month or during eclipse day. But bath is allowed in river
Ganga during any time of the year. A commentary on
ततॊ नीचािः पु्करररण्ॊ दॆ िखाताश्च तत्समािः॥६ sadacharasmruti further mentions that, Bath in ocean is not
ततॊिाप्यॊऽधमास्ताभ्यिः कूपािःसिाव धमािःस्मृतािः। recommended on Tuesdays and Fridays.
स्वॊत्तमार्घ्यं प्रदातव्यमिरासु नचान्यर्ा॥७
पर्वमण स्नपनां श्रॆष्ठां सर्ॆषयां लर्णयम्बुधौ। 12 स्मृ,मु (9)
राघिॆन्द्रॆरॆणयवतना ब्रह्मण्डाख्यपुराणगिः। समुद्रॆ पर्वसु स्नयययदमयययां तु मर्शॆषतः।
इत्युद्धृतिःसारभागॊ नदीनीचॊच्चसूचकिः॥८-10 भृगौ भौमददनॆ स्नयनां समुद्रॆ परिर्र्वयत ॆ ।् 13

The gradation of rivers is as follows according to the above Twelve names of Ganga
verse.
1. Ganga river
2. GodavarI
नब्न्दनी नवलनी सीता मालती च मलापहा।
3. Krishnaveni(Swamipushkarani and chadrapushakarini विष्ुपदाब्जसिंभूता गिंगा विपर्गावमनी॥
areEqual to this river) भागीरर्ी भॊगिती जाह्निी विदशॆश्वरी।
4. Kaveri and sarasvati
5. Sarayu(Tungabhadra is equal to this river) िादशैतावननामावन यि यि जलाशयॆ॥
6. Yamuna स्नानॊद् युक्तिःपठॆ वन्नत्यिं ति ति िसाम्यहम्॥14
7. Narmada and Sindhu(Bhavanashini is equal to both
rivers.Bhavanashini river is nearer to Ahobila pilgrimage Vedavyasa declares in Bhagavata that even the names of
centre) rivers and a dip in them purifies the people.This can happen
8. kumudvatI only when names are meaningful and powerful.
9. Malapaha( Another branch of river ganga)
10. Tamraparni,Bhimarathi,manjula,pinakini)
11. All rivers directly joining the oceans are equal to
एतासामापोभारतीयप्रजानामवभरे ि
Bhimarati) पुनन्तीनामात्मना चोपपृशब्न्त। 15
12. Minor Rivers
13. Pushakarini(Pools) While bathing in them, people should contemplate all the
14. pools at temples or bath ghats. names of Ganga mentioned below.
15. Vapi (Bathing reservoirs enabling to bath with steps to Nandini, Nalini, Sita, Malati, Malapaha,
alight into it. Vishnupadabjasambhoota, Ganga, Tripathagamini,
16. Wells are lower than all water storages in gifting Bhagirathi. Bhogavati, Jahnavi, Tridasheshawari,
auspicious merits.
The lord’s form to be remembered while bathing in
Arghya (offering holy water with a mantra to the river with Ganga
respect)
Should be given to great rivers if one is taking bath in them.
While taking bath in high ranking rivers arghya should not be नदीषु मॆ िद ब्रह्मन् स्मतवव्या मूतवयॊ हरॆ िः।
given to low ranking rivers. का ध्यॆया विस्तरॆ णैि कृपया मवय भॊ गुरॊ॥
Raghavendratirtha has composed this stotra giving
information about the ranking of rivers. The source for this is िवशष्ठिः-गिंगायािं माधिॊ दॆ ििः शिंखचक्रगदाधरिः।-
Brahmandapurana. This is a collection of the theme spread लसत्पद्मधरॊध्यॆयिःति स्नायी नरॆ श्वर॥16
out in various chapters.
A commentary on Sacarasmruti titled “Dipika” composed by Dilipa appealed to sage Vasishta, to guide on forms of lord to
Vaishvanatha Narayana pandita tells the same topic with be remembered while bathing in rivers.
minor variations. For this, Vashishta replied,” oh king, while bathing InGanga
one should remember lord Madhava who is bearing conch,
क्रमाद्दशगुणिं पुण्मॆषु स्नानाल्लभॆन्नरिः। disc, mace and the shining lotus”.
नद्यािं समुद्रगावमन्यामतिःशतगुणिं स्मृतम्। Decsription of river Ganga by Vadiraja in
कािॆरी नमवदा कृष्ा तापी भीमरर्ी नदी Tirthaprabhandha.) Ganga, you are enhancer of our
यमुना कयौ वशकी वसन्धुिःतुन्गा िैतरणी मही॥ virtues

----एतािःपुण्तमािःप्रॊक्तािःस्नानदानतपस्सु च।
गिंगॆ त्विं शुभसिंचयस्य जयदा दॊषात्मनािं नब्त्ववत।
ऎताभ्यॊऽभ्यवधका कृष्सवन्नधयौ गॊमती नदी। ् वस।
ज्ञातिं यत्क्रतुकॊवटलभ्यसुकृतस्याभ्युन्नवतिं यच्छ
ततिःपुण्तमा प्रॊक्ता गयौ तमी पापनावशनी॥
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दु ्करमाव ण्वमतावन दू रयवस यत्त्वद्गॆ यतॊयॆक्षया। स्वल्पिं वकिं बहुमन्यसॆऽशुभकुलिं गिंगॆऽन्तरगॆ

पानॆनाप्यिगाहनॆन मनसा ध्यानॆन गायॆन िा॥17 चलम््॥22
Oh Ganga, I learnt that you are favorable to good souls but Oh Ganga, you have travelled from satyaloka till our Earth.
not for others. Whatever merits await persons performing one The path is almost 25 crore yojanas. While it cannot be
crore sacrifices same benefits you pass on to your pious considered as distant, and how can my mind which is nearer
devotees and keep the wrong doers away. When people look to you becomes a distant place.? You have cut across
at your flow with devotion, drink water from river, taking impregnable mountains and reached this earth. When Rudra
holy bath in the river, meditating on you in their mind, who controls the mind is nearer to you, do you think my mind
singing devotional songs in your honor you make them is so impregnable that cannot be reached. It is not at all
purified and prosperous. difficult. Then why you have not come? Oh, Ganga, you are
my antaranga .i.e. inner faith. Have you considered my sins as
B) You are compassionate towards the distressed: huge or are you afraid of any other reason? If not for these
reasons, then why you have not come nearer to me? Instead of
त्विं दीनेषु दयाितीवत विवदता यद्ब्रह्महस्ताश्रयिं। pleading her directly to enter our mind and remove sins the
poet used paryaya(deviation) path and presented his
प्राप्ता ऽर्ाच्युतपादसिंगमवहता पश्चाच्च ् नाकिं pleadings. Thus, by use of paryayaalankara poet has said she
गता।। has no way to escape from purifying the devotees.
सयौ िणाव चलश्रुिंगमेत्य मुवदता शम्भोिःवशरिःस््सिं गता ।। Just a prayer or pleading to make us sinless looks not
attractive either for a devotee or for the God. Divine entities
प्यास्मावक्षवतमण्डले विपर्गे तुष्टास्यभीष्टप्रदा॥ 18 like Vishnu, Shiva and Ganga are benefactors of knowledge.
They bestow knowledge to true devotees.
Oh, Ganga. Now we have learnt that you are compassionate
towards unfortunates. Because, to begin with, you took shelter Poet questioning Ganga, for not purifying him
in four faced Bramha’s hand.Then contact with Sri Hari’s feet
made you gain much respect. Then you flowed in heaven for a अब्स्र्स्पशवनमाितिः ति वकल श्रॆयिःप्रदत्विं गतम्।
while, before your sojourn at golden Meru mountain. You
Stayed in kailasa on Rudra’s head before you headed towards विस्तीणाव न वकमच्युतस्य नगरी
earth to fulfill our intentions. मन्मािदॆ शॊब्िता।
c)You are the beloved daughter of lord Narayana:
तित्माव वप सकण्टकिं वकमु सतािं सन्तानजॊऽहिं न
श्रीनारायणरामगॊपवतहृषीकॆशावदरूपॊऽक्षमा। वकम्।
त्वािं हातुिं हररसूकरकृवतरर् श्रीदॆ िहूत्यात्मजिः॥ कस्मादम्ब न मॆ प्रदास्यवस पदिं
िॆणीमाधिवबन्दु तनुस्तीरे व्यधत्त ब्स्र्वतिं। गिंगॆऽब्खलार्वप्रदम्॥ 23

गिंगे वकिं बहुना पुनावत िसवत त्वद्भतृवगेहेऽप्यसयौ 19 Hey Ganga why have you rejected me? You have travelled
from far off satyaloka till our earth. That can be considered as
Oh, Ganga, your father Narayana does not tolerate separation distant but not my mind which is nearer. You have cut across
from his daughter.That is why there are so many temples of impregnable mountains and reached this earth. Wicked
shri Hari on banks your river. He is as Narayana in thoughts of my mind shiver when they hear your name. Do
Badarikashrama, as Rama in Prayaga,as Gopalakrishna in you think my mind is so impregnable that you cannot
Alakabhagirathi confluence, as Govinda in Hastinapura, as sri penetrate? hey Ganga, just your touch was enough to sanctify
Vedavyasa in vyasashrama ,as Hari in Haridwara, as Sagara’s sons. Have you lost that power now since you
Shvetavaraha in Sookaraksherta ,as Venimadhava in Prayaga, touched their ashes? Does Vaikuntha not have enough space?
as Bindumadhava in Varanasi .Not this much. Hari has his Is the road to Vaikunta is not good enough and full of
permanent abode in your husband’s residence too. (Sea) obstacles? Do you think my birth has not taken place in noble
person’s clan? Oh mother, you are capable of fulfilling wishes
अनॆन बदररकाश्र्मममारभ्य समुद्रपयवन्तिं गिंगातीरॆ of everybody. Why don’t to you fulfill my wish of gaining
विष्ुमूतवयिःवतष्ठब्न्तत्युक्तिं भिवत।20 entry to Vaikunta?
Thus, poet says a procedural dip in Ganga not only washes
our sins and grants heaven, it may lead to grant the liberation,
Though it is natural, poet has used this with utpreksha-
the final Purushartha.
alankara and beautifully highlighted the theme. Thus,a
Demanding the explanation from Ganga for being rejected.
rthalamkara is seen in this description. Vishnu rests in ocean
is the theme which is proved in Vedas and puranas.
अज्ञानाद्यवदसज्जनॆषु रवचतद्रॊहान्मवयस्वधुववन।
मम यॊवनरप्सुअन्तिःसमुद्रॆ- 21।
स्चस्पूत्याव सुजनॆषु दू षणगणारॊपादिज्ञा ति॥
Poet questioning delay in arrival of Ganga to the mind
तवहव त्वािं सगरात्मजाब्स्र्वनकरा जानब्न्त वकिं
आरभ्याब्जजलॊकमावक्षवततलादायातया वकम्त्त्वया तैिःप्रभॊ।
मब्च्चत्तिं बहुदू रवमत्यबलया त्यक्तिं वभया जान्हिी। द्रॊहिःवकिं न कृतिःवकमम्ब न हरािारॊवपता चॊरता
अक्षय़्याचलतुिंगशिंगवनकरावन्नवभवध्य यान्ती मम ?॥24
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International Journal of Sanskrit Research http://www.anantaajournal.com

Hey river from heaven, why are you indifferent towards me? 6. Sri Vadiraja-Tirtha prabandha-Sanskrit commentary by
Is it because my knowledge is inadequate or have I hurt the Narayan Acharya-publi-Bhandarakeri mutt-Bengaluru-
good or with my false notion have, I made baseless 2004
allegations on noble persons? Not the first reason. Did 7. Sri Vadiraja-Tirtha prabandha-Kannada commentary by
remnants of Sagaras sixty thousand sons knew off your Prabhanjana acharya-Vyasa
existence before? Not the second reason. Did not Sagaras sons madhvasamshodhanaprathishthana.Bengaluru.
insult Hari during his Kapila incarnation. Not the third reason. 8. Sri Raghavendra tirtha-Naditaratamyastotra- Sri
Did not Sagaras sons falsely implicate Kapila for theft? Hey Vadiraja-Tirtha prabandha-Sanskrit commentary
Ganga just like you are you are considerate towards Sagara’s Anandatirthavirachita Sadacharasmruti-
sons please forgive our sins. navavyakyasahitam–. edit- A.V, Nagasampige
Poornaprajnasamshdhanamandiram. Bengaluru.2018.
Conclusion
With the observation of the above facts we must be aware of
the divine nature of rivers. They are not insentient and they
are goddesses. Their compassion and love for knowledge
should be put into practice by us at all times. Their sanctity
should be protected by us always. While recognizing river.
their origin, their greatness should be borne in mind. Thus, the
river basins can be taken care of to maintain the cleanliness

Foot notes
1. Smrutimuktavali-Jjalashabhedabhaga shloka 4
2. Smrutimuktavali.nadisnanaphalabhaga,shloka4-5 .
3. Smrutimuktavali.nadisnanaphala-1-3
4. Smrutimuktavali.,Tirthamahima--shloka,2
5. Bhagavata-05-17-10.
6. NadItaratamya stotra-shloka.1
7. Smrutimanikya sangraha-137,138.
8. Smrutimauktavali .shoka 6
9. Sadacharasmruti 5th shloka’s vyshv. Smrutimauktavali
anatachrya vyakhyana
10. Raghavendratirtha’s Naditaratamya stotra.
11. Sadacharasmruti 5th shkoka’s vyshvanatachrya
vyakhyana
12. Smrutimauktavali –shloka 9
13. Sadacharasmruti 5th shloka’s vyshvanatachrya vyakhyana
Bhagavata-05-17-01
14. Sadacharasmrutivyakhyana -Translation-
gurusarvabhouma-Nov- 1973-page31
15. Bhagavata-05-19-17
16. Smrutimauktavali –shloka 2,3.(Snalale murtiroopa)
17. Tirthaprabandha-uttaraprabandha- shloka 22,
18. Tirthaprabandha-uttaraprabandha- shloka 15
19. Tirthaprabandha-uttaraprabandha- shloka 21
20. commentary of Narayanacharya .
21. Ambhruni sookta.Rigveda-x mandala-125 sookts -
07shloka
22. Tirthaprabandha-uttaraprabandha- shloka-18
23. Tirthaprabandha-uttaraprabandha- shloka-19
24. Tirthaprabandha-uttaraprabandha- shloka-17.
--------------------------------------Books referred-------------

Reference
1. Sri Vedavyasa-Bhagavata-Gita press-Gorakhpur-2008
2. Sri Vedavyasa-Markandeya purana-edit-Shraddha
shukla-Nag publishers-Delhi-2004
3. Gurusarvabhouma Magazine-G,S.S.Vidyapitha-
Mantaralaya.
4. Krishnacharya-Smrutimuktavali-Edi-Giriraja acharya-
public-G.S. S, Vidyapitham. Mantralayam-A.P.1993.
5. Anandateerthasunu-Smrutimanikyasamgraha-Edit-
Nagasampige-Poorna prajnasamshodhana mandiram-
Bangalore-2005

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