Mapping

INDUS RIVER SYSTEM

Source Tributaries Dam Wildlife PA Historical Other Related geog. features
Indus Mansarovar (Glacier near R: Gilgit, Tarbela (Pak), Indua River Hemis NP Mohenjodaro, Aka Singi Cuts a gorge at Bunji (N
Bokhar Chu in TAR- Shyok, Chasma (Pak)1 Dolphin, South Thiksey Kamban (Lion’s of Nanga Parbat)
Kailash Range) Zaskar, Asian River Monastery mouth) in TAR
Astar, Dolphin,
Kurram Cetceans2,
L: 5 Panchad Eurasian Otter
Satlej/ L. Rakas (TAR) Baspa, Spiti Bhakra Nangal (aka Harike Enter India at
Satundri Govind Sagar), wetland Shipki La
Natpa Jhakri
Jhelum/ Verinag in JK (foot of Pir Krishna Mangla, Krishna- Forms 160 km Water bodies- Riverine islands:
Vitasta Panjal range) Ganga, Ganga proj; Tulbul of India- Wular L., Dal L. Rupalank, Sonalank;
Lindar-Sind (controversial) Pakistan Bends sharply at
border Muzzafarabad
Chenab3 Kullu Hills Baglihar4 Hog Deer Vaishno Devi Aka Aksin Cut a gorge at Kishtawar
Ravi/ Multan Tehsil of Kangra Ranjit Sagar Dam Mukteshwar
Paruhni distt in HP, Hanuman (Thein Dam)- Temple
Tibba, Pir Panjal, Kulu hills Chanera I, II
Beas/ Rohtang; Kullu Pandoh; Pong Great Himn Hadimba Join Satlej near Valley: Parvati and
Vipasha reservoir (HP) NP (HP) Temple Harike wetland Tirthan
Chandra and Bhaga meet at Tandi near Keylong (HP)
Chenab/ Aksin/ Chandrabhaga= largest tributary of Indus
Indira Gandhi Canal takes off from Harike barrage on Beas and runs till Jaisalmer

1
Mera yaar (Pakistan), Chasma lagake Arbela (tarbela) hua
2
According to WWW- most threatened species
3
Pic1
4
Whenever India does anything, Pakistan objects as IWT; oth projects= Salal, Dulhasti, Ranvir Sagar
 BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER SYSTEM
Source Tributaries PA Related Geog features
1
Brahmaputra Angsi Glacier/ Chemayung dung The rest Kaziranga NP2, Orang NP, Dibru Saichowa BR Riverine island: Majuli island3, Umananda4
Right Bank tributaries
Source Tributaries PA Where it meets Brah.
Teesta Pahunri Glacier in SK Ranget River Fulchari (Bangadesh)
Jaldhaka/ Kupup/ L. Bitang (SK)
Dichu
Manas Royal Manas NP (Bhutan), Manas BP Jogighopa
Kameng5 Tiger reserves: Pakke and Nameri Tezpur
Subansiri Lakimpur; Ranganadi Dam
Left Bank tributaries (only imp. ones)
Dibang/ Sikang Near Keya Pass on India-CHN border
in Dibang distt. of ArunP.
Lohit enters India thorugh Miri hills in ArunP; largest tributary of Brahmaputra;
Proj Arunank- reconstructed Daporijo Bridge across Subansiri; impl by ArunP; strategic

1
In (1) TAR CHN- Tsang Po/ Yarlang Zangpo;(2) India- (a) Siang when it enters ArunP, (b) then Dihang in ArunP, (c) Brahmaputra in Assam; (3) Bangladesh- (a) Jamuna, (b) Padma when it meets
Ganga, (c) Meghna when it meets Meghna
2
See Pic
3
Largest riverine island in the world; a district itself, in Assam
4
Smallest riverine island in the world
5
Called Jia Bhoreng in Assam- remains in news
 GANGA RIVER SYSTEM
Source Dam PA Meet Ganga Other
Bhagirathi Gangotri (Gaumukh) Tehri Cities: Uttarkashi, Teri
Alaknanda Near Niti Pass
Yamuna Yamunotri Glacier + Bander Kalesar NP (Yamunanagar,
Poonch Peak HR), Ranthambore NP 1
Chambal Mhow (MP) Gandi Sagar, Rana Pratap Boundary between MP, RJ; Kota
Sagar, Jawahar Sagar Dams Barrage
Sind Malwa Plateau (Vidisha Distt.)
Betwa Vindhyan Range Mata Tila Dam
Ken Kaimur Range Panna NP (Bundelkhand) Major river of Bundelkhand
Son Amarkanthak Plateau Bandhavgarh NP Rannagar Bansagar L.;
Ramganga Pauri Gahwal Jim Corbett NP Ibrahimpur
Gomti Gomal Tal (Pilibhit) Saidpur (Varanasi) Cities: Lucknow, Lakhimpur,
Sultanpur, Jaunpur
Ghaghra2 E of Gangotri Near Chapra (Bihar) Transboundary river
Gandhak/ Near Nepal-Tibet border Chitwan NP (Nepal), Sompur
Gandaki/ Valmiki NP Bihar- only NP
Narayani in BR)
Kosi/ Sapta Sagar Matha/ Manthan NP Bhagalpur Sorrow of BR- floody
Kosi3 (Nepal)- near Mt. Everest
Damodar ChhN Plateau (Palamau distt.) Sorrow of Bengal; Damodar
Valley Corporation

1
Ranthambore NP bounded by N by R. Banas and the S by R. Chambal
2
Pic
3
Tamur Kosi, Arun Kosi, Sun Kosi, Dudh Kosi, Bhote Kosi, Tamba Kosi, Indravati Kosi (don’t confuse with the southern river)
 tributaries of Yamuna:
L Bank- Hindan, Rind, Sengar, Varuna, etc
R Bank- Chambal, Sind, Betwa, Ken

Luni, W of RJ, is the largest river in RJ.

Originates near Pushkar, in 2 branches: Saraswati,
Sabarmati- join at Govindgarh
flows towards W till Telwara then SW to join RoKutch
Ephermeral

SMALL RIVERS

W flowing: Sabarmati, Mahi, Dhandhar, Kalinadi, Sharavati,

Bharathapuzha, Periyar
E Flowing: Subarnarekha, Baitarni, Brahmant, Penner, Palar

rank in terms of basin area (not only in India):

Ganga> Indus/ Godavari> Krishna> Brahmaputra> Mahanadi
 RIVERS IN SOUTH INDIA
Source Tributaries Dam PA Other
Mahanadi Sihawa (CHH) L1 R Hirakund Satkosia Tiger Reserve
Seonath, Ong
Husdo, Tel
Mand, Ib
Godavari2 Trianvakeshwar Pic 1 Jayakwadi ; Polavaram dam under cons; Papikonda NP, Coringa WS Aka Dakshin Ganga; 2nd
(Nasik)- religious imp. Sriram Sagar reservoir (TL), Nizam largest river in India
sagar(TL, on Manjara)
Krishna Mahabaleshwar Table Nagarjuna (where Dindi meets Krishna) Nallamala Forests
Kaveri Talakaveri/ Brahmagiri Table Stanley reservoir, Krishna---- dam
Hills

Krishna River L Hema ne Yoga me Shilpa ko Argue kiya by Chori Technique

L Don Bhim ne Dandi se Musi ko Peeta Maara Hemvati Yogachi Shimsha Arkavati Chovarai Turunanimuttal
Doni Bhumi Dindi Musi Palleru Munera R Lakshman Ko Surpankhan Naani Amma
R Verna Punch that Dude Ghat par Maal Tungra lagi
Varna Puchganga Dudhganga Ghatprabha Malprabha Tungrabhadra Lakshmantirth Kabani Suvarnavati Noyi Amravati
Kaveri River

1
Seonath Huso mand mand ab to- Seonath Husdo Mand Ib Ong Tel
2
Dakshin Ganga
 COASTAL RIVERS
Source PA, etc. Dam Other Trib.
WESTERN COASTAL RIVERS
Luni Near Ajmer Salt river; aka Sagarmati/ Lavnamati; Luni
means salt; inland drainage (ends in Ro Kutch)
Sabarmati L. Debar (near Udaipur) Imp. towns- Ahm., Gandhinagar Hathmati, Madhumati
Mahi Vindhyan Range (Dhar distt. Cuts ToC twice
MP)
Narmada Amarkanthak Satpura NP, Panchmari BR, Sardar Sarovar, Omkareshwar Temple
Marble/ Dhuwadhar Omkareshwar,
Waterfall, Kapiladhara Wf. Indrasagar
Tapi Multai (Baitul distt.) of MP Ukair reservoir Panghra, Girna, Purna
Mandvi/ Bhimgad (W. Ghat) in Dhoodhsagar waterfall Zuari and Mandvi are Goa’s 2 rivers
Mahadai Belgaum distt. (KN)1 (Goa)
Kalinadi/ Kali Kushavali
Sharavati Shimoga distt. (KN) Jog/ Gerosopha/ M. Gandhi
waterfall2
Periyar Shivagiri Hills Idukki dam Has Kochi city
3
EASTERN COASTAL RIVERS
Suvarnarekha ChhN P near Ranchi Hundru Waterfall
Baitrani Guptganga Hills
Brahmani S. Keol + Sankh
Penneru Chik Ballapur Nellore city
Pellar Nandi Hills Flows S of Chennai
Panniyar Chik Ballapur
Vaighai Varushanadu Hills (W TN) Vaighai Reservoir Flows thro’ Kambam Valley and Varunshanadu
in Narsinghapum Velley
Narmada falls into Go Khambat (Bharuch)
Narmada is between Vindhyas and Satpura

Narmada, Son, Mahanadi, etc- form a radial drainage pattern from Amarkantak hills

Amarkanthak— Son, Mahanadi, Narmada

Vindhayan— Betwa awa Mahi

1
Recently in news, it is in KN but wants to be in MH
2
2nd highest plungepool in India (after Nohkalikai in MG)
3
Know the N to S sequence
 HIMALAYAS
Conceptual Understanding
120 mya- Supercontinent Pangea
Divided into Laurasia/ Andaraland (N) and Gondwanaland (S)- Tethys in between
Where Himalaya is today, there was Tethys Sea
As Indo-Australian Plate moved towards Eurasian plate,
Himalayas were formed (and still rising)

Ranges Passes Others

Trans- Karakoram E of Gilgit River Aghil Ladakh with Xinjiang Rivers: Gilgit,
Himalayas Ancient name- Krishnagiri N of K2 Shyok, Nubra
Glaciers- Siachen, Baltoro, Biafo, Hisper
Ht.t peak- K2 (in Gilgit Baltistan)
Karakoram Pass
Mt.s- K2 (Godwin Austin), Karakoram, Gasherbrum I (Hidden Peak, in
Gilgit Baltistan); Gasherbrum II; Masherbrum (K1)
Ladakh N of ITSZ Karakoram Between India+ CHN
Between Indus and Shyok Ht.t pass on ancient Caravan route
Ht. peak- Mt. Rakaposhi Between Leh and Yarkand (in Tarim Basin)
S of Karakoram Khardu La In Leh
Gateway to Shyok and Nubra Valley
Greater Zaskar Range- Nanga Parbat (in NW Zaskar Range); 2nd highest in Him. Burzil Oldest route connecting Srinagar with Kardu Mt. Everest,
Himalayas through Deosai Plateau Kanchenjenga,
Zozila 9 km from Sonmarg Malaku,
Connects Ladakh + Kash Valley Dhaulagiri,
NH 1D passes thro’ it Mansalu,
Bara Lacha Between Spiti (HP) + Ladakh Annapurna
La Along Leh Manali Highway
Shipki La At India-CHN border
Satlej River enter thro’ it
Lipulekh Trijunction of India, CHN, Nepal
Route- Kailash Mansarovar
Nathu La Close 1962, open 2006 (for trade)
Connects Tibet with Sikkim
One of ht.t motorable passes
Thaga La Uttarkashi distt.
Source of Jahnvi river
Mana La Near Nanda Devi BR
Jeep La SK-Bhutan border
Through Chumbi Valley
Bum La Tawang (Arun P) + Tibet
Open in 2006 for trade
Lesser Pir Panjal From Jhelum to L. Spiti Pir Panjal W of Srinagar Tourism- Shimla,
Himalayas Sepd. From Zasakr Range by Kashmir Valley Near Hispora town Kullu Manali,
Pir Panjal Pass Old imperial road build by Mughals Mussourie,
In Pir Panjal Range Nainital,
Dholadhar Continues E-ward as Naag Tibba, Mussorie Him., etc Benihal Pass Jammu + Kashmir Valley Dalhousie
Range Has Kullu Manali, Shimla 1956- Jawahar Tunnel cons. under the pass Lakes: Nainital,
Rohtang Atal Tunnel Bhimtal, Chandra
Pass Kullu Manali + L. Spiti Tal
Watershed between Chenab+ Beas
Imp. in vegn chapter
Outer Jammu Hills, Dudhwa Hills, Churia Muria Hills
Himalayas (Nepal)
Other Imp. mountain peaks
Kamet 2nd highest peak in UK after Nanda devi
In Garhwal region
Badrinath Rel. significance; temple of Badrinath (Vishnu) belived to be built by Adi Shankaracharya in 8th CE Khandwa Gap Satpura
Nanda Devi Highest in UK; surrounded by NP; declared UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988; Chamauli distt. Goranghat Connect Udaipur with
Kanchenjunga 3rd highest peak in world1; between Tamur Kosi (W) and Teesta River (E) Sirohi in Aravalli
Tiger Hills Darjeeling; highest railway station in Darjeeling Him. Rail (UNESCO World Heritage Site) Thal Ghat Mumbai-Nasik
Saramati Highest in Nagaland Bor Ghat Mumbai-Pune
Blue Mt. Has one of the 2 NPs in MZ i.e. Phawngpui Blue Mt. NP; highest peak in MZ Pol Ghat/ Palakkad Gap Kochi-Coimbatore
Guru Shika Highest peak in Aravali; in Abu Hills, aka Peak of the Guru (after Dattatriya- a Vishnu incarnation) Shecottam Gap Trivandram to Madurai
Dhupgarh Highest peak of Satpura; near Panchmarhi
Mahabaleshwar SW of Pune; source of R. Krishna
Kudremukh Fe ore
Dodabeta Near Ooty; highest in Nilgiri
Annaimudi Highest in S. India; in Annamalai Hills
Baila Dila Fe ore; in Dantewada
Mahendragiri
GREAT PLAINS OF INDIA (INDUS-GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA PLAINS)
These are aggradational plains (depositional, alluvium, by river, uniform flat plains) and NOT degradation
plains (not flat as differential erosion).
a. Bhabhar: gently sloping alluvial zone below Shiwaliks where streams disappear under pebbles,
gravels, sediments
b. Terai: Streams re-appear to the surface in a marshy land, south of Bhabar
c. Khadar: New alluvium; form the floodplain along the banks; very good for agri;
d. Bhangar: old alluvium in alluvial terrace above the level of floodplain
1. Indus Plain: Sindh (cotton cultivation) + PB Plain (rice cultivation)
RJ Bagar Plains: area between Marusthali and Aravalli;
has R. Luni N of Luni= Thali area (Sandy plain in plate like shape)
HR-PB Plains/ Trans-Himalaya Plains: Between Ghaggar and Satlej  Malwa Plain (named after
Malwa Plateau) (Not Malwa Plateau, not Marwar). Khadar= (here) Betland
2. Ganga Plain
3. Brahmaputra/ Assam Plain/ Valley
PENINSULAR PLATEAU REGION
Old rock; part of Gondwanaland; Relic type (seen a lot of erosion); composed of very hard rock; oldest in India
East RJ Upland East of Aravalii
Carved into rolling plain by erosion of Banas and its trib.s
Madhya Bharat Central Highlands
Pathar R. Chambal + tribs  most of it is Chambal basin
Sandstone
Bundelkhand Bounded by Yamuna (N) and Vindhyan Range (S)
Upland Granite and Gneiss
Malwa Plateau Triangular shape
An example of dissected lava plateau, covered with Black Soil
Bounded by E RJ Upland, Madhya Bharat Pathar, Bundelkhand, Vindhyan Range
2 drainage sys: (a) toward A. Sea- Narmada, Mahi, etc; (b) towards BoB: Chambal, Betwa
Baghelkhand E of Maikal range
Plateau Composed of limestone, sandstone, granite
ChhN P Radial drainage pattern from highland in different directions- Damodar, Suvarnarekha,
N Keol, S Keol, Barakar River
Meghalaya Pl. Pic
Deccan Plateau Largest unit of PPR; entire area S of Satpura: Includes:
a. MH Plateau/ Deccan Trap/ Deccan Lava Pl: Basaltic lava; black/ Regur
b. KN Plateau: S of Decaan Trap+ pic
c. TL Plateau: pic
 WESTERN GHATS, EASTERN GHATS, COASTAL PLAINS AND PURVANCHAL
WESTERN GHATS EASTERN GHATS
Runs in N-S direction parallel and close to Arabian Discontinuous chain (as dissected and eroded by
Sea from Tapi Valley to N of Kanyakumari various rivers) of isolated broken hills from
Mahanadi (OD) to Vaigai (TN); with plains in
between
Highest peak of S. India= Anaimudi (2696 m) Highest peak of E Ghats= Mahendragiri (as per
Highest peak of Nilgiri= Dodabeta (2637 m) NCERT)/ Jindhagada Pak (actual answer)
Gaps: Ranges (remember seq)
Thal Ghat: Mumbai to Nasik
Bhor Ghat: Mumbai to Pune OD Maliya, Madugula, Konda
Pal Ghat: Kochi to Coimbatore AP, TL Nallamala, Pal Konda
Sentotan Gap: Trivandrum -Madurai (imp in rain ch) South Javadi, Shivroy, Varusanadu Hills

WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS

RoKutch to Kanyakumari Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta to Kanyakumari
Narrow (max 80 km near mouth of Narmada Tapi Wide (as deposits)- 100-130 km avg. width
river in GJ plains)

Purvanchal/ NE Himalayas
Garo-Kh-J= Not part of Himalayas;
part of PPR
a. Purva NEFA: Patkai Bum
b. Naga Hills: In NG, Highest= Saramati Hills
c. Manipur Hills: Loktak Lake1
d. Northern Circar Hills: separate Naga and Manipur Hills from Megh. Plateau
e. Mizo Hills: Highest= Blue Mt.
f. Tripura Hills
Aravalli: old fold mountain; relic mountain; known as Jarga near Udaipur, Delhi ridge in DL; Abu Hills
(Guru Shikha)= ht.t; imp gaps: Pipli Ghat, Haldi Ghat, Goran Ghats (name only)

Vindhayan Range: Between Son and Narmada; parallel to Son and Narmada Valley; act as watershed
between Gangetic and Penin River sys

Satpura Range: between Narmada and Tapi river; incl Rajpipla, Satpura, Machadeo, Maikal; hi.t peak=
Dhupgarh

1
Loktak Lake: a. Ramsar; (b) has Phundis; (c) has Keibul Lamjao NP- only floating NP; (d) has centripetal
drainage- e.g. Loktak Lake; Sambhar Lake (Megha and Khanelal river enter into it)
 Glaciers
Batura In Hunza Valley in Karakoram Range in Gilgit Baltistan
Hispar In S slope of Karakoram Range
Biafo 67 km long; In Karakoram range in Gilgit Baltistan
Siachen In E Karakoram in Himl 76 km longest in Karakoram
Nubra Karakoram Range; S Slopes of Ladakh range; one of the largest glaciers;
situated in a huge amphitheatre+ ringed through towering peak to Nubra
River flowing in Shyok River
Banderpunch Mt. massif of Garhwal distt of Himalayas in UK; Yamuna source
Gangotri Uttarkashi distt., bordering TAR;
Zemu Largest in E Himalayas; 26 km; base of Kanchenjunga in SK

Hispar- Karakoram
Biafo- Karakoram
Baltoro- Karakoram
Chorabari - Kumaon-Garhwal
Lonak- NE Himalayas
Chhota Shigri- Pir Panjal
Trango- Karakoram
Gangri- Pir Panjal
Rambang- Kanchenjunga- Everest
Kafni- Kumaon- Garhwal
Batura— Karakoram

Fedchenko- it is the longest glacier in the world outside the polar regions
 Waterways
NW Stretch River system Km
1 Allahabad-Haldia Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hoogly (This Varanasi, Ghazipur, Ballia, Chhapra, 1620 UP, BR,
Bhagirathi is diff.- Ganga’s distrib.y) Munger, Bhagalpur JH, WB
2 Sadiya-Dhubri Brahmaputra Jogigopha, Pandu, Tejpur, Silghat 891 AS
3 Kollam- W Coast Canal along Champakara 205 KR
Kottappuram canal+ Udyog-mandal canal
4 Kakinada- K-P stretches of canals+ the Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachalam-Rajahmundry 1078 AP, TN,
Puducherry stretch of R. Godavari+ Wazirabad-Vijayawada stretch of R. Krishna Pudu
5 Talcher-Dhamra T-D stretch of rivers, Geonkhali-Charbatia stretch of E coast canal, Charbatia- 588 WB, OD
Dhamra stretch of Matai river+ Mahanadi Delta rivers
6 (PROPOSED) Decl. of R. Barak from Bhanga to Lakhimpur 121 AS
Glaciers
 RAMSAR SITES IN INDIA (42) in 1M ha NEW ADDED IN 2021— DO
Ramsar Sites Criteria: 9 criteria for identifying Wetlands of International importance

Group A criteria- Sites with rep.ve, rare or unique wetland types:

Criterion 1: ----ii------ Thol Lake WS— GJ — artificial lake in Mehsana; irrigation tank in 1912; freshwater lake surrounded by marshes;
flamingoes, sarus cranel semi-arid zone, dry decid vegn; cons by the Gaekwads; White rumped vulture, Indian culture;
golden jackal, blackcuck, bluebull.
Group B criteria- Sites conserving biological diversity Wadhvana Wetland— GJ— irrigation dam in 1910; Palla’s fish eagle, common pochard, Dalmitian prlican, ferruginous
duck; RED-CRESTED POCHARD
Criteria based on species and ecological communities Sultanpur NP— HR
Bhindawas WS — HR
Criterion 2: Support vuln., ending., or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities
Criterion 3: Supports populations of species important to maintain biodiv of particular biogeographic region
Criterion 4: supports species in at critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse condns

Specific criteria based on waterbirds

Criterion 5: regularly supports >=20k waterbirds
Criterion 6: regularly supports 1% of popn of one species or sub-species of a waterbird

Specific criteria based on fish

Criterion 7: supports a sig. prop. of indig. fish subspecies, species or families, life-history stages, species interactions and/or popn that represent wetland benefits- contri to global biodiv
Criterion 8: imp food source for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration paths

Specific criteria based on other taxa

Criterion 9: regularly supports 1% of indivs in population of a species/ subspecies of wetland-dep nonavian animal species.

CR- Conservation Reserve; NP- National Park WS- Wildlife Sanctuary FW- Freshwater
CyR- Community Reserve BS- Bird Sanctuary L.- Lake
Rf- Reserve Forest WBS- Wildlife and Bird Sanctaury R- River
WL- Wetland WLC- Wetland Complex AqP- Aquaculture pond
M- Mangroves BOLD- ADDED IN 2019, 2020; CR- CRITERIA; ST.- STATUS
NP- National Park Nat.- Natural
- Mostly common threats- polln, hydrological regime alteration, encroachment, siltation, water hyacinth proliferation, over-fishing, tourism, CC, unsustainable
water abstraction, invasive species
- Mostly common values- fishing, C sink, flood buffering, habitat for migratory fish and water birds, tourim, recreation, edu benefit
- Panong Tso is NOT Ramsar
Ramsar aims to develop a global network of wetlands for conservation of biodiversity and for sustaining human life
Wetlands include marshes, floodplains, rivers and lakes, mangroves, coral reefs, and other marine areas no deepr than 6m at low tide, awa human-made
wetlands such as waste water treatment ponds and reservoirs. Philosophy of Ramsar= “Wise Use”
 Site Distt. Type St. Values (exc common) Threats (exc Notable CR EN Comments
common)
UP Nawabgunj BS Unnao Marsh BS same Canalization, Mallard, Purple N/A Aka Chandrashekar Azad BS
same Moorrain, Little Gerve,
Spoon bill duck; Red
watted lapwing
Parvati Arga BS Gonda FW marsh BS same same Sarus Crane White-rumped Parvati+ Arga ox-bow rain-fed
+Indian Vulture lakes
Sandi BS Hardoi FW marsh BS same Same Sarus crane N/A River Garra (aka Gareen Ganga) near
it; IBA by BNHS
Sarsai Nawar Etawah Marsh Same, Hajari Mahadev Same+ Sarus crane, White Ibis White-rumped Named after sarus crane (non-
Jheel templ intensive agri Vulture migratory large bird)
Saman BS Mainpuri FW marsh BS same same Sarus Crane, Painted N/A Seasonal ox-bow lake on Ganga
Stork, Black-necked stork, Floodplain
open billed stork, woolly
necked stork
Upper Ganga Hapur, R stretch Trap sediment+ water Mining, same Gangetic Dolphin Gharial, White- Brijhat to Narora Stretch;
River Sambhal, purify;, rel ghats- Brijghat, rumped
Amroha, Anoopshahr ghat, Rajghat; Vulture, Red-
Bulandshahr crowned Roofed
turtle
Samaspur BS Raebareli FW marsh BS same Same + Sarus Crane, Egyptn N/A
intensive agri Vulture (EN)
SUR SAROVAR Agra (NH-2) BS
PB Beas CR Hoshiyarpur, R stretch CR Dam, nutrient+ sed same Indus river dolphin Gharial
Amritsar,
Gurdaspur, retentn, FW, same
Kapurthala,
Jalandhar, Tarn
Taran
Harike L. Tarn, Taran, Reservoir+ WS Irrig.; tourism; buffer flood; water hyacinth Indus R Dolphine, Smooth Gharial, Red- Satlej+ Beas meet
Kapurthala, H2 O GW recharge; mig. Birds prolif. Coated Otter; yellow- crowned roofed
Ferozpur storage habitat crowned woodpecker, Turtle
great crested grebe
Kanjli Kapurthala R. stretch CR Irrig, flood buffer, holy Siltation, Utricularia sp. N/A Man-made in 1870 near Bien River
river, traps sediments, GW water hyacinth (tributary of Beas)
recharge, mig birds habitat
Keshopur-Miani Gurdaspur Marsh, AqP CR Supports Agro-ecology:rice, Same + alien Common crane, Sarus N/A Between B=Ravi and Beas; 1st ever
CyR water chestnut; same species crane notified community reserve
Nangal WS Rupnagar Reservoir WS same same Indian Pangolin, Egyptian N/A In Shiwaliks; Bhakra-Nangal Project
Vulture
Ropar Rupnagar, Barrage CR Irrig (Satluj), GW recharge, Common + Hog, deer, Indian N/A Man-made wetland lake due to
Nawanshahr +H2 O migratory birds habitat sand mining Narrow-headed Softshell construction of barrage for diverting
storage Turtle, Indian Pangolin EN Satlej water in 1952
JK Hokera WL/ Budgum, Marshes CR Gw recharge, water purify, common Eurasian Otter, Little N/A Near Srinagar; arious species from
Hokersar Srinagar reeds, food, fibre Grebe, Schizothorax sp. Siberia/ C.Asia
 Surinsar- Udhampur FW L. WS same Same Indian Flapshell Turtle N/A Near Jammu; surrounded by lower
MansarL. Shiwaliks which are highly prone to
erosion ( siltation prob.)
Wular Lake Bandipora FW L., Buffer floods, spiritual Embankments, N/A White bellied Largest freshwater lake in India; on
marsh siltation, Heron, Pink- Jhelum; Tulbul Proj at Wular’s mouth
willow plantn headed duck,
Baer’s Pochard,
Kashmir catfish
HP Chandertal WL Lahaul, Spiti FW L. WS Erosion prevn, common Soild waste, Snow leopard, Tibetan Wolf, N/A Crescent/ moon shaped; In Spiti (HP)
Himalayan Ibex, Ruddy Shelduck
common
Pong Dam L./ Kangra Reservoir WS Dam, Bar-headed Geese common Bar-headed Goose, Red White-rumped water storage reservoir created in
Maharana Pratap Necked Grebe Vulture 1975 on River Beas; IN NEWS
Sagar Dam
Renuka WL Sirmaur FW L, WS Legend of Parshuram and common Mahseer; Crimson- N/A Largest lake in HP; Named after
marshes renuka; Renuka fair breasted barbet; mayna, Goddess Renuka
bulbul, Heron, Mallard,
Lapwing
KR Ashtamudi WL Kollam Estuary Prevent shoreline erosion, Salination, silt Pearlspot Syzygium Octopus-shaped; natural backwater
cochin backwaters deprivation, travancorium in Kollam; R. Kallada and R. Pallichad
encroachment, drain in it
Sasthamkotta L. Kollam FW L. common Laterite Butter Catfish, Day’s N/A Largest freshwater lake in KR
mining, etc Glassy Perchlet, Malabar
mystus; EN Horabagras
Brachysoma
Vembanad-Kol Ernakulum, Laggon, Kuttanad- rice bowl of common Pearl Spot, Malabar N/A Kol/ Backwater; largest lake in KR;
WL Alapuzzha, floodplain India; backwaters, Pokkali mystus, Day’s round Tourism in Kumarakam; R. Pampa+
Kottayam,
farming- geog indication; herring R. Achekon drain in it
Thrissur
common
RJ Keoladeo NP Bharatpur FW marsh, NP Mig. Birds’ habitat; tourism invasive water Sarus Crane, Greater N/A In Montreaux record since ’90;
swamp hyacinth, H20 spotted Eage, Painted Invasive growth of grass Paspalum
shortage; Stork, Hog Deer Distichum ed ecol. Char+
unbal. grazing suitability for Siberian crane
Sambhar L. Jaipur, Nat. saline 5% of India’s salt; mig. Hyper-salinity, Flamingo, Demoiselle N/A Centripetal lake (R. Megha+ R.
Nagaur, L. Waterbirds; Shakambari illegal salt Crane Khenda); largest inland saltwater
Ajmer Devi temple mining, road lake in India
frag.n
OD Bhitarkanika M Kendrapada M, tidal WS Aq, buffer, common Shrimp Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, Baer’s Pochard, Gahirmatha Marine WS
Forests farming, Salt-water croc, Avicennia White-rumped
Paradip + sp., Heritiera sp. Vulture
Dhamra port
Chilika L. Puri, Khurda, Nat. BS C sink (seagrass bed), Kiljai illegal Irawaddy Dolhpin Scalloped 1st Ramsar in ’87; core= Nalbana
Ganjam Lagoon temple, buffer to storms/ aquaculture, (flagship) Hammerhead, Island; Brackish water lake at R. Daya
cyclones overfishing, Smalltooth mouth
sawfish, Ganges
Shark
WB East Calcutta WL Kolkata AqP; Climate regn, treating common Catla, water monitor, Baer’s Pochard protected under E Kolkata Wetlands
wastewater sewage, common Aztech Arrowhead (Conservation and Management)
treatment Act, 2006
plant
Sunderban WL 24 Parganas M swamps, NP Wild honey, blue C sink, Salination, Royal Bengal Tiger, Gangetic Tiger, N R
mudflats, shoreline protection, same prawn larva Sundari Terrapin, Spoon-
billed Sandpiper
lagoon collection,
same
LD Tsomoriri Leh Brackish/ CR Common + 400 yr old same Black-necked crane; Bar N/A Near Pangong Tso; Brackish water;
Alkaline L. Korzok Monastery headed Geese 4600 m above sea level
TSO KAR WLC Changthang
MH Nandur Nasik Barrage, WS Same + Micro-climate regn, Regime fragn, Butter Catfish White-rumped Nandur Madhameshwar
Mashameshwar H2 O Madhmeshwar temple same Vulture, Indian
storage V, Deolali
Minnow
LONAR L. Buldana L WS N/A N/A
MP Bhoj WL Bhopal Reservoir common Common Red-crested Pochard N/A In Bhopal; Man-made
AS Deepor Beel Kamrup R WS coomon Common Asian Elephant; Spot- Baer’s Pochard Freshwater;
floodplain billed Pelican
AP Kolleru L. Krsna, L, Marsh, WS common Aq, common Spot-billed Pelican N/A Freshwater; between Godavari+
Godavari AqP Krishna Delta
MN Loktak L. Bishnupur FW marsh NP Hydropower, fishing, purify Ithai barrage, Manipur Brow Antlered N/A Keibul Lamjao (world’s only floating
GW, C sink, revered as siltation, Deer (Sangai) NP); Cenripetal drainage; largest
Loktak Ima hydropower, freshwater lake in NE; floating
Phumdi prolif., Phundis (heterog. Mass of vegn, soil
road fragn and organic matter); designated as
keibul Lamjao NP WL under Manipur
Loktak Lake (Protection) Act, 2006
GJ Nalsarovar Surendrangr, Marsh BS same same Greater Flamingo, Sociable Lapwing, EN Indian Wild Ass uses this area in
Red-headed + white
Ahm Dalmatian Pelican, dry season
-rumped Vulture
TN Pt. Calimere WBS Nagapattinam M swamp, WS, Salt, Blue C sink (Mthupet common Blackbuck, Spot-billed Spoon-billed Cons in ’67 for conserving TH Black
lagoons, RF M WL), waterbirds’s Pelican Sandpiper, Buck Antelopes (endemic mammals);
mud-flats, wintering grd, nesting grd Hawksbill Turtle remnants of tropical/ dry evergreen
saltpans ridley turtles, Blackbucks ; forest (NE Monsson, short trees
Historical- Ramar Padam, 12m)
Modi mandapam, chola
lighthouse
TR Rudrasagar L. W TR FW L.+ Neer mahal tourism + same same Baer’s Pochard (EN); N/A
Marshes Ferruginous Duck (NT)
UK ASAN CR Dehradun R stretch CR Red-crested pochard, Red-headed v,
ruddy shelduck white-rumped v.,
Baer’s pochard
BR KABARTAL Floodplain
JHEEL WL
Asan CR:
- Stretch of Asan river, running down its confluence with Yamuna - Includes lake and escarpment, which form the crater walls, and forested
- Dam in 1967  siltation  site’s bird-friendly habitats zones.
- 330 species - High salinity and alkalinity;
- >1% of biogeographical popn of red-crested pochard and ruddy shelduck - Lack of outflowleading to conc of minerals
recorded - Specialised micro-organisms like anaerobes, cyanobacteria and
- Other non-avian species-> Putitor mahseer (endangered) phytoplankton survive in this harsh chemical environment
- Fish use this site for feeding, migration and spawning - Springs of freshwater that feed the lake  Considerable diversity outside
- Maintaining hydrological regimes the lake
Kabartal WL: - Vulnerable: Asian woolyneck, common pochard
- Extensive floodplain complex - Icy Greywolf also found
- Freshwater marsh of N BR’s Begusarai - National Geo-heritage site since 1979
- Vital flood buffer: Floods in monsoon to 1.5 m deep  absorption of this - Threats: household sewage, urban wastewater, tourism
is essential for BR Sur Sarovar:
- Important stopover for Central Asian Flyway (58 migratory birds) - Aka Keetham Lake
- Threats: water management activities such as drainage, water - Human-made reservoir
abstraction, damming and canalization - Orig to supply water to Agra
- CR EN Vultures: Red-headed and white-rumped - Patchwork of different habitats providing refuge to resident and
- World Bank assisted a Capacity Building Prog for it in 2015 migratory birds
- Red-headed v, white-rumped v, Indian v.socialable lapwing, Baer’s pochard - Vulnerable: Greater spotted eagle, sarus crane, catfish Wallago attu
Lonar Lake - Important for birds that migrate on Central Asian flyway; IBA
- Crater Lake in Buldhana distt - Has 1% of S Asian popn of the graylag goose (Anser anser)
- Part of Lonar WS - Threats: tourism invasive species, household sewage, urban waste water
- On Deccan Plateau Sunderbans
- Endorheic or closed basin, almost circular in shape - Largest single block of tidal holophytic mangroves in the world
- Formed by meteorite impact onto the basalt bedrock - Herritiera fames, Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Cerops decandra, Sonneratia,
Avicennia, Nypa fruitscans
Tso Kar WL Complex - Primary source of the lakes: glacial melt-aways
- High-altitude 4500 m - FW + lakes  presence of biodiv in an biologically sparse area
- Two connected lakes- FW Startsapuk Tso and a larger hypersaline Tso Kar - Vulnerable/ Threatened: saker falcon, Asian wild dog (Dhole), snow
- Tso Kar means white salt efflorescence on margins of the lake due to leopard
evaporation of the saline waters - Stopover grd for Central Asian Flyway; IBA
- Local climate- arid - Important breeding areas in India for the black-necked crane.
 BIOSPHERE RESERVES
5- NE; 5- Central+ East India; 5- S India; 3- Others
BR Location Biome Species PAs assd. Others
Nanda Devi Around the Temperate forest, 2 core areas-
peak of Alpine Scrubland Nanda Devi NP
Nanda Devi with Rhododendron, and Valley of
Alpine Meadow Flowers NP
Cold Desert In Himalayas Part of MAB: Pin
from Ladakh Valley N, Chandra
to Kinnaur Tal (Ramsar),
Sarchu, Kibber WS
Great Ro In Kutch Has Banni R. Luni
Kutch distt (=Little Grassland Reserve;
Kutch+ Great Indian Wild Ass
Ro Kutch+ Sanct., Narayan
Banni Sarovar Sanct.
Grassland)
NORTH EAST
Kenchan- In SK Temperate Forest, Musk deer, UNESCO WHS,
junga Alpine Grasses, snow leopard, UNESCO MAB,
Himalayan Tahr Zemu Glacier
Nokrek W Garo Red Panda
Manas Tropical Semi- Assain Roofed Manas Beki River
evergreen to sub- Turtle, Golden System
tropical broad-leave Langur
forest
Dihang- Sub-Tropical Broad Red Coral, Has Monling NP,
Dibang leaf forest, Musk Deer, Dibang WS
Temperate forest, House of Red
Sub-Alpine, Alpine Panda
Meadows
Dibru- Dibrugarh+ Moist semi-evergeen Malayan Giant Bound by
Saikhowa Tinsukhia forest, moist Squirrels, Brahmaputra,
distt. deciduous forest, Macaque Lohit, Dibru
grasslands
SOUTH
Nilgiri Wayanad, Tropical Evergreen Aralam, UNESCO WHS
Nagarhole, forest Mudumalai,
Bandipur, Mukurthi,
etc. Nagarhole,
Bandipur, Silent
Valley NP
Go Mannar Dugong (sea The chain of low
Cow) islands+ reefs aka
Adam’s Bridge;
Agasthya- 3WSs: Unique genetic
malai Shendurney, reservoir of
 Peppara, Neyyar cultivated plants-
TR= Kalakkad cardamom,
Mundanthurai nutmeg, pepper
Seshachalam Bound by Red Sander, Sri-Venkateshwar Tirupati Temple,
Rayalseema+ Slender Loris NP
Nandya
Valley
Great Campbell NP, Mongloid
Nicobar Galathea NP Shompen tribe
CENTRAL+ EAST
Achanakmar- Maikal, 4-horned Narmada, Son
Amarkanthak Vindhyas, antelope, saras river
Satpura crane, Asian
white-backed
vult
Panchmarhi Whisk, Fern, Bori Sanctuary, Teak, Sal;
Giant Squirrel, Satpuri NP,
Crested Panchmarhi Sanct.
Serpent Eagle
Panna Bar-head Ken passes;
Goose, Hawk smallest in India
Eagle
Sunderbans largest 60%-Bangla; 40%-
MANGAL India; largest
diversity- 81 continuous
mangal plant mangrove area
sp; Roy. Bengal
Tiger
Simplipal Mayurbhanj NP, Elephant R. Budhabalang, R.
(NEWS) (OD) reserve Baitarni, R.
Subarnalekha; 2
waterfalls:
Joranda,
Barehipani
What is Mangal? (State of Forest Report 2019)
It is a Mangrove Biome. It is a distinct saline woodland/ scrubland habitat characterized by
depositional environment
12 In MAB: THAT IS ALL EXCEPT: Manas, Dihang-Dibang, Great Rann of Kutch, Cold Desert,
Dibru Saikhowa, Seshachalam
 NATIONAL PARK
NP Location Species Others
JK Dachigam Supposed to have last viable Dal Lake’s catchment area; (lit.) 10 Villages;
Hangul in world
Kishtwar Kishtwar distt. Musk Deer, Himalayan Bear Bound by R. Rinnay (N), Kibarnala
Catchment (S)
LD Hemis In Ladakh range Eurasian Brown Bear Largest NP in S. Asia; 2nd largest contiguous
PA after Nanda Devi BR;
Indus passes through it; only NP N of
Himalaya; Hemis Monastry
HP Pin Valley In Lahaul-Spiti Woolly horse, Tibetan Part of Cold Desert BR
Gazelle, Snow Leopard
Great Himalayan Brown Bear, UNESCO WHS
Himalayan Himalayan Tahr, Musk Deer
Inderkilla Kullu
Khirganga Kullu
HR Sultanpur Ramsar now Birds Marshy land; water body;
UK Valley of Along Rishikesh- Famous for wild flowers/ Created to protect the catchment area of
Flowers Badrinath road endemic alpine Pushpavati River
Rajaji Dehradun- Tiger reserve; Ganga and Son River
Haridwar area
Jim Corbett Sal, Teak, Oak, Silver fir; EN Patlidun Valley; R. Ramganga passes;
Bengal Tiger Project Tiger; oldest NP (as Hailey NP in
’36) to protect Bengal tiger EN
UP Dudhwa Fine sal forest+ extensive Tiger reserve; shares NE boundary with
grassland; ideal for Indian Nepal; R. Mohana
one-horn rhinos
WB Jaldapara Jalpaiguri area To protect one-horn rhino- has 2nd largest
popn after Kaziranga; R. Torsha
Kanchen-junga Lepcha Tribal settlement (NEWS); Thoulung
Monastry
Ar- Namdapha Snow Leopard, Namdapha TR under Proj Tiger
P Flying Squirrel
Orang N of Brahmaput. Bengal Florican Aka “mini-Kaziranga”to the other side of
Brah. Is Kazirangs
Kaziranga S of Brahmaput. One-horn rhino (2/3rd world
popn)
Moiling Wn part of Famous for red poison
Dibang-Dihag BR
Keibul Lamjao EN Manipur Eld’s Deer (aka Only floating NPl Loktak Lake;
Brow Antler Deer/ Sangai
Deer/ Dancing Deer)
MZ Murlen Malayan Giant Squirrel,
Himalayan Black Beer
MG Balphakran Extreme S of Garo Red Panda
KR Silent Valley Niligiri Hills in Elephant, tiger, wild dog, R. Kunthipuzha flows thorugh it
Palkkad distt flying squirrel, Lion Tailed
macaqye
Periyar Teak, Rosewood, Periyar and Pamba river
Sandalwood, Tranvancore Tropical evergreen+ moist deciduous
Flying Squirrel
 Mudumalai Nilgiri distt. CR EN Indian White rumped Tiger reserve; along Mysore-Ooty Highway;
vulture, Long-billed vulture Mayar river sep Bandipur and Mudumalai
NP
TN Guindy Black bucks, spotted dears One of the smallest NP inside a city; ex-situ
awa in-situ conservation
Anamalai W Ghats Panther, Elephant, Gaur, Aka Indira Gandhi WS/NP
flying squirrel
KN Bandipur Rich wildlife; Project Tiger; part of Nilgiri
BR
Nagarhole Rajiv Gandhi NP; Nagar (snake)+ Hole
(stream); Jenu Krubas= primary inhabitants
Bannerughatta Eco-recreation, ecotourism
AP Sri Venkat- Yellow throated bulbul Part of Seshachalam BR
eshwara
TL Mahavir Harina Hyd Deer NP; Largest Green Lung Space in Hyd
Vanasthali
AN Saddle Peak Andaman Wild Pig, Andaman
Hill myna
Mt. Harriet NP Andaman wild pigs; EN
Saltwater crocodiles; EN
Rubber crabs; EN turtles
Wandoor Aka Mhatma Gandhi NP; Jolly Buoy- one of
the 15 islands is open for tourism
RJ Desert NP Jaiselmer Great Indian Bustard, Rocks, salt-lake
Chinkara, Desert Fox, Bengal
Fox, Wolf, Desert Cat
Sariska Near Alwar Peafowl, Great Partridge,
Quail, Sandgrouse, Treeple,
white-breasted kingfisher,
golden woodpeacker, Great
Indian horned owl
Keolodeo Aka Bharatpur BS
Ghana
Ranthambore Bound by Banas Leopard, Nilgai, Wild Boar, Sawai Madhaopur; Famous for largest
(N), Chambal (S) Sambhar, Hyena, Sloth Bear Banyan Tree in India
GJ Gir Saurashtra Penin. Asiatic Lions; Panther Leo Only natural habitat with Asiatic Lions
MH Nawegaon Gondia distt. Panther, wolf
(Vidarbha)
Sanjay Gandhi N Mumbai Earlier: Borivali NP
CH Indravati Bijapur distt. Wild Asian Buffalo, Gaur,
Black Buck, Chousingha,
Striped Hyenas
MP Bandhavgarh Tiger, Gaur, Indian Bison, Highest density of tiger popn in India; aka
Barking Deer, Nilgai White Tiger Territory
Satpura Hoshangabad Dist Dhoopgarh tiger, Black buck Bori and Panchmarhi WS
Van Vihar Heart of Bhopal
Panna Tiger reserve; Ken Gharial WS; Ken river
Kanha Mandla+ Balaghat Royal Bengal Tiger, Leopard, TR
distt. Sloth Bear, Bara-singha
JH Betla ChhN Plateau TR; N Koel River; consists of Palamu TR+ Mhuadar
Wolf Sanctuary
BR Valmiki Gandak River; Nepal’s Chitwan NP border
 Wildlife Sanctuary
WLS Location Species Others
HP Maharana Surkhabs, red-necked grebe Pong Dam Lake; Ramsar
Pratap Sagar
UK Nanadhuar Near R. Nandhuar in Part of Terai Landscape
Kumaon
WB Mahananda Darjeeling distt. Between Teesta+ Mahanadi
AS Pobitara Near Guwahati Great Indian one-horn rhino Rhino breeding program
AS Sonai Rupai One horn Rhino
AS Pabha/ Milroy Lakhimpur distt. Wild water buffalo
? Talley Valley Dense forests- silver, fir, pine New species: Trachischium Apteii
MZ Dampa TR Largest WS in MZ; at international
border with Bangla
? Trishna (news) Gaur ONGC: Approval to drill Trsihna;
? Narayan Part of RoKutch BR Lesser Florican, Great Indian
Sarovar Bustard
? Wild Ass Little Ro Kutch Asses -attracted by the flat green Banni grassland
grass covered expanse called
BETS (islands- coarse grasses
grows in Monsoon)
? Nal Sarovar Wild ass, Black buck, Flamingoes Ramsar; Lake
MH Thane Creek Great Spotted Eagle MH’s 2nd Marine Sanct after Malvan
Flamingo Sanct Sanct.
? Jayakwadi Bird Aurangabad of Hydrilla, Flamingoes Jayakwadi Dam
WS Marathwada
KN Ghatprabha Crane, European White Stork
KN Ranganathittu Painted Stork, Asian Open Bill Aka Pakshi Kashi of KN
Stork, Woolly Necked Stork
KR Thattekad Kothamangalam 1st BS of KR; Between branches of R.
Periyar
? Satkosia Tigeress Sundari; Mahanadi River;
Tiger from Kanha TR;
? Sitanadi Sal forest; dominant species: Sal Under WLPA ‘72
Shorea Robusta
? Bhittarkaneka RAMSAR
? Chilika RAMSAR
? Nalbana Island Part of Chilika Lake Forest deppt rooted out illegal
prawn rearing enclosures  return
of migratory at Nalbana
? Kalrapat In E highland Moist deciduous forest
TL Etrurnagaram In Muluyu distt. Gaur, Black Buck, Tiger
? Pakhal Dusky eagle owl Man-made lake by Kakatiyas
? Coringa White backed vulture, long billed Rhizophera; 2nd largest surviving
vulture stretch Mangrove forest in India
TN Pulicat Thiruvallur Greater flamingoes Brackish water lake
? Papikonda Andhra P+ TL
? Kolleru Ramsar
? Pt. Coleman Ramsar
? Ghatprabha
 Land Resources and Agriculture

1. Land Use Categories as maintained by Land Revenue Records:

a. Forests-areas govt identified+ demarcated for forest growth (NOT actual forest)
b. Barren+ Wasteland- cannot be brought under cultivation with available techno
c. Land put to Non-agri uses
d. Area under permanent pastures and grazing land: owned by Panchayat/ Govt
e. Net Sown Area NSA
f. Area under Misc Tree Crops and Groves (Not incl in NSA)- orchards+ fruit trees
g. Culturable Wasteland: uncultivated for >5years
h. Current Fallow: uncultivated for <1 year
i. Fallow other than Current Fallow: uncultivated for 1-5 years

Cropping Intensity= GCA/NSA x100%

2. Cropping Seasons in India

a. In N and interior parts: Kharif, Rabi,
Zaid
b. S India: T is high enough to grow
tropical crops entire yr (if soil moisture
availabl.)
Irrigated (protective/ productive) and
Rainfed/ barani (dryland/ wetland
farming)

Tea in NE, etc.- but not coffee here- why? Coffee is not like wheat where the plant is uprooted and removed seasonally. Even if there is frost once, the entire
plantation is gone. So, no coffee plantation in NE.
Wasteland Atlas of India- 2019 (5th edition) by Do Land Resources+ National Remote Sensing Centre (Do Space) released: using RSS data
- District and state wise distri of different categories of wasteland areas including mapping of 12.08Mha hitherto unmapped JK
- 2008-9: 56.6 Mha (17.2%); 2015-6: 55.7 Mha (16.96%) —> improvement
mostly changed into croplands
 Pptn Soil Other condns India’s rank State rank where Comments
1 Food grains Occupy 2/3rd total
cropped area
a. Cereals 11% world Occupy 54% total
prodn cropped area
US>CHN>Indi
a
i. Fine
grains
- Rice 21.6% world 25% cropped area tropical humid area Staple food for most
prod Top prodn= WB, UP, PB but 3000 varieties Indians
CHN> India Best yield= PB, TN, HR, AP, in diff agro-climatic
TL, WB, KR regions: Grown
Low yield= MP, CHH, OD even 2000m ASL;
from humid areas
in E India to dry but
irrigated areas of
NW India. In S and
WB 2 or 3 crops a
year (aus, aman
and boro in WB)
Kharif in SW
Monsoon
- Whe 50-75 cm Well drained clayey loam T= 10-15C 12.3% world 14% cropped area is for Temperate zone; Rabi season
at (2nd best- alluvial) (sowing) prod wheat; 85% of total area in Ganga Plains, usually irrigated
21-26C N+ C India Malwa Plateau, Him rainfed in Him.
(harvest) High yield= PB, HR till 2700 m highlands and
Mod yield= UP, RJ, BR Malwa)
Low yield= MP, HP, JK
ii. Coarse 16.5% of cropped area in
grain India
- Jow 30-100 cm Various 27-32C 5.3% of cropped area Semi-arid of C, S Both kharif+ rabi in
ar/ (kharif) India; MH=50%; S, Kharif in N; rainfed
16C (rabi) (low yield) in S
 sorg Oth= KN, MP, AP,
hum TL
- Bajr 40-60 cm Wide range of soils T=20-30C 5.2% of cropped area Hot+ dry climate; Drought tolerant
a (best= black cotton soil, Dry+ warm Can easily be grown crop; kharif; moist
well- drained sandy loam climate; in places where rice weather is adv
soil; low pH moist and wheat can’t; during vegetable
weather is MH, GJ, UP, RJ, HR growth; N- Kharif;
advantageous Low yield= RJ parts of S- summer
during its crop (irrigatn); hardy
vegetable crops which resist
growth freq dry spells+
drought; alone+
mixed cropping
- Maiz <75 cm Well drained alluvial or 21-25C 3.6% of cropped area Semi-arid climate; Rainfed Kharif crop;
e red loam; inferior soils not in any specific food awa fodder
area. All over India
except PB, E, NE
India
Max.: KN, MP, BR,
AP, TL, RJ, UP
- Barl Sandy Loam, Loam and 12-15C Subtropical climatic
ey Med+ Heavy Black Soils. (growing); conditions; UP, MP,
Best= sandy to mod 30C HP, WB, RJ, PB, HR,
heavy loam of Ganga (maturity) BR, JK
Plains with neutral to
saline reaction and med.
fertility; Acidity NOT
good; Can’t tolerate frost
any stage of growth;
drought-tolerant, sodic
condns-tolerant
- Ragi 50-100 cm Red, light black, sandy 20-30C
loam
 b. Pulses 1st in world 11% of copped area Largely conc.d in Protein-rich; legume
Deccan drylands+ C crop; Being rainfed
plateaus+ NW India crops of drylands,
yield are low and
fluctuate from year
to year
i. Gram 40-50 cm Loamy soil 20-25C; just 1 2.8% cropped area Sub-tropical areas; Mostly rainfed in C,
or 2 showers Top= MP, UP, MH, AP, TL, relaced wheat in W, NW;
ot irrigations RJ HR, PB, N RJ after
are reqd. Green Revoln
ii. Tur/ MH= 2% cropped area Cultivated over
Arhar/ Oth top= UP, KN, GJ, MP marginal lands and
Red under rainfed
gram/ condns in dry areas
Pigeon of C, S India
pea
2 Oil-seeds 14% of cropped area Drylands of Malwa
Pl, Marathwada, GJ,
RJ, TL, Rayalseema
(AP), KN
a. Grd-nut 16.6% of 3.6% cropped area Largely rainfed kharif
world prod GJ, RJ, TN, TL, AP, KN, MH crop of drylands; but
CHN>India> High yield= TN GJ= largest in S- rabi awa kharif
Nigeria>Us producer (40%)
Low yield= TL, AP, KN
b. Rapeseed and Forst 2.5% cropped area Sub-tropical crops Comprise rai, sarson,
mustard sensitive 2/3rd area is irrigated cultivated during toria, taramira
crops; RJ= 1/3rd of prodn rabi in NW, C India
Oth= HR, MP
c. Soyabean MP+ MH= 90%
d. Sunflower KN, AP, TL, MH
Minor crop in N (high
yield)
3 Fibre Crops
 a. Cotton 50-75 cm Deep Black Soil (Regur); 21-30C (not CHN> India 4.7% of cropped area Kharif crop of Lost lot of cotton
eve in Alluvial and below 21C); 3 areas: PB, HR, N RJ; GJ, Tropical and Sub- area to Pakistan.
Laterite soil 210 frost free MH; AP, KN, TN tropical areas; India grows both
days; requires Top= GJ, MH, TL semi-arid short staple (Indian)
clear sky Low yield= MH (rainfed) awa long staple
during (American) called
flowering ‘narma’ in NW
stage.
b. Jute >150 cm (80- Alluvial (also in light 24-35C India= 3/5th 0.5% cropped area Hot and humid Cash crop in WB
90% humidity) sandy or clayey loams) world prod WB= 3/4th India’s prod climate
Oth= BR, AS
4 Other
a. Sugar-cane 150 cm or Deep rich, loamy soils 20-26C India= 19% 2.4% cropped area Tropical areas; Largely an irrigated
irrign with high (ideal), Black soil also world prod UP= 2/5th prodn humid and sub- crop;
humidity Brazil>India UP, MH, GJ, KN, TN, TL, AP humid climates
Low yield in N; high in S
b. Tobacco 50-100 cm Well-drained sandy loam Frost-free; GJ’s Vadodra+ Kheda= 90% Tropical and sub-
16-40C W Godavari, E Godavari, tropical climates
Prakasham, Kurnool and
Nellore- main prod.g distt.
c. Tea 150- 300 cm Forest soil rich in humus 24-30C India= 1st Assam= 53.2% of cropped Tropical and Sub- Plantation crop; rich
and Fe; well-drained soils India= 21.1% area; WB, TN tropical Plant in hot in caffeine and
world prod and humid climate: tannin; grown over
India’s share AS, WB, TN, KR; undulating
in inter- topography of hilly
national mkt areas
decreasing
(2nd)
d. Coffee 150-200 cm Well drained rich loamy 15-28C; frost- KN (80%), KR (13%) Hot and Humid Plantation crop; 3
soil- rich in humus, Fe, Ca free climate; varieties: arabica,
robusta, liberica
e. Rubber 300 cm Well drained loamy soil 25-35C KR (90%)
throughout year varying from laterite to
clayey loam
 Ports

Kandla Kutch distt., Go Kutch Tidal port

Cotton, oil, crude products
Mumbai Biggest in Cargo
Harbour Natural Harbour
1/5th of India’s foreign trade
Chemical handled from Pir Paur
Crude+ petroleum prodn from Jawahar Dweep
Nava Shiva Port on Arabian Sea Terminal of W Dedicated Freight Corrridor
Accessed via Thane
creek
Marmugao Fe exporting port
Manglore Deep water, all weather port
EX: Fe ore, Mn, Coffee, Cashew
IM: Petroleum, LPG, Wood Pulp, Timber,
Fertiliser
Kochi On Wellington Island All weather port
Strategically close to busiest international sea
route
Tea, coffee, spices
Kolkata Riverine port
Oldest operating port
Cons. by EIC
Haldia Hoogly River To relieve Kolkata port
Oil refinery
Paradeep Fe ore, Coal
Vishakhapatnam Deepest artificial harbor
Petroleum+ Fe ore
Chennai 2nd largest, after Mumbai
Oldest artificial harbor
Fertiliser, petroleum
Tuticorin Artificial port
All-weather port
Coal, edible oil, dry cargo
Ennore/ 20 km N of Chennai Port 1st port which is a public company
Kamarajar
Resource Geography

A. Soils

Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic materials which

develop on the earth’s surface.
Factors affecting formation of soil:
a. Relief d. Other life forms
b. Parent material e. Time
c. Climate vegetation

1. Classification of Soils
a. Ancient classification: Urvara (fertile) and Usara (sterile)
b. 16th CE: Based on inherent char. and external features- texture,
color, slope of land and moisture-
Moisture: sandy, clayey, silty and loam
Color: Red, Yellow, Black, etc.
c. Since Indep.:
- Soil Survey of India, 1956
- National Bureau of Soil Survey
- Land Use Planning, an institute under the control of ICAR
ICAR has classified Indian soil on the basis of their nature and
char. as per US Dept. of Agri Soil Taxonomy:

On the basis of genesis, color, composition and

location, soils in India have been classified into:
i. Alluvial Soils
ii. Black Soils
iii. Red and Yellow Soils
iv. Laterite Soils
v. Arid Soils
vi. Saline Soils
vii. Peaty Soils
viii. Forest Soils

i. Alluvial Soils
- Widespread in N plains and the river valleys
- Cover 40% of India
- They’re depositional soils.
- Through a narrow corridor in RJ, they extend into GJ plains
- In peninsular region, found in deltas of E coast and in the
river valleys.
- Vary from sandy loam to clay:
- In Upper and Middle Ganga plain, two different types:
o Khadar
 New alluvium
formed after transported material (mainly running water action- wind also)
N Plains, Coastal Plains, Terai, Delta Plain
Deficient: N, humus, P; Adeq: Potash, Phosphoric acid
  Deposited by floods annually, which enriches the
soil by depositing fine silts.
o Bhangar
 Reps. a system of older alluvium, deposited away
from the flood plains
- Rich in potash but poor in phosphorous.
- Both types contain calcareous concretions (Kankar).
- Loamier in lower and middle Ganga plains and Brahmaputra
Valley.
- Sand content dec. W to E.
- Color varies from light grey to ash grey, depending on:
o depth of depositions
o texture of materials
o time taken for attaining maturity.
- Intensively cultivated
ii. Black Soil/ Regur Soil/ Balck Cotton Soil
- Covers most of Deccan P.
- In the Upper reaches of the Godavari, Krishna, and the N-W
part of Deccan P., black soil is very deep.
more fertile than alluvial Very clayey, deep and impermeable
-
- Swell and become sticky when wet and shrink when dried.
Mostly in Deccan Trap rock
- Develop wide cracks in dry season.
deficient- Phosphoric acid,- Thus, there occurs a ‘self-ploughing’
N, organic matter - Because of this character of slow absorption and the loss of
moisture, black soil retains moisture for long period, which
helps the crops, esp. rain fed crops, to sustain indry
seasons.
- Rich in lime, Fe, Magnesia and Alumina.
iii. Red and Yellow Soil
forms from granite, gneiss,
- Develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall
oth metamorphic rocks in E and S Deccan P. Along the piedmont zone of W Ghats,
formed under Well-Drainedlong stretch of area is occupied by red loamy soil
condns - Also, in OD and CHH and S. middle Ganga plains
- Red due to wide infusion of Fe in crystalline and
light in texture (as leaching)
locally- CHALKA in AP, TL metamorphic rocks.
Poor in lime, Magnesia,- Looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
- The fine-grained are normally fertile; coarsely grained are
Phosphate, N and humus
infertile
Rich in potash - Generally poor in N, P and humus.
iv. Laterite Soil
- Develop in areas with high temperature and high rainfall
- Result of intense leaching due to tropical rains
- With rain, lime and silica are washed away, and soils rich in
Iron oxide and Al compound are left
- Humus content is removed fast by bacteria that thrives in
high temperature
- Poor in inorganic matter, N, Phosphate, Ca
- Excess of Fe oxide, potash
- Not suitable for cultivation without manures and fertilizers
 In dry condn, upper surface becomes very hard —> used for building material
- Red laterite soil in TN, Andhra, KR are more suitable for
Cashew-nuts
- Widely cut as bricks for use in house construction.
- Mainly developed in higher areas of peninsular plateau.
- Found in KN, KR, TN, MP, hilly areas of OD, AS.
v. Arid Soil
high %age of soluble - Range from red to brown
salt - Generally sandy (in str.) & saline (in nature).
alkaline - In some areas, the salt content is so high that common salt
poor- N, organic matter is obtd. by evaporating the saline water.
- Due to dry climate, high temp. & accelerated evaporation,
rich- phosphate, nitrate they lack moisture & humus.
==> rocky (not sandy) - Insufficient N
part is FERTILE if - Normal phosphate content
irrigation available - Lower horizons of the soil are occupied by ‘kankar’ layers
because of the increasing Ca content downward. This
restricts the infiltration of water, and as such when irrigation
is made available, the soil moisture is readily available for a
sustainable plant growth.
- Characteristically devpd. In W RJ
- Poor soil
- Contain little humus & organic matter.
vi. Saline Soils/ Usara soils
- Larger prop. of Na, K, Mg: thus, infertile & not support any
Because of capillary action, veg.ve growth
salt is sucked up in soln to the
- More salts, largely because of dry climate & poor drainage.
surface and form white - Occur in arid & semi-arid regions, & in waterlogged &
enrustation on the surface— swampy areas.
Infertile. Salination also - Their structure ranges from sandy to loamy.
because of over-irrigation - Lack in N & Ca.
Saline Soil- excess of natural- More in W GJ, deltas of E coast & in Sundarbans areas of
soluble salt of chloride and WB.
sulphate so as to affect plant
- In Rann of Kutch, SW Monsoon brings salt particles and
growth
deposits there as crust.
Alkaline soil- high
- Seawater intrusions in the deltas promote their occurrence
exhangeable Na2CO3,
NaHCO3 - Saline increasing in over-cultivated over-irrigated alluvial
Local names: Reh, Kallar, Here, farmers are advised to use gypsum.
Usar, Chopan, Thur vii. Peaty Soils
- Heavy rain, high humidity areas
- Large qty. of dead organic matter  rich humus and organic
content
- Good veg. growth poor- Potash, Phosphate
- Organic matter = 40-50% Local name- Kari in KN
- Normally heavy and black
- Many times, alkaline
- N BR, S UK, Coastal WB, OD, TN
viii. Forest Soils
- heterogenous nature
- In forest areas
- good for tea, coffee, spices, tropical fruits
- Sufficient rainfall
- Loamy and silty on valley sides and coarse-grained in upper slopes
- In snow-bound Himalayas, they experience denudation, and are
acidic
- Soils in lower valleys are fertile.
 AFRICA
Cancer W Sahara GIGS Suez Canal
Mauritania Grain Coast Sierra-Leone, Liberia
- Artificial waterway
Mali Ivory Coast Cote-de-Ivory
- Connect Medit with Red Sea through
Algeria Gold Coast Ghana
Niger Slave Coast
Isthumus of Suez
Togo, Benin, Nigeria
Libya - Cons. by Suez Canal Co. in 1859-69
Egypt 2 terminals: Port Said (towards Medit); Suez City (towards Red Sea)
Equator Sao Tome Lakes
+Princep Malavi/ Nayasa 3rd largest in Africa; it is along the rift valley
Gabon Tanganyika 2nd largest in Afr; along rift valley; WORLD’S largest freshwater lake
COngo Victoria depression filled with water
DRC not rift valley lake
Uganda LARGEST lake in Afr; 3rd in world (1- Caspian Sea; 2- L. Superior)
Kenya EQUATOR passes thro’ it
Somalia Source of White Nile River
Capri Namibia Tana Volcanic Lake; source of Blue Nile
Botswana Chad Inland drainage R. Chari leads to L. Chad
S-Afr At junction of 4 countries: Nigeria, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon
Mozambique Volta Man-made; contained behind Akosombo Dam
Madagascar Kariba Largest man-made lake in world
Assal Lowest point in Afr (ht.t pt in Afr= Kilimanjaro)
Great Rift Valley
- Earlier, there was no Red Sea. Arab Penin and Afr was joined. Faulting  rift valley
- Divergent plate boundary
- Splits African Plate into 2 plates
- Stretches N-ward thro’ Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, and extend along Red Sea up to
Beqaa Valley in Lebanon.
- Around 5000 km
River Large source Outflow R. Mahi— cuts To Cancer twice
rank
Nile See pic
Zaire/ 2 Meet Atlantic Ocean at Matadi Port (lifeline for
Congo DRC)
CUTS Equator twice
Main trib.--> Kasai, Oubangui
WORLD’s deepest river at some places-
depth= 220 m
Niger 3 Guinea Highland Gulf of Guinea Port Harcout
Zambezi Katanga Plateau Mozambique Victoria waterfall
Channel Kariba Lake
Kariba Dam
Volta Akosombo Dam
3 trib: Black, Red and White Volta
Limpopo Cuts ToCapricorn twice
Orange Drakensberg Trib.: Vaal
Deserts
5 Distinct types of desert landscapes:
Hamada/ Rocky Desert large stretches of
bare rocks
Reg/ Stony Desert pebbels, gravels,
stones
Erg/ Sandy Desert sand
Badland Desert infertile land (soil
erosion—water
 action e.g. Deserts in Africa
Chambal, Painted Sahara Between 5N-30N
Desert of Arizona) Largest hot desert in world
Mountain Desert Mt. without veg.n 3rd largest desert (1- Ant; 2- Arctic)
e.g. Ladakh, Mt. Has Ergs, Hamada, Mt. Desert (Mt.
Ahagga Tibesti)
Hamada/ Rocky Desert large stretches of Libyan Stony desert
bare rocks Nubian Between R. Nile and Red Sea
Reg/ Stony Desert pebbels, gravels, Arid; mainly rocky; contains some sand
stones dunes
Contains many “wadis”- Arabic term-
Mt. Peaks valley (dry river bed that contains water
Caneron Active volcano only during rainy season)
Rouwenzohri Near L. Albert Eastern W of Sinai Penin.
Mt of the moon Kalahari Semi-arid
Algon N of L. Victoria Namibia, Botswana, S. Afr
Kenya 2 ht.t in Afr Tribe: Kalahari, Bushmen
Volcanic origin Okavango River
Kilimanjaro/ Ht.t in Afr Namib Coastal desert in Angola, Namibia, S. Afr
Kibo Extinct Volcano

Mountain Ranges
Atlas Fold moutnains
Highest- Mt. Toubkal
Mineral- Au, Ag, Zn, Pb, Fe
4 parts:
a. Grand Atlas (High Atlas, Middle
Atlas, Anti-Atlas)
b. Sahara Atlas
c. Tell Atlas- Algeria+ Tunisia
d. Aures Atlas- Algeria + Tunisia
Jos/ Josh Plateau N of half of Nigeria
Tin= main mineral
Darfur
Ethiopian Highland High Plateau of volcanic origin
Katanga Plateau Largest Cu + diamond producer of DRC
(Zaire)
Drakensberg High escarpment in SE Afr formed by lava
flow
North America
NORTH AMERICA= APPALACHIAN MT.S + GREAT PLAINS + WN CORDILLERA
WN CORDILLERA= COASTAL RANGE+ CASCADE AND SIERRA NEVADA + ROCKIES
Baffin Bay and Davis Strait - between Greenland and Baffin Island
Lakes
Rivers source outflow Info
Great Bear L. Radium deposit McKenzie British Beaufort
Great Slave L. Cu, Au deposit Columbia Sea
L. Winnipeg Source of Nelson River Mississippi Montana Gulf of Largest in US
Great Lakes of America- SMHEO and (US) Mexico Bird’s foot delta
L. Superior World’s 2nd largest lake Missouri St. Louis at confluence
City- Duluth of the two
L. Michigan Entirely in US; Trib.: Ohio, Arkansas,
Red
Soo Canal- between Superior
St. Ontario L. Gulf of St. Busiest inland
and Huron
Lawrence Lawrence waterway in N. Am.
City=Milwaukee, Chicago, Colorado Gulf of
gary (Mi, Chi, go) California
L. Huron Columbia Main trib.: Snake
L. Erie City- Detroit, Buffalo Largest US river that
L. Ontario smallest drains in Pacific Ocean
Rio de Natural boundary
Alaska Range/ Aleutian Ranges Grande between US+ Mexico
Terminate in: Aleutian Islands 1. Western Cordillera
Part of: Pacific mt. sys. Made of 3 almost parallel ranges running N to S
Ht. peak of N. Am.: McKinley/ Denali a.Coastal ranges: Mt. Logan in Yukon territory is the
nd
2 highest mountain in N. America
b. Cascade and Sierra Nevada
i. Cascade: E of Coast Mt.; N California to Washington
ii. Sierra Nevada: S of Cascade Range; Mt. Whitney= ht in US mainland
c. Rocky Mt.: E of Cascade+ Sierra Nevada; Alaska to Mexico
2. Appalachian Mt. System
- Old/ ancient fold mountains;
- Mt. Mitchell- ht.t peak
- Ungava Peninsula: surrounded by Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait
- Yucatan Peninsula: Karst/ Limestone topography; deepest pt. in Mexico
3. Great Plains: Formed by Mississippi-Missouri; famous- wheat in summer+ winter
Other info:
a. Great Basin: between Sierra Nevada and Rockies- inter-Montane; N of Colorado Plateau
b. Colorado Plateau: between Sierra-N and Rockies- Intermontane plateau; Hot Desert region
c. Death Valley: lowest point of N. Am.; W of Rockies
South America
Lakes Gulf of Guayaguil W of Ecuador
Maracibo N of Venezuela Gulf of San Jorge E of Argentina
Oil producing region Gulf of San N of Valdis
Largest Lake of S. Am. Matias Penin.
Some consider it a lagoon (not lake) Lagura Del Lowest pt. in S.
L. Between Bolivia and Peru Carban Am.
Titicaca One of the ht.t navigable lake in Magellan Strait Sep. S end of S
world Am from S Am
mainland
Poopó In Alti Plano (intermontane-
Drake Passage Strait between
between 2 ranges of Andes); in
S. Am and
Bolivia Antarctica
Patos Biggest lagoon in Brazil
Rio de la Plata= 30 km long estuary; looks like river; between Uruguay and Argentina
Rivers Source Outflow Info
Amazon Andes (near Arequipa; Macapa
near L. Titicaca)
Maderna Dense equatorial forests- Selvas;
largest trib of Amazon
Orinoco Guiana Highland Angel waterfall (ht.t in world)
Parana Brazilian Highland Rio de la Plata Itaipu Dam (largest in S. Am.)
Iguaza Waterfall (world’s largest -volm)
Magdalina Andes Caribbean Sea Oil found in Coastal lowland
Brazil= border with all except Ecuador, Chile;
Equator Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil Western Mountain:
ToCapri Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil a. 2nd highest mt system in world
No-coast Bolivia, Paraguay b. Andes
Guinea Highland In N Brazil, extended in other countries- i. Mt. Aconcagua
Guinea, French Guinea, Surinami (6960 m)- ht.t in Andes; in
Nablina= ht.t peak in Brazil Argentina; ht.t in W hemi
Brazilian Highland Rich in mine, coffee plantation awa S hemi;
Coniferous forest ii. 2 chains:
In dry region- savanna-like grassland Occidental and Oriental
Campos Cardillera
Matogroso Highland of Brazil
iii. Mt. Chimborazo-
Granchacos Local name- hunting land
ht.t peak of Ecuador
Warm temperate land
Famous for cattle rearing iv. Cordillera- chain
Atacama Desert Coastal desert in Chile of mt.
World’s driest desert v. Mt Ojas del Seldo-
Lot of salt lakes ht.t active volcano in
Rich in Au, Cu, Nitrates, S world
Pampas Temperate grassland vi. Part of 7
Famous leguminous grass- Alfa-Alfa countries: Venezuela,
Patagonian Desert Rain shadow region Columbia, Ecuador,
Semi-arid region Bolivia, Peru, Chile,
Alti Plano Intermontane plateau between Cordillera Argentina
oriental and cordillera occidental
Famous for tin deposit
Australia and New Zealand
Cities in Australia Australia’s Physical Features
Brisbane Capital of Queensland 1. Western Plateau:
Port city a. Old/ shield
Near Ipswich coal field b. High tableland
Sydney oldest + largest city c. Contain desert region- great sandy; Gibson;
Capital of New S. Wales Great Victoria Desert
Major port 2. Central Low-land plain
Canberra Capital of country a. L. Eyre- lowest pt. of Aus; surface of lake
S of Sydney is 12 m below sea level
Admin city b. From Go Carpentaria to Great Aus Bight
Melbourne Capital of Victoria c.Consist of basin, low-lying land and lakes
Aus’s 2nd largest city d. Ayers rock/ Painted rocks
Former capital i. Changes colour during day
Adelaide S. Aus capital ii. N terr of Aus
Perth W. Aus Capital iii. Zone of largest monolithic rocks
Darwin N terr. Capital 3. Great Diving Range/ E Highland
Hobart Tasmania capital a. From Cape York Penin to Victoria
Province; continue beyond Bass St. to Tasmania
b. Most elevated part of Aus- Black fault mt.
Addnal info:
1. Wellington: S most capital in world
2. S Alps- in NZ; Mt. Cook; Cook Strait separates N and S island
3. Australian Alps- ht.t peak= Mt. Kosciusko
4. Great Barrier Reef- world’s largest coral reef
5. Murray-Darling River System- largest river system of Aus; Darling= main trib.
Europe
River Source Outflow City Info
Po Adriatic Sea Venice
Tiber Medit Sea Rome Cuspate delta
Rhone Switzerland Go Lyon’ Lions in Lyon (Fr.) Flows thro’ L. Geneva
Medit
Ebro Spain; cuspate delta
Togus
Volga Caspian Sea Largest in Europe;
3690 km
Danube Black forest Black Sea Linz, Vienna, Only river that passes/ touches
Budapest, 8 countries
Belgrade
Rhine Alps N. Sea Flows thro’ rift valley; boundary
between Fr. And Germany;
biggest inland waterway in
Europe
Mt. Range
Addnal Info:
Pennine Central Upland region of Great Britain
a. St. of Gibraltor- key to Medit. Pyrenes Sep Fr from Spain
b. Don’t confuse between Apennine From W Alps to S. Italy; limestone hills;
Pennine (UK), Pyrenes (sep Fr+ known for wine prodn
Spain) and Apennines (Italy) Cantabarian In N. Spain
c. North Sea: range
i. Very wide continental Alps Lies in SE Fr.; sep Fr. + Italy; ht.t= Mount
shelfplankton  Blanc; watershed in Switz
fishing grds (Dogger Carpetian Mt In Poland, Ukraine, Romania
bank= imp fishing Ural Mt. Between Europe and Asia
ground) Mt. Light house of Medit Sea- because of active
ii. Connected to Baltic Sea Stromboli volcano
thro’ Kiel Canal Iberian Surrounded by Bay of Biskey, Atlantic
Penin. Ocean, Medit. Sea
Cola Penin. In Russia
Important Cities
Copenhagen Capital+ largest in
Denmark; to Baltic Sea
Oslo Norway
Stockholm On Baltic Sea; Sweden
Helsinki Aka “white city of N”
Paris Seine river
Berlin Elbe river
Warsaw Vistula River
London Thames; 1st undergrd
rail
SiKiang
Asia
River Source Outflow
Amur Between CHN+ Russia
Huang Ho Tibetan Pl. Gulf of Bo Hai Sorrow of CHN; Yellow River
Yangtze Tibetan Pl. E CHN Sea Longest in Asia;
Shanghai and Wuhan city
SiKiang E Yunan S CHN Sea Silk Prodn (>50% in CHN comes
from Yangtze and Sikiang Delta)
Mekong Tibetan Pl. S CHN Sea Longest in SE Asia; Ho Chi Minh
and Phnom Penh City
Chaophriya Gulf of Thailand Bangkok
Salween Tibetan Pl. Go Martaban Largest in Myanmar;
Irrawaddy N Myanmar BoB Lifeline of Myanmar; Mandalay city
Tigris +Euphrates Persian Gulf Meet at Shatt-al-Arab in Iraq
Amu Darya+ Syr Aral Sea Inland; main river of Central Asia;
Darya flows through semi-arid depression

Lakes Plains
Baikal Source of R. Lena Manchurian By Amur R. and trib. In N
In E Siberia CHN
Bakash Kazakhstan Great Plains of By Hwang Ho and Yangtze
CHN in E CHN
Aral Between Kazak + Uzbek
W Siberian Between Ural Mt.+ Yenisey
Sea Amu+ Syr Darya flow into it
Plains R. (Russia); one of largest
Dead Lowest point in Asia lowlands in world
Sea Part of Rift Valley Rub-al-Khali (lit.) Empty space; In Arabic
Along W Bank of Jordon Penin.; largest continuous
sand desert (erg) in S. of S.
Arabia
Mesopotamian By Tigris + Euphrates
Gobi Desert Interior of continent+ almost zero rainfall arid/ desert
SE of Mongolian Plateau; Extends into CHN
Takla Makan Desert/ In CHN- intermontane (between Tien Shan + Kunlun Shan)
Tarim Basin
Ladakh Plateau Intermontane Plateau (Between Karakoram + Greater Him)
Tibetan Plateau Intermontane between Kunlun Shan and Him
Largest plateau in world with avg. altitude of 4280 m
Armenian Knot Mt. Albrus in Caucasus= ht.t peak in Europe;
Mt. Taurus; Mt. Pontin
Pamir Plateau Roof of the world
 Manufacturing Industries
1. Types-
2. Location- factors: Raw material, power, market, transport, historical, ind.l policy
3. Major Industries:
a. Iron and Steel Industry:
Raw mat.= Fe ore, coking coal, limestone, dolomite, Mn, fire clay all are gross
(wt. losing)  best location for plants is near the raw mats
There is a crescent shaped region- CH, N OD, JH, W WB- rich in Fe ore+ raw mat
i. Integrated Steel Plants
Location River Fe ore Coal/ power other
TISCO Near Mumbai-Kolkata Subarnarekha Noamundi and Joda mines (OD) Coking coal
rail line and Kharkari Badam Pahar from Jharia
and W Bokaro
IISCO 3 plants: Hirapur, Kulti, Barakar river Singhbhum (JH) Damodar coal
Burnpur (WB); along (trib of fields (Raniganj,
Kolkata-Asansol rail line Damodar) Jharia, Ramgarh)
VISL Bhadravati river Kemangundi in NO; hydroelec
Bababudan hills from Jog Falls
Rourkela Sundergarh OD Koel and Sankh Sundergarh and Jharia JH; Germany
rivers Kendujhar Hirakund proj
Bhilai Durg CH; on Kolkata Tanduladam Dalli Rajhar Korba and Kargali Russia
Mumbai railway route mine coal fields+ Korba
thermal plant
Durgapur WB; on Kolkata-DL Damodar Vallley Noamundi Raniganj+ Jharia ; UK
railway route Co (DVC) DVC
Bokaro Rourkela Russia
Other: Vizag Steel Plant, Vijayanagar SP (Hosapete in KN), Salem SP (TN)(latest)
ii. Mini Steel Plants
iii. Secondary Producers, Rolling mills, ancillary industries
b. Cotton Textile Industry
a. Ancient/ med time- world famous—muslin, calicos, chintz--- Why?
i. tropical country with hot and humid climate
ii. large prodn  available skilled labour (generationally transferred)
b. Brits did not encourage
c. 1854: 1st modern cotton mill at Mumbai
Adv of Mumbai- near cotton producing GJ, MH; port; fin centre; labour;
Then, 2 mills at Ahm: Shahpur Mill, Calico Mill
Impetus by Swadeshi movement, railway. It expanded across country.
d. By 1947: 423 mills
Partn: good cotton areas went to W Pak; India had 409 mills but only 29%
cotton producing area. But eventually, recovered
e. Powerlooms produce much more than handlooms
f. Cotton is a “pure” raw material which does NOT lose weight during manufg
g. Present trend: industry close to market
h. Major centres: Ahm, Bhiwandi, Solapur, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Indore, Ujjain
i. Leading cotton producers: MH, GJ, TN
Oth: WB, UP, KN, PB
 j. TN: Max mills (half in Coimbatore); Madurai, Salem, Chennai, Tuticorin, etc.
KN: In NE KN: Davangere, Hubballi, Ballari, Mysuru, Bengaluru
TL: most mills= spinning mills producing yarn- Hyd, Secundarabad, Warangal
UP: Kanpur= largest centre; Modinagar, Hathras, Saharanpur, Agra, Lucknow
WB: In Hugli region- Howrah Seramur Kolkata, Shyamnagar
c. Sugar Industry:
India= largest producer of sugarcane awa cane sugar= 8% world production
Employs 4L persons directly+ various farmers indirectly
Seasonal industry
1903: modern sugar mill in BR
1950-1: 139 factories op.l; 2010-1: 662
Location
a. Sucrose content of Sugarcane begins to dry after harvest Sugarcane=
weight-losing crop (ratio of sugar: sugarcane= 9-12%)  Better recovery of
sugar if crushed within 24 hours  industry near cane producing regions
b. MH= Leading sugar producing (1/3rd of India)
UP= 2nd (Ganga-Yamuna Doab and Terai region)
TN; Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruvanamalai, Villupurum, Trichy
KN: Belagavi, Ballari, Mandya, Shivamogga, Vijayapura, Chitradurg
BR: Saran, Darbhanga, Gaya; PB declined; new in GJ
Coasts of AP, TL; BR, PB, HR, MP, GJ
c. Petrochemical Industries
i. 1960s: rapid increase in demand for organic chemicals  petroleum
refinery industry expanded rapidly
ii. 4 sub-groups of this industry: (i) polymers, (ii) synthetic fibers, (iii)
elastomers, (iv) surfactant intermediate
iii. Hub= Mumai
Cracker units: Auraiya (UP), Jamnagar, Gandhinagar, Hajira (GJ),
Nagothane, Ratnagiri (MH), Haldia (WB), Vishakhapatnam (AP)
iv. 3 organisations under Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals:
- IPCL Indian Petrochem Corporation Ltd.: PSU- manuf+ distri
- PCL Petrofils Cooperative Ltd.- JV of GoI and Weaver’s Coop.ve
Societies- produces polyester filament yarn+ nylon chups—in
Vadodra and Naldhari (GJ)
- CIPET Central Inst of Plastic Engg+ Tech.: imparting training
v. Polymers:
- made from ethylene+ propylene
- obtained in process of refining crude oil
- raw material in plastic industry.
- Among polymers, polyethene is widely used thermoplastic
- NOCIL National Orgnic Chemicals Industries Ltd: Est 1961, started
1st naphtha based chemical industry in Mumbai
- Major plants in: Mumbai, Barauni, Mettur, Pimpri, Rishra
- 75% units in small scale sector.
- Recycled plastics= 30% of total production
vi. Synthetic fibres:
 - Used in manuf of fabrics—inherent strength, durability,
washability, resistance to shrinkage
- Nylon+ polyester yarn produced at: Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai,
Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain, Nagpur, Udhna
- Acrylic staple: Kota, Vadodra
4. Industrial Regions in India
Indl Region What Where
Mumbai- Cotton (Mumbai), chemical, engg goods, leather, synthetic Mumbai, Kolaba, Kalyan, Thane,
Pune and plastic goods, drugs, fertilisers, electrical, shipbuilding, Trombay, Pune, Pimpri, Nashik.
electronics, software, transport equipment, food industries Manmad, Solapur, Kolhapur,
Ahmednagar, Satara, Sangil
Hugli Rail connectivity, tea plantations, jute, coalfields, iron ore Kolkata, Haora, Haldia, Serampur,
deposits, cheap labour, ; jute, cotton, paper, engg, textile Rishra, Shibpur, Naihati, Kakinara,
machinery, electrical, chem, pharma, fertiliser, Shamnagar, Titagarh, Sodepur,
petrochemical Budge, Birlanagar, Bansberia,
Belgurriah, Triveni, Hugli, Belur
Bengaluru- Far from coal dep on Pykara hydroelectric plant; Cotton, loom industry, engg, Textile, rail
Chennai wagons, diesel engine, radio, rubber goods, medicines, Al, sugar, cement, glass, paper, chem,
film, cigarette, match box, leather goods ; HAL, HTL, Bharat Electronics,
GJ Textile, cotton, oilfields, petrochem., Kandla port, motor, Ahm, Vadodra, Bharuch, Koyali,
diesel engines, textile machinery, engg, pharma, dyes, Khera, Surendranagar, Rajkot,
pesticides, sugar, dairy, food processinf Surat, Valsad, Jamnagar
Chota- Heavy metallurgical industries, Damodar Valley- coal; lots of Ranchi, Dhanbad, Chaibasa,
nagpur minerals; near Hugli region Sindri, Hazaribagh, Jamshedpur,
6 large integrated iron+ steel plants- Jamshedpur, Burnpur- Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur,
Kulti, Durgapur, Bokaro, Pourkela Asansol, Dalmianagar
Vishakha- Vishakhapatnam and Machilipatnam ports; devpd agri; lots Vaishapatnam, Vijayawada,
patnam- of minerals; Godavari basin coal; ship building, sugar, textile, Vijaynagar, Rajahmundry.,
Guntur jute, paper, fertiliser, cement, Al, Guntur, Eluru, Kurnool
Gurugram-DL- Meerut
Kollam- Plantation, agri, hydropower,; far from mineral belt; cotton Kollam, Trivandrum, Alluva, etc.
Trivandrum textile, sugar, rubber, matchbox, glass, chemical fertiliser,
fish-based; coconut coir prod, cement, Al, etc

Imp indl centres:

Ahm- cotton
Aligarh- locks
Alwaye (KR)- Rare Earths
Ankleshwar- Oil
Bhopal- Heavy Electricals
Renukoot- Al
Kurkunta- Cement
Bhadravati- Fe+ steel
Vizag- ships

footloose industries- known

 Minerals and Energy Resources
1. Types of Minerals
a. Metallic Minerals
i. Ferrous: Have iron content; Fe, Mn, chromite etc.- for metallurgical indy
ii. non-Ferrous: Cu, Bauxite (India is poor in non-ferrous, except Bauxite)
b. Non-metallic Minerals-
i. Fuel Minerals: Organic; Coal, Petroleum, natural gas
ii. Other non-metallics: Inorganic; mica, limestone, graphite
2. Characteristics of Minerals:
a. Uneven distribution over space
b. There is an inverse relationship between quantity and quality
c. All minerals are exhaustible over time
d. Take long to develop geologically
3. Distribution of Minerals in India
Mostly in Peninsula- 97% in valleys of Damodar, Son, Mahanadi, Godavari
Minerals are generally in 3 belts:
a. NE Plateau Region: ChhN, OD Plateau, WB, parts of CHH
b. SW Plateau Region: KN, GA, TN uplands, KR;
i. rich in ferrous metals and bauxite;
ii. high grade Fe, Mn, limestone;
iii. lacks- Coal deposits except Neyveli lignite;
iv. NOT diversified mineral deposits as NE belt;
v. KR has deposits of Monazite and Thorium, bauxite clay.
vi. Goa has Fe ore deposits
c. NW Region: Along Aravalli and parts of GJ
i. Assd with Dharwar system of rocks
ii. Major minerals= Cu, Zn
iii. RJ- Sandstone, granite, marble, Gypsum and Fuller’s earth; Dolomite+ limestone= raw mat for cement industry
iv. GJ- Petroleum deposits
d. Himalayan belt: Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, tungsten; AS has mineral oil deposits;
 India Rank States rank+ location Mines, fields, etc. About
Fe India= 95% Fe: OD, JH, CH, KN, GA, TL, AP, JH Singhbhum (Noamundi, Sindurpur, Kiribaru, Gua) Two types in India=
largest in TN OD Mayurbhanj (Gurumahisani, Badampahar, Sulaiput), Kendujhar haematite, magnetite
Asia OD (Kirubiru), Sundergarh (Bonai), Jhar Occur near coalfields in NE
MP Jabalpur, Balaghat plateau- added adv
CH Durg (Dalli Rajhara), Bastar (Bailadila)
AP Guntur, Kurnool
TN Salem, Tiruchirapalli
MH Lohara (Piplagaon), Ratnagiri
GA
KN Bellary, Chitradurga, Chikmagalur, Tumkur Kudremukh
Mn 1st= OD; OD Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi, Bolangir Raw material for smelting
KN, MH, MP, TL, GA, JH iron ore+ manuf ferro alloys
KN Dharwar, Ballari, Belagavi, N Canara. Chikmangalur, Shivamogga,
Mainly assd with Dharwar
Chitradurg, Tumakuru
MH Nagpur, Bhandara, Rtnagiri prob: far from steel plants
MP Balaghat-Chhindwara-Nimar-Mandla belt; Jhabua
Bauxite 1st= OD; JH: Ranchi, patlands of Lohardaga Used to manuf Al; found in
JH, GJ, CH, MP, MH OD: Kalahandi, Samabalpur, Bolangir, Koraput tertiary deposits; assd with
laterite rocks on plateau/
hulls of penin India+ coasts
Cu JH: Singhbhum Eelectrical industry;
MP: Balaghat, alloyable, malleable, ductile;
RJ: Jhunjhunu, Alwar mixed with Au for jewellery
Mica AP- largest mica producing state JH Hazirabagh (best quality) For electrical industry; thin
JH, AP, TL, RJ, TN AP Nellore sheets—tough+ flexible
RJ Ajmer, Beawal, Tonk, Bhilwara, Sikar, Udaipur, Banswara
Coal
Petroleum
Natural AS Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran, Sibsagar
Gas GJ Mehsana, Dholka, Kalol, Ankaleshwar, Kosamba
- Krishna-Godavari Basin
Limestone MP Satna, Jabalpur, Rewa
 CH Bilaspur, Raipur, Durg 75% used in cement
TL Warangal, Mahbubnagar industry
AP Guntur
KN Shimoga
RJ Jhunjhunu, Pali, Sirohi
GJ Banaskantha, Amreli, Junagarh
Dolomite OD= Largest producer BR Rohtar
JH Chaibara (Singhbhum), Palaman distt.
OD Sundergarh, Samabalpur, Koratpur
Asbestos RJ Alwar, Ajmer, Pali, Udaipur
AP Cuddapah
KN Shimogah, Chikmagalur
Gypsum RJ= Largest producer RJ Churu, Ganganagar, Bikaner, Nagaur, Pali
JK Baramulla, Doda
TN Tiruchillapalli
Diamond MP Panna
AP Anantpur, Kurnool
KN Bellary
OD Sambalpur
Uranium JH Hazaribagh, Singhbhum
RJ Udaipur
KR Monazite sands on coast
Gold AP Ratnagiri (Anantpur)
KN Hutti (Raichur), Kolar
KR Kozhikode
Copper RJ Jhunjhunu, Khetri, Alwar, Udaipur
MH Chandrapur
KN Chitradurga
JH Hazaribagh, Singhbhum
MP Balaghat (Malanjkhand belt)
AP Guntoor, Kurnool
TN Khammam
Pb+ Zn SK, MG, AP (Cuddapah), RJ (Zawar), GJ (Banaskantha)
 Transport and Communication
National Highways Cons+ maintained by GoI (NHAI) 2% of total but 40% of total traffic
State Highways Cons+ maintined by GoSs 4% of total length
District Roads 14% of total length
Rural roads 80% of total
Other roads Border roads, International Highways, etc- BRO
At present there are 17 railway zones and 70 divisions

Until 2010, NHs contd to be numbered the way they were in the NH Act 1956.
In 2010, govt notification to rationalise numbering—> all E-W highways were odd numbers and increase N to S; all N-S were even numbered and increase E to W
NH 44 is the longest NH staring from Srinagar till Kanyakumari and is a result of merger of 7 major NHs old old numbers

Port of call—> ports which originally developed as calling points on main sea routes, where ships used to anchor for
refueling, watering and taking food items. Later on, they developed as commercial ports. eg Aden, Singapore, Honululu

Entrepot Port: collection centres where goods are brought from different countries for export. eg Singapore, Rotterdam,
Coperhagen