MUHAMM

ROWLATT ACT
What was Rowlatt act?
Rowlatt act was introduced to check growing revolutionary activities in India.
Arrest without warrant, detention without bail, there was no right of appeal,
Provincial Government could ban gathering and can order people where to
live.
Despite Indian opposition the Act was passed in 1919.

AMRITSAR MASSACRE
What was Amritsar massacre?
In April 1919 there was ban on public meetings in Amritsar due to riots and
murder of 5 Europeans. On deport of two nationalist leaders, 20,000 people
were gathered at Jullianwala bagh to protest. General Dyer fired on unarmed
peaceful people without warning, 400 people were killed and 1200 were
injured.

Who was General Dyer?

A British commander; Following demonstrations in Amritsar, in early 1919 he
moved troops there to restore order following riots; On April 13th he ordered
the troops to confront a peaceful gathering of thousands of people in the
Jallianwala Bagh. The troops opened fire killing many people; Dyer was later
removed from command because of his cruel actions but not punished.

 It was passed to strengthen the control of British which have been weakened
since the four years after World War 1.
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
What was Khilafat movement?
The Khilafat movement was started by Indian Muslims in 1919 after the
Allied forces defeated the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) in the First World War.
Indian Muslims demanded the protection of the Ottoman Empire's
boundaries and the respect of the Holy places of Muslims located in it. They
also demanded that the caliphate of the Ottoman Empire not be changed.
 MUHAMM

What was Mopla uprising?

In Aug 1921 at Malabar a uprising by Mopla Muslim against Hindu land lords
and British resulted in deaths of thousands. Property of Hindus was
destroyed including temples. In the end British troops controlled the
situation. 4000 Moplas were killed. Hindu-Muslim riots spread to northern
India so HinduMuslim unity declined (reduced) in Khilafat movement.

What was Hijrat movement?

During Khilafat movement Maulana Abdul Bari and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
declared India as Darul harb. 80,000 Indian Muslim migrated to Afghanistan
where they were not welcomed on return they found themselves homeless
and jobless reduced popularity of Khilafat movement.

Who Kamal Attaturk?

Mustafa Kamal Pasha was a military officer to Turk army removed Caliph
Muhammad VI in 1922 and abolished institute of caliphate, declared Turkey
as democracy. Musltafa Kamal Pasha later took title of Kamal Attaturk.

What was Treaty of Versailles?

The Treaty of Versailles decided to split Germany into two by creating a new
country Poland. Germans were asked to pay a huge some of Victorious Allies.
The same measures were taken against Austria also.

What was Treaty of Sevres?

The Treaty of Sevres (1920) was against Muslims and according to this
Turkey was to be divided amongst the victorious allies. It further said that
Ottoman Empire was to be split up in a way the Arabia was made
independent, some parts of Turkey would be given under league of Nations
and the remaining Turkish land would be given to Greece. While Turkey’s
only possession in Europe would be the areas around Istanbul. The British
Prime Minister Lloyd George wanted to split Turkey also in the same way
they did with Germany & Austria. The Muslims of South Asia were angry at
this decision & started to stop the British doing any harm to Khilafat in
Turkey.

What was First Khilafat Conference?

 The FIRST KHILAFAT CONFERENCE was held on 23rd November 1919 at Delhi
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF
and Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq emphasized in his presidential address that support
of non-muslims should be enlisted in this issue. After this meeting, the main
purpose was to convince the British not to take any action against Turkey.
At the end of this conference a resolution was passed which decided to send
a delegation to England to show the strength of this movement.

 A “KHILAFAT COMMITTEE” was organized in the first step of the

movement & Maulana Shaukat Ali was nominated as Secretary, Congress
also assured its full support in this moment and Abul Kalam Azad
represented it.
 Congress also agreed to boycott British goods and adopting a policy of
noncooperation against the British.
 Gandhi also approved a passive resistance called SATYAGRAYA.

What was Second Khilafat Conference?

The SECOND KHILAFAT CONFERENCE was held in the AMRITSAR on 28 th
December 1919, where both the parties (Khilafat Movement and
Noncooperation movement) planned for the future. It was agreed to merge
all the political groups & Gandhi was made the leader of these groups.

What was Khilafat Delegation?

KHILAFAT DELEGATION left for England led by Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar
to meet the Prime Minister Lloyd George. It was totally useless because the
Prime Minister refused to accept any proposal of the Khilafat Delegation and
it failed without its desired results. Gandhi took a tour of India & both the
Hindus
& the Muslims started NON-COPERATION MOVEMENT against the British govt.

What was Third Khilafat Conference?

The THIRD KHILAFAT CONFERENCE was held in Karachi from 9-11 July, in
which services with police and army were termed Haram. The Indians were
convinced to give up Govt. services, give back titles, boycott courts and
British goods, and resign from local bodies not to attend schools and
colleges. After this resolution many Indian leaders were arrested including Ali
brothers. Jinnah had already predicted that it might be violent & the same
thing happened in Nilambar & Tirur where police stations were set on fire.
After this conference the prominent political leaders were arrested.
 MUHAMM

What was the All India Khilafat Conference?

Held in Delhi in November 1919, led by Ali brothers who hoped to try and
persuade the British to keep their promises about maintaining the Turkish
Empire. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Gandhi represented Congress. Gandhi
hoped to unite Hindus and Muslims in his non-violent campaign against the
British. Azad warned the Conference that David Lloyd George intended to
punish Turkey for fighting against Britain in the war. The Conference passed
a resolution agreeing to send a delegation to Britain, making sure they were
aware of the strength of Muslim support for the Khalifa.

What was Chaura Chauri Incident?

In February 1922 CHAURA CHAURI INCIDENT a village near UP a dispute
originated between the police and the demonstrating people. The excited
people killed 21 policemen when they fired on the political procession.
Gandhi was shocked to hear this and withdrew his support from the non-
cooperation movement, which was destruction to the Khilafat movement.

Who was Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar?

He was educated from Aligarh and Oxfard University, published english
newspaper Comrade and Hamdard which played an important role in Khilafat
movement and round table conference, he struggled for independence from
Britian died in 1931 during second round table conference.

Rowlatt Act (Passed 1919):

Q.1: Why was Rowlatt Act presented in 1918?
 To curb the revolutionary activity in India. The Defence of India Act in 1915 was
ineffective to stop the revolutionary activities in the sub-continent after the start
up of World War 1.
 The Rowlatt Act was passed to deal with all those who were likely to oppose the
upcoming reforms.
Khilafat Movement (1919):
Q.1: Why was Turkish Empire important for Indian Muslims?
 Last Muslim Empire in existence.
 Holy Places of Muslims.
 Status of Caliph.
Q.2: Why was the Khilafat Movement launched in 1919?
 To save Turkish Empire from punishment which the British was likely to give. (It
contained many Holy Places, it was last Muslim Empire in existence and the Caliph
was symbolic of Universal Muslim Community).
 It was a Movement which was launched to safeguard the rights of Muslims.
(When the British and Russia decided about Persia and Afghanistan little attention
was given to the views of native Muslim population).
 Muslims actually started it to exhibit their Muslim Brotherhood. (Maulvi Fazl-ul-
Haq said that any collapse of Muslim Empire would have impact on the political
influence of their community in India).

Q.3: Why the Khilafat Movement failed?

 Withdrawal of support from Congress.
 Experiences of Hijrat Movement.
 Abolishment of Caliphate by the Turks.

Q.4: Why was the Khilafat Movement considered important? / Why is Khilafat
Movement considered as fore-runner of Pakistan?
 Muslims gained the experience of political movement.
 Muslims realised that they had to organize themselves to demand their political
rights instead of depending on others.
 It led to Muslims get closer to their own independent state.

Q.5: Why did the Congress/Gandhi support the Khilafat Movement?

 The Congress wanted to show that not they not only represent Hindus but they
are also ready to work for Muslim cause as well.
 The Congress felt bound to support it due to Lucknow Pact.
 The Congress wanted to make use of Muslim agitation by supporting them in
Khilafat Movement and pressurizing British to give India self-rule.

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Q.6: Why did the Congress withdraw the support from the Khilafat Movement in
1922?
 In August 1921, At Tirur Moplahs in South India started uprising against Hindu
Landlords and British.
 Hindus were only interested in self-rule.
 Gandhi realised that India was not ready for mass campaign. (Chauri-Chaura
incident in Februrary 1921).

Q.7: Why did the relations between the Muslims and the Hindus deteriorate at
the end of Khilafat Movement / after 1920?
 The Congress withdrew support from Khilafat Movement which Muslims saw as
betrayal and deliberate damage to the Movement.
 Hindu nationalists’ parties had become more active during this time. Arya Samaj
and Hindu Mahasabha.
 As the time passed Hindus did not remain in support of Muslim demands laid
down in Lucknow Pact in 1916.