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GIS data storage and management

The document discusses the importance of database management systems (DBMS) in the context of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), highlighting their role in storing, manipulating, and retrieving spatial data. It outlines the characteristics and requirements of spatial databases and introduces the concept of geodatabases, which can scale to accommodate large datasets and multiple users. Key concepts of DBMS architecture are also presented, emphasizing the organization of data into tables and the relationships between them.

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Mohammed Jifar
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1 views

GIS data storage and management

The document discusses the importance of database management systems (DBMS) in the context of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), highlighting their role in storing, manipulating, and retrieving spatial data. It outlines the characteristics and requirements of spatial databases and introduces the concept of geodatabases, which can scale to accommodate large datasets and multiple users. Key concepts of DBMS architecture are also presented, emphasizing the organization of data into tables and the relationships between them.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Jifar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GIS DATA STORAGE AND MANAGEMENT

Biruk G.
March 2020
INTRODUCTION TO DBMS

 Databases and database systems have become an essential


component of everyday life in modern society.

 In the course of a day, most of us encounter several activities


that involve some interaction with a database.
SOME EXAMPLES

 In the past few years, advances in technology have been


leading to exciting new applications of database systems.

 Multimedia databases
 can now store pictures, video clips, and sound messages.
 Data warehouses and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) systems
 are used in many companies to extract and analyze useful information
from very large databases for decision making.
 Real-time and active database technology
 is used in controlling industrial and manufacturing processes.
 Geographic information systems (GIS)
 can store and analyze maps, weather data, and satellite images.
WHAT IS DATABASE AND DBMS?

 Databases are organized collections of interrelated


data.

 Are managed by a software known as database


management systems (DBMS) and shared by multiple
applications.
WHY DBMS?
WHY DBMS?
GIS AND DBMS

 Database management systems are an integrated and crucial


components of most successful GIS.

 DBMSs are used to store, manipulate and retrieve data from a


database.

 A key element in creating spatial database is database design


using a variety of data modeling techniques.
SPATIAL DATABASE

 Definition
 A spatial database is a collection of spatially referenced data that
acts as a model of reality
 a database is a model of reality in the sense that the database
represents a selected set or approximation of phenomena
 these selected phenomena are deemed important enough to
represent in digital form
 the digital representation might be for some past, present or
future time period (or contain some combination of several
time periods in an organized fashion)
SPATIAL DATABASE

 Fundamental database elements


 Elements of reality modeled in a GIS database have two
identities:

 Entity - the element in reality

 Object - the element as it is represented in the database


SPATIAL DATABASE

 Entity
 An entity is "a phenomenon of interest in reality that is not further
subdivided into phenomena of the same kind"

 e.g. a city could be considered an entity and subdivided into


component parts but these parts would not be called cities, they
would be districts, neighborhoods or the like

 e.g. a forest could be subdivided into smaller forests


SPATIAL DATABASE

 Object

 An object is "a digital representation of all or part of an entity"

 The method of digital representation of a phenomenon varies


according to scale, purpose and other factors
 e.g. a city could be represented geographically as a point if the area
under consideration were continental in scale

 the same city could be geographically represented as an area if we are


dealing with a geographic database for a state or a county
GIS DATABASE REQUIREMENTS

 Scale to large sizes (multiple terabytes)

 Scale to large number of users (hundreds to thousands)

 Provide advanced GIS data models and behavior

 Maintain spatial data integrity

 Deliver fast data retrieval

 Support long transactions and GIS work flows

 Support multiple uses and applications

 Proven to work through real case studies


GEODATABASE – INTRODUCTION

 The Geodatabase has three key aspects:

 It is a comprehensive information model and a transaction


model for GIS

 It is the common application logic used in ArcGIS for


accessing and working with all geographic data files and
formats

 It is a physical instance of a collection of datasets stored in a


file system or DBMS
GEODATABASE – INTRODUCTION
 Geodatabases work across a
range of DBMS architectures
and file systems, come in many
sizes, and have varying
numbers of users.
 They can scale from small,
single-user databases built on
files up to larger work group,
department, and enterprise
databases accessed by many
users.
 Two types of Geodatabase
architectures are available:
personal Geodatabases and
multi-user Geodatabases.
GEODATABASE - PERSONAL

 Personal Geodatabases use the Microsoft Jet Engine database


file structure to persist GIS data in smaller databases.

 Personal Geodatabases are much like file-based folders and


hold databases up to 2 GB in size.

 Microsoft Access is used to work with attribute tables in


personal Geodatabases.
GEODATABASES - MULTI-USER

 Readily scale to extremely large sizes and numbers of users.

 Through many large Geodatabase implementations, it has been


found that DBMSs are efficient at moving the type of large
binary objects required for GIS data in and out of tables.

 In addition, GIS database sizes and the number of supported


users can be much larger than GIS file bases.
GEODATABASE - KEY DATABASE CONCEPTS

 The Geodatabase architecture is based on a series of simple yet


essential database concepts.

 The DBMS provides a simple, formal data model for storing and
working with information in tables.

 Users tend to think of the DBMS as inherently open because the


simplicity and flexibility of the generic relational data model enable
it to support a broad array of applications.
GEODATABASE - KEY DATABASE CONCEPTS

 Key DBMS concepts include:


 Data is organized into tables.
 Tables contain rows.
 All rows in a table have the same columns.
 Each column has a type, such as integer, decimal number, character,
date, and so on.
 Relationships are used to associate rows from one table with rows in
another table. This is based on a common column in each table, the
primary key or the foreign key.
 Relational integrity rules exist for table-based dataset
AT THE HEART OF ANY GIS
THERE IS ALWAYS
A STRONG DATABASE SUPPORT

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