LESSON 3: Developmental

Stages in Middle
and Late Adolescence
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
• Discuss developmental tasks and
challenges experienced during
adolescence
• Evaluate one’s development through the
help of significant people around him/her
(peers, parents, siblings, friends, teachers,
community leaders)
• Identify ways that help one become
capable and responsible adolescent
prepared for adult life
 INTRODUCTION
Life is a series of natural and spontaneous changes called
Human Development. It focuses on human growth and
changes across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive,
social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional
growth. The study of human developmental stages is
essential in understanding how humans learn, mature and
adapt. Moreover, by understanding these changes, you can
better respond and plan ahead effectively.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST 1
PERSONALDEVELOPMENT

Why Am I
Like This?
ADOLESCENCE

The period of life when child

develop into an adults: the
period from puberty to maturity
terminating legally at the age of
majority.
DEVELOPMENTAL
STAGES
 1. PRENATAL (CONCEPTION–BIRTH)

Age when hereditary endowments and sex

are fixed and all body features, both external
and internal are developed.
2. INFANCY (BIRTH–2 YEARS)

Foundation age when basic behavior is

organized and many onto-genetic maturation
skills are developed.
 3. EARLY CHILDHOOD (2-6 YEARS)

Pre-gang age, exploratory, and

questioning. Language and Elementary
reasoning are acquired and initial socialization
is experienced.
4.LATE CHILDHOOD (6-12 YEARS)

Gang and creativity age when self-help

skills, social skills, school skills, and play are
developed.
 5. ADOLESCENCE (PUBERTY-18 YEARS)

Transition age from childhood to

adulthood when sex maturation and rapid
physical development occur resulting to
changes in ways of feeling, thinking and acting.
6.EARLY ADULTHOOD (18-40 YEARS)

Age of adjustment to new patterns of life

and roles such as spouse, parent and bread
winner.
 7.MIDDLE AGE (40 YEARS-RETIREMENT)

Transition age when adjustments to initial

physical and mental decline are experienced.
8.OLD AGE (RETIREMENT-DEATH)

Retirement age when increasingly rapid

physical and mental decline are experienced
HAVIGHURST’S DEVELOPMENTAL
TASKS DURING THE LIFE SPAN
 DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
Robert J. Havighurst elaborated on the Developmental Tasks Theory in
the most systematic and extensive manner. His main assertion is that
development is continuous throughout the entire lifespan, occurring in
stages, where the individual moves from one stage to the next by means of
successful resolution of problems or performance of developmental tasks.
These tasks are those that are typically encountered by most people in
the culture where the individual belongs. If the person successfully
accomplishes and masters the developmental task, he feels pride and
satisfaction, and consequently earns his community or society’s approval.
 1. INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD (0-5)

• Learning to walk
• Learning to take solid foods
• Learning to talk
• Learning to control the elimination of body
wastes
• Learning sex differences and sexual modesty
• Acquiring concepts and language to
describe social and physical reality
• Readiness for reading
• Learning to distinguish right from wrong and
developing a conscience
2. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (6-12)

• Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary

games
• Building a wholesome attitude toward oneself
• Learning to get along with age-mates
• Learning an appropriate sex role
• Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing,
and calculating
• Developing concepts necessary for everyday
living
• Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of
values
• Achieving personal independence
• Developing acceptable attitudes toward society
 3. ADOLESCENCE (13-18)

• Achieving mature relations with both sexes

• Achieving a masculine or feminine social
role
• Accepting one’s physique
• Achieving emotional independence of adults
• Preparing for marriage and family life
• Preparing for an economic career
• Acquiring values and an ethical system to
guide behavior
• Desiring and achieving socially responsible
behavior
4. EARLY ADULHOOD (19-30)

• Selecting a mate
• Learning to live with a partner
• Starting a family
• Rearing children
• Managing a home
• Starting an occupation
• Assuming civic responsibility
 5. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (30-60)

• Helping teenage children to become happy

and responsible adults
• Achieving adult social and civic
responsibility
• Satisfactory career achievement
• Developing adult leisure time activities
• Relating to one’s spouse as a person
• Accepting the physiological changes of
middle age
• Adjusting to aging parent
6. LATER MATURITY (61-DEATH)

• Adjusting to decreasing strength and health

• Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
• Adjusting to death of spouse
• Establishing relations with one’s own age
group
• Meeting social and civic obligations
• Establishing satisfactory living quarters
Stages of Adolescent Development
Development Tasks and
Challenges experienced
during Adolescence

Adolescence is a period of transition

when the individual changes—
physically and psychologically—from
a child to an adult.

It is a period when rapid

physiological and psychological
changes demand new social roles
to take place.
Give 1 awkward changes
that have occurred in
your adolescent life and
explain how you
managed it.
Development Tasks and
Challenges experienced
during Adolescence
Challenges faced by
Adolescent
 BIOLOGICAL CHANGES
Adolescence begins with the first well-
defined maturation event called
puberty. Included in the biological
challenges are the changes that occur
due to the release of the sexual
hormones that affect emotions
COGNITIVE CHALLENGES
Piaget, in his theory of social development
believed that adolescence is the time when
young people develop cognitively from
“concrete operations” to “formal operations”.
So they are able to deal with ideas, concepts
and abstract theories. However, it takes time
for confidence to build with using these newly
acquired skills, and they may make mistakes
in judgement. Learning through success and
failure is part of the challenge of the learning
process for the adolescent.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
The psychological challenges that the
adolescent must cope with are moving
from childhood to adulthood. A new
person is emerging, where rules will
change, maybe more responsibilities will
be placed on him/her so that a certain
standard of behavior is now required to
be maintained. Accountability is
becoming an expectation from both a
parental and legal concept.
 PHYSICAL CHANGES
DURING ADOLESCENCE
For girls, you might start to see early
physical changes from about 10 or 11 years,
but they might start as early as 8 years or as
old as 13 years.
These physical changes during puberty
include:
• development of breast
• changes in body shape and height
• growth of pubic and body hair
• onset of menstruation or monthly period
PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING
ADOLESCENCE
For boys, physical changes usually start at around 11 or 12
years, but they might start as young as 9 years or as old as
14 years.
These physical changes include:
• growth of the penis and testes
(testicles)
• changes in body shape and
height
• erections with ejaculation
• growth of body and facial hair
• changes in voice.
BODY IMAGE CONCERNS
• It is within the context described
above that children and adolescents
begin to form their perception of their
own bodies – their body image.

• Body image can be defined as the

subjective evaluation of one’s body
and appearance (Smolak & Thompson
2009).
• In body image research, a person’s
body image is often described in
terms of the level of body-esteem.
NUTRITION, HEALTH, AND HYGIENE
Nutrition and dietary habits during adolescence
• Adolescence is a period of rapid physical
growth, with a corresponding increase in
nutritional requirements to support the
increase in body mass and to build up
stores of nutrients.
• Adolescence, because of their growing
bodies and brains, are gifted with so much
energy that seems inexhaustible, resulting
to abuse of body and mind.
IMPROVING THE NUTRITION OF ADOLESCENTS
Adolescent nutrition can be improved through
several measures including:
• recognition of the increased
nutritional requirements of
adolescents;
• nutritional education for the
promotion of healthy dietary habits
stated below;
• adequate diet at specific times;
• control of excessive indulgence in
food, especially those foods high in
sugar and fat;
IMPROVING THE NUTRITION OF ADOLESCENTS
Adolescent nutrition can be improved through
several measures including:
• minimizing the intake of sweets and
snacks between main meals, especially
junk food snacks;
• regular physical exercise to burn excess
calories and to strengthen muscles;
• regular intake of breakfast;
• use of sugar replacement if prone to
obesity; and
• ensuring that poultry and poultry
products, including meat are well-cooked,
and clean.
 MAJOR HEALTH CONCERNS OF ADOLESCENTS
• Obesity. It simply means that the
energy intake exceeds the amount
of energy consumed, and the
residual difference accumulates in
the body to cause fat.
• Anemia. Primarily caused by iron
deficiency.

• Iodine deficiency. It leads to

goiter, abortion and mental
retardation.
MAJOR HEALTH CONCERNS OF ADOLESCENTS
• Depression: a specific clinically recognized condition
diagnosed by psychologists or psychiatrists.
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STDs): It must be understood that
these age groups are vulnerable to
such infections.
❑ Examples for STDs: Syphilis
(spirochete), Hepatitis B (virus), Herpes
(virus), HIV (virus), AIDS (disease),
Trichomoniasis vaginitis (flagellar),
Genital warts (virus) and Chlamydia
infection (intracellular organisms).
 ADOLESCENCE IS A TIME TO BUILD ON THESE BASICS

• Good hygiene habits in

childhood are a great
foundation for good hygiene in
the teenage years. And if
you’ve got open, honest
communication with your child,
it’ll make it easier to talk about
the personal hygiene issues
that come up in adolescence.
Why good personal
hygiene matters?
 HELPING ADOLESCENT CHILD WITH THE BASICS OF
PERSONAL HYGIENE:

• Body odor: When children

reach puberty, a sweat gland
in their armpit and genital area
develops. Regular changing of
underwear and other clothes
worn next to the skin is
especially important.
 HELPING ADOLESCENT CHILD WITH THE BASICS OF
PERSONAL HYGIENE:

• Smelly feet: Smelly feet and

shoes can also be a problem,
whether you are sporty or not.
One can avoid this by giving
your feet extra attention while
taking a shower, and making
sure they are completely dry
before putting your socks and
shoes on.
 HELPING ADOLESCENT CHILD WITH THE BASICS OF
PERSONAL HYGIENE:

• Dental hygiene:
Brushing teeth twice a
day, flossing and going
to the dentist regularly
are vital to avoid bad
breath, gum problems
and tooth decay.
 HELPING ADOLESCENT CHILD WITH THE BASICS OF
PERSONAL HYGIENE:

• Girls: Monthly periods. Adolescent girls

should be told to change their pads
more often as well as to dispose these
used pads hygienically. Teenagers do
need extra time in the bathroom.

• Boys: Boys will need advice about

shaving (how to do it and when to
start), looking after their genitals, and
about bodily fluids.
11 Common Problems of
Adolescence
 1. PHYSIICAL CHANGES
• Physical changes happen due
to change in the teenager’s
hormone levels.
 2. EMOTIONAL CHANGES AND
PROBLEMS
• Hormones affect teenager
not only physically but also
emotionally
 3. BEHAVIORAL CHANGES
• Overwhelming emotions can
lead to impulsive behavior,
which can be harmful to a child
as well as others.
• Mostly, it is just teen behavior
that will last as long as their
adolescence
 4. SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE
• Teenagers are vulnerable and
can be easily swayed to the
wrong side.
• Substance abuse is one of the
biggest problems that parents
of adolescents around the
world have to deal with.
 5.EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES
• High school is not all about
fashion, friends, and parties.
• Children also have a lot of
educational activities on their
plate.
 6. HEALTH PROBLEMS
• Adolescents are vulnerable
emotionally and physically. Without
proper nutrition and healthcare,
they are susceptible to illnesses.
• According to a 2015 WHO report,1.3
million adolescents died in 2015, a
majority of them had preventable
diseases.
 7. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
• Research has revealed that around 50% of
mental health disorders that adults have,
begin at the age of 14.
• In fact, one-third of adolescent deaths are
suicides triggered by depression.
• The most common mental health disorders
observed during adolescence are anxiety
and mood disorders.
• Social phobias and panic disorders are
common among this age group.
• Girls may tend to have more vulnerability to
develop depressive disorders than boys.
 8. SOCIAL PROBLEMS-DATING
RELATIONSHIPS
• Attraction to the opposite sex begins during
puberty. Adolescence is the time when their
sexual or reproductive organs start
developing.
• At such a vulnerable time, it is but natural for
teens to feel awkward in social situations.
9. SEXUAL HEALTH – UNPLANNED
PREGNANCY AND STI’S
• The development of secondary sexual
characteristics during adolescence gives
rise to new feelings in teenagers and pushes
them to experiment with their bodies.
 10. ADDICTION TO CYBERSPACE
• The advent of social media has changed the
way we interact with each other.
• It has affected teenage lifestyles the most.
 11. AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE
• Aggression is especially a concern with
adolescent boys.
• Young boys start to develop muscles, grow
tall and have a coarser, manly voice.
• In addition to that,they are moody and
vulnerable and can let others get under their
skin.
 Evaluation of an
Adolescent’s Development
through the Significant
People in their Lives
 Evaluation of an Adolescent’s Development
through the Significant People in their Lives
• Society plays a huge role in molding teens’
behavior, character, and attitude. It determines
how they see other people, their general
outlook, and their ethics.
• Parents, and other family members, can also
influence all these things, but the things that
will remain with the kids for the long term
are learned from society. Now society
comprises of a lot of different things that
include media, neighborhood, laws, and
school.
“How do the people
around you affect
your life?”
 PEERS
• As teens’ emotional maturity increases, their
relationships with their peers change as they
become more vulnerable and emotionally intimate.
• This increased vulnerability and intimacy require
greater trust among peers
• Teens experience closeness
with friends
• Teens turn to their friends for
help; instead of their families
• growing independence
 Teens modify their behavior, activities, etc. to
be accepted by a peer group.
• Since acceptance by a peer group becomes
essential, teens modify their speech, dress,
behavior, choices, and activities to become
more similar to their peers.
• The developmental theorist Erik
Erickson described this
developmental step as a crisis of
identity vs. identity confusion
 Teens modify their behavior, activities, etc. to
be accepted by a peer group.
• When teens modify their choices or behavior
in order to conform to what their friends are
doing, they are adapting to peer pressure.

• Peer pressure is often associated

with adverse outcomes such as
skipping school, wearing
distasteful clothing, or drinking
alcohol, and using drugs.
 Teens modify their behavior, activities, etc. to
be accepted by a peer group.
• When teens modify their choices or behavior
in order to conform to what their friends are
doing, they are adapting to peer pressure.

• Peer pressure is often associated

with adverse outcomes such as
skipping school, wearing
distasteful clothing, or drinking
alcohol, and using drugs.
 Teens modify their behavior, activities, etc. to
be accepted by a peer group.
• However, many parents do not
recognize that peer pressure
may also have a positive
influence. Because of advanced
cognitive and emotional maturity,
teens can now encourage each
other to make wise decisions and
discourage them from making
wrong choices.
 FAMILY
Role of Family in Adolescent’s
Development
• Developmental theories view
adolescence as a period of growth in
which identity formation is addressed.
This view means that the family's role is
lessened or that family has only a
limited role in the lives of young people
at this time.
 FAMILY
Role of Family in Adolescent’s
Development
• However, research shows that ongoing
positive family connections are
protective factors against a range of
health risk behaviors. Although the
nature of relationships is changing, the
continuity of family connections and a
secure emotional base is crucial for the
positive development of young people.
FAMILY
Family is still important
Adolescents are moving towards
becoming independent
physically, emotionally and
cognitively, and yet they are still
growing.
 FAMILY
Young people require stability in a home or
environment, where they may get a secure
emotional base from which to explore and
experience the world.

This sense of security provides

them with somewhere to come
back to for reassurance, support,
and unconditional love, particularly
during tough times.
 FAMILY
A young person benefits from expectations
of respect, consideration, and reciprocity in
family relationships. They still benefit from
'trying out' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
within the family environment, and from
observing and experiencing relationships
within families. There will still be times when
they fall, yet they will benefit from
understanding and support to pick them up.
 FAMILY

Changing role of parents

A parent's relationship and caring role
with a young person continues to be
vital, although the relationship will need
to be flexible to adapt to the teenager's
changing needs. At this time, there will
need to be a gradual change from a
more authoritative approach, to a more
collaborative approach.
 FAMILY

Changing role of parents

Parents need to face the (painful) reality
that their child is no longer a child, is
becoming independent, and is no longer
within their control. They may feel
distressed as they perceive that the
young person will not listen to them, or
does the opposite of what they may
suggest
 FAMILY

Changing role of parents

Parents have to learn to ‘let go,’ not of
the relationship, but their dreams for
the young person. This may include
their full authority over young people so
that they may allow them to develop
their own dreams and greater self-
responsibility
Ways on how to become Capable
and Responsible
Adolescent prepared for Adult Life
Ways on how to become Capable and
Responsible Adolescent prepared for
Adult Life
• Be responsible and make good
choices.
• Becoming responsible and being
able to make good choices are
fundamental traits, no matter
what developmental stage you
are.
Self-check:

Give at least 2 things you

have done that you think
can help you in your adult
life.
8 simple rules which could help teenagers
become a responsible adolescent prepared
for adult life:
1. Focus on your studies and do
well in all your endeavors. There
is a time for everything.
2. Take care of your health and
hygiene. Healthy body and mind
are important as you journey
through adolescence.
 8 simple rules which could help teenagers
become a responsible adolescent prepared
for adult life:
3. Establish good communication
and relation with your parents
or guardian. Listen to them.

4. Think a lot before doing

something.
5. Choose to do the right thing.
 8 simple rules which could help teenagers
become a responsible adolescent prepared
for adult life:
6. Do your best to resist temptations,
bad acts, and earthly pleasures and
commit to being a responsible
adolescent.
7. Respect yourself.
8. Be prepared to be answerable or
accountable for your actions and
behavior.
Ease the transition from being an adolescent
to being an adult by practicing essential
skills while you’re still at home.
While still at home, you can help ease
the transition by practicing essential
skills, like proper management of time
and money. To manage time well,
always try to be punctual when
meeting friends and family, as this
shows respect for their time.
 Ease the transition from being an adolescent
to being an adult by practicing essential
skills while you’re still at home.
To become skilled at managing your money,
start by learning to budget. You can make this
easier by downloading a budget app onto your
smartphone. Input all your expenses and bill
payments, to keep track of your spending and
savings. Once you gain confidence with your
budgeting and time skills, gradually work
toward becoming independent from your
family by setting goals like getting work.
ACTIVITY
PERFORMANCE TASK
ROLE PLAY ON CHALLENGES EXPERIENCE
DURING ADOLESCENCE

INSTRUCTIONS:
1.Class will be divided into 3 groups
2.Plan a role play on a specific situation in
which shows a challenges experience during
adolescence.
3. Practice your role play with your group
mates.
4. Perform your role play in front of the class
Do you have any
question?
Let’s have a recap!
Thank you for attending
our class!

God bless ☺