SKRIP SEMPRO

Thanks to my first supervisor Mr. sutarman and Mr. agus shahid who have represented mis hilda,
and good morning to Mr. abdul muhid and Mr. rijal as my examining lecturers. i will present my
proposal seminar entitled

THE SEMANTIC CHANGES DYNAMICS OF ENGLISH

ADOPTED WORD ON SOCIAL MEDIA
CHAPTER I

Background Of the Study

This research departs from the phenomenon of technological development and social media
which has a major impact on language use. Social media focus on Platform X (Twitter) have
become modern linguistic laboratories, where English-adopted words experience dynamic
changes in meaning. In the Indonesian context, many English words have not only changed in
usage, but also adapted to trends, popular culture and social contexts in digital media. These
changes are influenced by various factors, such as social interaction in digital media, the need for
efficient communication, and the influence of global culture that accelerates the spread of new
terms through social media. This phenomenon is important to study because it shows how
language continues to evolve according to the needs of the times.

Problem of study

Based on this background, the following issues have been identified as problems that require
further attention, as follows:
Objective of study
The following section outlines the research objectives:

Scope and limitation study

This research project is concerned with the semantic evolution of English adopted words used on
Platform X in Indonesia. It employs Stephen Ullman's theory of meaning change, which
identifies 4 main categories. Of these four categories, 3 will serve as the primary analytical
framework, with the fourth being supplemented by Jean Aitchison's theory of language change
internal and external factors.
Benefit of study

Yang biru ada di ppt

Theoretical Benefits

This research contributes to linguistics, particularly Semantics, by exploring the evolution of

English word meanings in Indonesian within the digital era. It enhances understanding of how
social media influences meaning change and highlights the interaction between technology and
language evolution. The findings also provide a valuable reference for future studies on semantic
and linguistic changes in digital and social media contexts.

Practical Benefits

This research aims to raise awareness among social media users about the importance of using
keywords appropriately to minimize misinterpretation. It also provides valuable support for
educators and language scholars in understanding semantic changes influenced by social media.
Additionally, the study identifies patterns of semantic change driven by global trends and
popular culture, offering insights into language evolution in the digital age. By understanding the
context of changing keyword meanings, this research promotes more effective, culturally, and
socially appropriate communication on digital platforms.

CHAPTER II

Previous study

There are several previous studies on semantic change that have been conducted such as:

 Yuan et al., (2022) by tittle “A transformer-based Siamese network and an open optical
dataset for semantic change detection of remote sensing images”

 Salsabilla, (2023) by tittle “Analisis Perubahan Makna Meluas (Generalisasi) Dan

Perubahan Makna Total Dalam Media Sosial Instagram”
  Asri et al., (2024) by tittle “Analyzing Semantic Shifts in English and German by
Exploring Historical Influences and Societal Dynamics”

 Nayak, (2021) by tittle “Change of Meaning in Language: Directions and Dimensions

 Maulana, (2023) by title “Perubahan Makna Kata Serapan Bahasa Arab Dalam Bahasa
Indonesia Pada Fatwa Mui Tahun 2021”

 Arifin, (2021) by tittle “Semantic Change Analysis Of Unrecorded Words And Meanings
Used By English Speaking Community On Twitter”

 Utami, (2019) by tittle “Analisis Perubahan Makna Bahasa Pada Berita Politik Di Media
Daring : Kajian Semantik”.

Several notable studies, such as those by Yuan et al. (2022), Salsabilla (2023), Asri et al.
(2024), and Nayak (2021), explore semantic evolution and the influence of social context on
language. While these studies align with the author’s focus on meaning changes, they differ
in methodology, as prior research emphasizes technological and visual elements or broader
analyses. Similarly, the theses by Maulana (2023), Arifin (2021), and Utami (2019) examine
meaning changes but differ in context and object of study. Maulana focuses on Arabic
loanwords in MUI fatwas, Arifin on Twitter, and Utami on political news. In contrast, the
author’s research highlights English loanwords in the context of Indonesian culture, offering
a unique perspective on semantic changes.

Theoretical Framework

Semantic

Semantics is the study of meaning in language, it encompasses an investigation of the ways

in which words, phrases, and sentences are meaningful, the manner in which these meanings
are structured, and the ways in which they are utilized in communication (Riemer, 2010).

Semantic changes

Semantic change is another linguistic change, an excellent diachronic notion, which simply
cannot be translated into synchronic language.
 Ullman's theory of semantic change which has 4 main categories, such as

1. Specialization
Ullmann, (1963) explains the narrowing of meaning in a word occurs when it evolves
from a more extensive to a more specific usage.
The phenomenon of narrowing meaning is indicative of the dynamic evolution of
language. The semantic evolution of a word is not only influenced by linguistic change,
but also mirrors social and cultural shifts within the society.
2. Generalization
Ullmann, (1963) explains the process of meaning expansion occurs when a word that
previously possessed a specific meaning becomes more extensive in its application.
This expansion of meaning can be understood as part of the transformation of language
that occurs over time, both in the long term and in shorter periods. Therefore, the
expansion of meaning not only reflects semantic changes in language, but also illustrates
how language adapts to the communicative needs and cultural and social developments of
its users, which continue to evolve in accordance with the dynamics of the times.
3. Amelioration
Ullmann, (1963) explains the process of meaning enhancement occurs when a word that
was originally imbued with neutral or even negative connotations undergoes a shift in its
connotations, acquiring a more positive direction.
Amelioration represents a fascinating instance of linguistic change, as it exemplifies the
transformation of negative connotations into more positive ones over time.
4. Pejoration
Ullmann, (1963) posits the process of semantic change involves the transition of a word
from a neutral or positive connotation to a more negative one over time.
Pejoration is the process by which words that previously possessed positive or more
neutral meanings can undergo a transformation, acquiring more negative or pejorative
connotations over time.
Language changes
Aitchison, (1983) in her book Language Changes: Progress or Decay posits that language
change is not an indication of decline but rather an integral aspect of language evolution and
challenges the prescriptive perspective that views change as inherently negative, instead viewing
it as a natural mechanism for adapting to evolving communication needs.
Aitchison posits that language change is predominantly attributable to two primary factors:
internal and external linguistic factors.
Internal factors
Aitchison emphasizes that internal language change refers to alterations that arise naturally
within the language itself. These changes are driven by internal processes inherent to the
structure and function of the language include:
 Simplification
Aitchison (1983) explains that linguistic forms tend to simplify over time as speakers
reduce pronunciation complexity and use less complex language structures.
 Redundancy Reduction
Aitchison, (1983) posits that redundancy reduction is an inherent aspect of the evolution
of language, wherein speakers tend to eliminate less significant elements, particularly
within the context of rapid discourse.
 Analogy
Aitchison, (1983) posits that linguistic change can occur through patterns of analogy,
where language speakers tend to utilize existing patterns or structures to form new forms
in language.
 Grammaticalization
Aitchison, (1983) describe grammaticalization as the process by which lexical elements
for example, nouns or verbs metamorphose into more functional elements within the
grammatical system, such as auxiliaries or particles.

External factors

External factors, also known as sociolinguistic factors, are social factors that originate from
external sources beyond the language system itself. In his analysis, Aitchison identifies the
following external factors:
 Interlanguage Contact
Aitchison (1983) suggests that interlanguage contact is a key driver of linguistic change.
When speakers of different languages interact, they often exchange vocabulary, phrases,
 or structures to facilitate communication. This exchange commonly occurs through trade,
migration, colonialism, or international relations.
 Social and Culture
Aitchison, (1983) emphasizes that shifts in societal and cultural contexts influence the
utilization of language. Societal transformations, including evolving gender norms and
shifting cultural values, can result in linguistic adaptations.
 Technology
Aitchison (1983) acknowledges that media and technology play a significant role in
spreading language change by introducing new terms and accelerating linguistic
diffusion, even though she does not explicitly address modern platforms like social
media.
 Globalization
According to Aitchison, although the concept of globalization may not be explicitly
discussed in her works, the idea of interlanguage contact relevant to globalization is
implicit in her theory of external factors in language change.
Jawaban seminsalnya kalo di Tanya
According to Aitchison's approach, globalization can be considered as a form of social and
cultural pressure that strengthens interlanguage influence, accelerates the adoption of new terms,
and spreads language change to different regions. In other words, globalization becomes one of
the important channels that support the mechanism of language change as described in his
theory. (Menurut pendekatan Aitchison, globalisasi dapat dianggap sebagai salah satu bentuk
tekanan sosial dan budaya yang memperkuat pengaruh antarbahasa, mempercepat adopsi
istilah baru, dan menyebarkan perubahan bahasa ke berbagai wilayah. Dengan kata lain,
globalisasi menjadi salah satu saluran penting yang mendukung mekanisme perubahan bahasa
seperti yang dijelaskan dalam teorinya).
 Economy and Politics
Aitchison, (1983) posits that economic and political factors frequently intersect to
influence language change. The economic preeminence of a nation or group is often
accompanied by significant political influence, resulting in the predominance of their
language and its subsequent influence on other languages.
Conceptual Framework
In accordance with the research conceptual framework regarding semantic change, I will explain
the meaning of the conceptual framework
Semantic Changes
The research starts by identifying semantic changes in words on Platform X, examining how
their meanings evolve through usage and context, reflecting the social and cultural interactions of
users.
English Adopted Words on Platform X
After identifying semantic changes, it focuses on English adoption words on Platform X,
analyzing how they undergo semantic changes, including specialization, generalization, and
amelioration.
Research Methodology
This study using a qualitative descriptive method, the research aims to provide a detailed
depiction of the semantic changes in English adopted words, interpreting and classifying the data
to uncover patterns and influences.
Theory
This study incorporates Ullman's theory of semantic change which will focus on 3 categories
(specialization, generalization, and amelioration), and is supported by Aitchison's framework,
which focuses on external factors that influence language change, with a focus on how these
theories are applied to data from Platform X.
Type of Forms
The research identifies types of forms that reflect semantic changes, categorizing words based on
meaning changes and examining how users adapt these forms.
Factors of Semantic Changes
The research further explores the factors behind semantic changes, particularly social, cultural,
technological, and interlingual influences, with a focus on how trends on Platform X contribute
to the evolution of word meanings.
CHAPTER III
Research Design
In this study, i will employ a qualitative descriptive approach to facilitate an exploration of the
semantic changes underlying the terminology adopted from English. As defined by Creswell,
(2018) a qualitative method is a research approach that aims to explore and understand the
meaning that individuals or groups ascribe to a social or humanitarian problem.
This study uses qualitative descriptive methodology to analyze semantic changes in English-
adopted terms on Platform X. Guided by Stephen Ullman’s theory and Jean Aitchison’s
framework.
Source of Data

In this qualitative research, data sources are classified primary data. Clark, (2005) said primary
data refers to information collected directly by researchers through research methods such as
surveys, interviews, or observations to answer specific research questions.
The primary data consisted of tweets from Indonesian users featuring words adopted from
English, which were selected on the basis of their relevance to the study.
The Technique of Collecting Data
Observation
Observation data refers to the process of collecting information through direct observation of
specific objects or phenomena that are the subject of research. This means that the researcher
does not rely on data from other parties, but actively observes and records what happens in the
field or in the research context. In this research, for example, data is collected by directly
observing how the catchwords are used on social media without influencing or participating in
the activity. The main goal is to get an objective picture of the observed phenomenon.

Note taking

Note-taking is a method of recording observations that is characterized by its detailed and

structured nature. This means that all observed information is recorded in detail. This approach
aims to ensure that the data generated is accurate and can be used for further analysis. In
research, note-taking serves as the primary data documentation that helps researchers understand
certain patterns or relationships in the observed phenomena.
The Technique of analysis data
Data Identification:
In the initial phase, I will identified English-adopted words used by Platform X users in
Indonesia. This involved observing tweets that exhibited meaning changes, focusing on their
context, popular catchwords, trends, and interactions reflecting evolving meanings in the digital
environment.
Data Classification:
Next, the data was classified based on types of meaning changes—specialization, generalization,
and amelioration—following Stephen Ullman's theory. Additionally, the classification
considered influencing factors such as social, cultural, technological, and global trends to
simplify analysis and uncover patterns of change.
Data Analysis:
Then, the analysis employed a qualitative descriptive approach to examine patterns and
relationships in the data. Ullman’s theory evaluated the changes, while Aitchison’s theory
identified external factors like interlanguage contact and technological influence, contextualizing
the findings within sociocultural environments.
Data Description:
The final stage presented the analysis results in a systematic narrative, detailing types of changes,
causal factors, and their relevance to social media. This comprehensive description highlights the
evolution of English-adopted words in Indonesia and their impact on semantics and technology-
driven language changes.

Hope this sentence being the question

1. Why sematic?

I chose semantics as the main approach in this research because the main focus is on the
changing meanings of English words used in social media. (Saya memilih semantik
sebagai pendekatan utama dalam penelitian ini karena fokus utamanya adalah pada
perubahan makna kata serapan bahasa Inggris yang digunakan di media sosial).
Compared to the broader semiotics, which covers all types of signs and symbols in
communication systems, semantics is more specific in studying meaning. (Dibandingkan
 dengan semiotik yang lebih luas, yang mencakup semua jenis tanda dan simbol dalam
sistem komunikasi, semantik lebih spesifik dalam mengkaji makna).
Similarly to pragmatics, which focuses more on the context of use in social interactions,
this approach is less relevant because this study does not focus on interpersonal
relationships or communication contexts, but rather on the evolution of word meanings
internally. (Begitu pula dengan pragmatik, yang lebih menitikberatkan pada konteks
penggunaan dalam interaksi sosial, pendekatan ini kurang relevan karena penelitian ini
tidak berfokus pada hubungan interpersonal atau konteks komunikasi, melainkan pada
evolusi makna kata secara internal).

2. Why chosing this tittle (knp memilih judul ini)

The reason for choosing this title, because the researcher’s curiosity and interest in
exploring how English words, originally carrying specific meanings, can change based on
their context, popular culture trends, and social interactions in the digital world. The title
also reflects the importance of studying semantic changes, as these shifts often lead to
communication challenges between different generations or groups.

3. Apa yg membuat penelitia ini penting?

This research is important to contribute to digital linguistics and help people better
understand the changing context of language use on social media. This topic is important
because the changing meaning of English words on social media actually shows how our
language continues to evolve with the times. Social media, especially Platform X, is not
just a place to share information, but also a creative space that influences the way we use
language. (Penelitian ini penting untuk berkontribusi pada linguistik digital dan
membantu orang untuk lebih memahami perubahan konteks penggunaan bahasa di media
sosial. Topik ini penting karena perubahan makna kata-kata bahasa Inggris di media
sosial sebenarnya menunjukkan bagaimana bahasa kita terus berevolusi seiring
perkembangan zaman. Media sosial, khususnya Platform X, bukan hanya tempat untuk
berbagi informasi, tetapi juga ruang kreatif yang mempengaruhi cara kita menggunakan
bahasa).
4. Why platform x?
Platform X was chosen as the focus of the research due to its unique and relevant
characteristics for the study of semantic change. Twitter is known as one of the most
dynamic social media platforms, with features such as trending topics and retweets that
allow for rapid and widespread dissemination of words. In addition, platform x allows for
freedom of speech, resulting in a wide variety of language use that directly reflects social
and cultural dynamics. (Platform X dipilih sebagai fokus penelitian karena
karakteristiknya yang unik dan relevan untuk studi perubahan semantik. Twitter dikenal
sebagai salah satu platform media sosial yang dinamis, dengan fitur seperti trending topic
dan retweet yang memungkinkan penyebaran kata-kata dengan cepat dan luas. Selain itu,
di flatform x memiliki kebebasan untuk berpendapat, sehingga menghasilkan berbagai
variasi penggunaan bahasa yang mencerminkan dinamika sosial dan budaya secara
langsung).

5. How do your two theories work (bagaimana cara kerja kedua teorimu)

The workings of Stephen Ullman's theory in this study begin with the process of
identifying changes in meaning in English absorption words used in social media. If it
was found that the meaning of the word became narrower (specialization), broader
(generalization), or experienced an increase in connotation value (amelioration), then the
word was categorized according to Ullman's theory. This step ensures that each selected
word has a basis for classification based on its meaning change. (Cara kerja teori Ullman
dalam penelitian ini dimulai dengan proses identifikasi perubahan makna pada kata-kata
serapan bahasa Inggris yang digunakan di media sosial. Jika ditemukan bahwa makna
kata menjadi lebih sempit (spesialisasi), lebih luas (generalisasi), atau mengalami
peningkatan nilai konotasi (ameliorasi), maka kata tersebut dikategorikan sesuai dengan
teori Ullman. Langkah ini memastikan setiap kata yang dipilih memiliki dasar klasifikasi
berdasarkan perubahan maknanya.)
Furthermore, Jean Aitchison's theory is used to analyze the factors that cause the
identified meaning changes. For example, if a word undergoes specialization of meaning,
such as cloud which changes from meaning a physical cloud to a technological term
(digital data storage), then this change is analyzed as a result of technological
 development, as explained by Aitchison. (Selanjutnya, teori Jean Aitchison digunakan
untuk menganalisis faktor penyebab perubahan makna yang telah diidentifikasi.
Misalnya, jika kata mengalami spesialisasi makna, seperti cloud yang berubah dari arti
awan fisik menjadi istilah teknologi (penyimpanan data digital), maka perubahan ini
dianalisis sebagai hasil dari perkembangan teknologi, sebagaimana dijelaskan oleh
Aitchison.)

6. Did you not limit the data collection/ from what year did you limit your data
(apakah kamu tidak membatasi pemgambilan datanya\ dari tahun berapa kamu
membatasi datamu?
Data collection in this study is not limited by the time span, because the data taken comes
from Platform X (Twitter) which has a dynamic nature and is constantly updated. so I did
not limit the year of data collection. (Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini tidak
dibatasi oleh rentang waktu, karena data yang diambil berasal dari Platform X (Twitter)
yang memiliki sifat dinamis dan terus diperbarui. jadi saya tidak membatasi tahun
pemgambilan datanya).

7. Why chose the Ullman theory & Aitchison?

Stephen Ullman's theory was chosen in this study because it provides a systematic and
comprehensive framework for analyzing word meaning change. The theory divides
meaning change into several main categories, namely specialization, generalization,
amelioration, and peyoration, which are highly relevant to the research objectives. These
categories allow me to understand the different types of meaning changes that occur in
English absorption words on social media in detail. So I chose Ullman's theory has the
advantage of its flexible approach. (Teori Stephen Ullman dipilih dalam penelitian ini
karena memberikan kerangka kerja yang sistematis dan komprehensif untuk menganalisis
perubahan makna kata. Teori ini membagi perubahan makna ke dalam beberapa kategori
utama, yaitu spesialisasi, generalisasi, ameliorasi, dan peyorasi, yang sangat relevan
dengan tujuan penelitian. Kategori ini memungkinkan saya untuk memahami berbagai
jenis perubahan makna yang terjadi pada kata-kata serapan bahasa Inggris di media sosial
 secara mendetail. Jadi saya memilih teori Ullman memiliki keunggulan dalam
pendekatannya yang fleksibel).
Then i chose Aitchison's theory because it offers a comprehensive and relevant
framework in understanding the factors that cause language change, especially in the
context of semantic change in the digital era. (Saya memilih teori Aitchison karena teori
ini menawarkan kerangka kerja yang komprehensif dan relevan dalam memahami faktor-
faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan bahasa, khususnya dalam konteks perubahan
semantik di era digital).

8. Kenapa teori ini penting

I chose Aitchison and Ullman's theories because they complement each other in
explaining word meaning change. Aitchison's theory explains why language change
occurs, for example due to the influence of technology, popular culture, or cross-
linguistic associations. Meanwhile, Ullman's theory helps me classify the types of
changes, such as narrower (specialization) or broader (generalization) meanings. In
essence, this theory helped me understand the relationship between language, social
media and everyday life in a more structured way. (Teori Aitchison dan Ullman saya
pilih karena keduanya saling melengkapi dalam menjelaskan perubahan makna kata.
Teori Aitchison menjelaskan kenapa perubahan bahasa terjadi, misalnya karena pengaruh
teknologi, budaya populer, atau pergaulan lintas bahasa. Sedangkan teori Ullman
membantu saya mengelompokkan jenis-jenis perubahan itu, seperti makna yang jadi
lebih sempit (spesialisasi) atau lebih luas (generalisasi). Intinya, teori ini membantu saya
memahami hubungan antara bahasa, media sosial, dan kehidupan sehari-hari dengan cara
yang lebih terstruktur).

9. why should it focus on the three categories of ullman's theory and aitchison's
externally-focused theory (kenapa harus berfokus ketiga kategori teori dari ullman
dan teori aitchison yang berfokus ke eksternal)
The three categories of Ullman's theory were chosen because they are most relevant to
the phenomenon of meaning change of English words on social media. The three
categories of Ullman's theory were chosen because they are able to describe the most
 frequent meaning changes in the context of word usage on social media. (karena
keduanya paling relevan dengan fenomena perubahan makna kata serapan bahasa Inggris
di media sosial. Ketiga kategori dari teori Ullman dipilih karena mampu menggambarkan
perubahan makna yang paling sering muncul dalam konteks penggunaan kata di media
sosial).
Meanwhile, Aitchison's theory that emphasizes external factors such as interlanguage
contact, popular culture and technology was chosen because social media is a space
where cross-cultural interaction and the spread of global trends occur massively. These
external factors play an important role in driving meaning change, such as how
technology creates new terms or popular culture influences the adoption of certain words.
(Sementara itu, teori Aitchison yang menekankan faktor eksternal seperti kontak
antarbahasa, budaya populer, dan teknologi dipilih karena media sosial adalah ruang di
mana interaksi lintas budaya dan penyebaran tren global terjadi secara masif. Faktor-
faktor eksternal ini memainkan peran penting dalam mendorong perubahan makna,
seperti bagaimana teknologi menciptakan istilah baru atau budaya populer memengaruhi
adopsi kata-kata tertentu).

10. Mengapa metode deskriptif kualitatif dipilih?

The descriptive qualitative method was chosen because it is suitable for exploring
linguistic data in depth, especially for analyzing the context of word usage. Quantitative
methods were not chosen because the focus of the study was not on frequency but on
changes in meaning. (Metode deskriptif kualitatif dipilih karena cocok untuk
mengeksplorasi data linguistik secara mendalam, terutama untuk menganalisis konteks
penggunaan kata. Metode kuantitatif tidak dipilih karena fokus penelitian bukan pada
frekuensi tetapi pada perubahan makna).

11. Bagaimana teori Ullman tentang perubahan semantik diintegrasikan dengan teori
Aitchison tentang faktor perubahan bahasa?
Ullman's theory provides a framework for analyzing the type of semantic change, while
Aitchison's theory helps understand the causal factors. Both complement each other in
analyzing data from social media. (Teori Ullman memberikan kerangka untuk
menganalisis jenis perubahan semantik, sementara teori Aitchison membantu memahami
faktor penyebabnya. Keduanya saling melengkapi dalam menganalisis data dari media
sosial).