Unit 01: Android and Its Tools 04 Marks

Introduction to Android

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified

version of the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices. It
supports a wide variety of devices, including smartphones, tablets, wearable devices,
TVs, cars, and even IoT (Internet of Things) gadgets.

History of Android

 2003: Android Inc. was founded by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and
Chris White. Initially, it aimed to develop an advanced operating system for digital
cameras.
 2005: Google acquired Android Inc., seeing its potential for mobile devices.
Rubin and his team joined Google to continue development.
 2007: The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) was formed, and Android was officially
announced as an open-source mobile platform.
 2008: The first Android device, the HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1), was released.

Features of Android

1. Open Source

 Android is part of the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), allowing

developers and manufacturers to freely modify and distribute the software.

2. Highly Customizable

 Manufacturers and users can customize Android's interface and functionality,

adding unique features and skins.

3. Wide Hardware Support

 Android runs on devices of various hardware configurations, making it accessible

across a spectrum of price points and use cases.

4. App Ecosystem

 Supports millions of apps via the Google Play Store and third-party app stores.
 Offers flexibility for developers with support for multiple programming languages
(e.g., Java, Kotlin, and C++).

5. Frequent Updates

 Regular updates introduce new features, improve security, and enhance

performance.
 Android versions are numerically named (e.g., Android 13) but were earlier
named after desserts (e.g., Lollipop, Marshmallow).

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6. Multitasking

 Supports running multiple apps simultaneously with split-screen mode or picture-

in-picture (PIP) functionality.

7. Google Integration

 Deep integration with Google services, including Google Assistant, Maps, Gmail,
and Drive.

8. Multi-Device Compatibility

 Android extends to smart TVs (Android TV), smartwatches (Wear OS),

automotive systems (Android Auto), and other IoT devices.

9. Advanced Hardware Features

 Supports advanced hardware features such as biometric authentication

(fingerprint, face recognition), NFC for contactless payments, and AR/VR.

Core Components of Android

1. Linux Kernel

 Acts as the core of Android, providing essential system services like memory
management, security, and device hardware abstraction.

2. Android Runtime (ART)

 Executes apps and manages their performance using Ahead-of-Time (AOT) and
Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation for better speed and efficiency.

3. Application Framework

 Provides APIs for developers to create apps. Key services include:

o Activity Manager: Manages app lifecycle.
o Content Providers: Enables data sharing between apps.
o Resource Manager: Handles non-code resources like strings, layouts, and
images.

4. Libraries

 Includes essential libraries like WebKit (for web browsing), OpenGL (for
graphics), and SQLite (for databases).

5. User Interface (UI)

 Offers an intuitive and customizable interface with support for gestures,

animations, and accessibility tools.
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Open Handset Alliance (OHA) :-

The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a consortium of leading technology and mobile
industry companies that was announced by Google on November 5, 2007. The
alliance's primary goal is to develop and promote open standards for mobile devices to
accelerate innovation and offer a superior mobile experience to consumers.

Purpose and Objectives of OHA

The OHA was formed to achieve the following:

1. Promote Open Standards: Facilitate the development of open-source platforms

and reduce dependency on proprietary solutions.
2. Collaborative Innovation: Encourage collaboration between software
developers, device manufacturers, semiconductor companies, and mobile
operators.
3. Foster Mobile Ecosystem Growth: Provide a framework that allows developers
to create apps and services for a unified platform.
4. Cost Reduction: Eliminate licensing fees associated with proprietary mobile
operating systems.
5. Interoperability: Ensure that devices and applications work seamlessly across
different hardware configurations and carriers.

Founding Members

The OHA consists of over 80 companies spanning different sectors of the mobile and
technology industry. Some notable founding members include:

1. Software Companies

 Google: Developer of the Android operating system.

 Aplix Corporation
 Esmertec

2. Mobile Device Manufacturers

 HTC
 Motorola (now part of Lenovo)
 Samsung
 LG
 Sony Ericsson (now Sony Mobile)

3. Semiconductor Companies

 Qualcomm
 Intel
 NVIDIA
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  Broadcom
 Texas Instruments

4. Mobile Network Operators

 T-Mobile
 Sprint
 Vodafone
 China Mobile
 NTT DoCoMo

5. Commercialization and Software Companies

 Companies involved in testing, customization, and deployment of mobile

solutions.

Benefits of the OHA

1. For Developers:
o A unified platform simplifies app development and distribution.
o Access to APIs and tools like Android Studio boosts productivity.
2. For Manufacturers:
o Reduced time-to-market due to a ready-made operating system.
o Flexibility to create custom interfaces and features.
3. For Network Operators:
o Ability to bundle services and customize Android for regional needs.
4. For Consumers:
o Wide variety of affordable and feature-rich devices.
o Access to a vast app ecosystem through Google Play.

The Android Ecosystem:

The Android ecosystem is a vast and interconnected network of software, hardware,

services, and stakeholders, all centered around the Android operating system. This
ecosystem drives the development, distribution, and usage of Android-powered
devices, apps, and services. Here’s a detailed look at its components and structure:

1. Core Components of the Android Ecosystem

1.1 Android Operating System (OS)

 The Android OS serves as the backbone of the ecosystem.

 Built on the Linux kernel, it offers a platform for device manufacturers to build
custom software while maintaining a unified base.
 Features regular updates that bring new functionalities, improved performance,
and enhanced security.

1.2 Android Open Source Project (AOSP)

 Maintained by Google, AOSP provides the open-source code of Android.

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  Allows manufacturers, developers, and enthusiasts to create their own versions
of Android (e.g., custom ROMs).
 Encourages innovation by making the OS freely available for modification and
use.

1.3 Google Play Services

 A proprietary software layer from Google that provides essential APIs and
services, including:
o Location services
o Push notifications
o Google Maps integration
o Authentication (e.g., via Google accounts)
o Play Protect: Security features for apps and devices.

2. Stakeholders in the Android Ecosystem

2.1 Device Manufacturers (OEMs)

 Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) like Samsung, Xiaomi, OnePlus, and

Oppo use Android to power their devices.
 Customize Android with unique skins and features (e.g., Samsung’s One UI,
Xiaomi’s MIUI).
 Some OEMs create variants of Android without Google services for specific
markets (e.g., Huawei).

2.2 App Developers

 A large community of developers builds apps for Android using tools like Android
Studio.
 Developers utilize APIs from AOSP and Google Play Services to enhance
functionality.
 The Google Play Store is the primary distribution platform for apps, offering a
revenue-sharing model for developers.

2.3 Semiconductor and Hardware Providers

 Companies like Qualcomm, MediaTek, and Samsung supply hardware

components optimized for Android.
 Collaborate with Google to ensure compatibility and performance.

2.4 Mobile Network Operators

 Customize Android devices with carrier-specific software, apps, and services.

 Partner with OEMs to bundle devices with network plans.

2.5 Users

 Billions of active users make Android the most popular mobile operating system
globally.

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  Users benefit from diverse device options, extensive app availability, and
seamless integration with Google services.

3. Devices in the Android Ecosystem

3.1 Smartphones

 The most common Android-powered devices, available across various price

points.
 Flagship models offer cutting-edge features like foldable displays, high-refresh-
rate screens, and advanced AI capabilities.

3.2 Tablets

 Android tablets cater to both entertainment and productivity, often featuring

larger screens and stylus support.

3.3 Wearables

 Wear OS powers smartwatches, offering fitness tracking, notifications, and

Google Assistant integration.

3.4 Smart TVs

 Android TV and Google TV provide a platform for streaming content, gaming,

and smart home control.

3.5 Automotive Systems

 Android Auto enables infotainment and navigation systems in vehicles.

 Android Automotive OS offers a more integrated experience, running directly
on car hardware.

3.6 IoT and Other Devices

 Android supports Internet of Things (IoT) devices like smart speakers, home
appliances, and more.

4. Software and Services

4.1 App Ecosystem

 Google Play Store is the primary marketplace, offering over 3 million apps.
 Alternative app stores (e.g., Amazon Appstore, Samsung Galaxy Store) provide
additional options.

4.2 Google Services

 Core Google services include Gmail, Google Maps, Google Drive, and YouTube.
 Google Assistant integrates voice-based AI across devices.

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Need for Android :-

The need for Android stems from the demands of a rapidly evolving mobile and digital
ecosystem. Its creation addresses the challenges faced by users, developers,
manufacturers, and the technology industry. Here's why Android has become essential:

1. Universal Accessibility

1.1 Affordable Devices

 Android enables manufacturers to produce smartphones and other devices at a

wide range of price points.
 Programs like Android Go cater to entry-level devices, making smartphones
accessible to low-income communities.

1.2 Global Reach

 Android powers devices in over 190 countries, providing connectivity and access
to technology for billions of people.

1.3 Multilingual Support

 It supports over 100 languages, making it suitable for diverse populations.

2. Open-Source Nature

2.1 Flexibility

 As an open-source platform, Android allows developers and manufacturers to

modify and customize the operating system.
 Encourages innovation by enabling the development of custom ROMs and unique
device features.

2.2 Cost Savings

 Manufacturers can use Android without paying licensing fees, reducing

development costs and allowing them to focus on hardware innovation.

3. Diverse Hardware Ecosystem

 Android powers a variety of devices, including:

o Smartphones: From budget-friendly to high-end devices.
o Tablets: For productivity and entertainment.
o Wearables: Smartwatches and fitness trackers using Wear OS.
o Smart TVs: For streaming and home entertainment.
o Automotive Systems: In-car infotainment via Android Auto and
Android Automotive OS.
o IoT Devices: Smart speakers, home appliances, and more.

4. Developer-Friendly Environment

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4.1 Large User Base

 Android has billions of active users, offering developers a vast audience for their
apps.

4.2 Comprehensive Tools

 Tools like Android Studio provide robust support for app development, including
debugging, testing, and integration with hardware.

4.3 Monetization Opportunities

 Developers can earn through app sales, in-app purchases, advertisements, and
subscriptions.

4.4 Innovation Platform

 Open standards and APIs encourage developers to create new features, apps,
and services.

5. Consumer-Centric Features

5.1 Customization

 Users can personalize their devices with themes, widgets, launchers, and
accessibility settings.

5.2 Google Services Integration

 Pre-installed services like Gmail, Google Maps, Google Drive, and YouTube
provide a seamless experience.

5.3 App Ecosystem

 The Google Play Store offers millions of apps for various use cases, including
productivity, gaming, and social networking.

6. Bridging the Digital Divide

 Android is instrumental in increasing digital literacy and access in developing

countries.
 Affordable Android devices provide essential tools for education, communication,
and commerce.

7. Innovation and Emerging Technologies

 Android continuously evolves to support cutting-edge features and technologies:

o 5G connectivity.
o AI and Machine Learning for voice assistants, translations, and
personalization.
o Augmented and Virtual Reality through platforms like ARCore.

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 o Foldable Displays and innovative hardware designs.

8. Security and Privacy

 Regular updates ensure devices receive the latest security patches.

 Google Play Protect safeguards users from malware and harmful apps.
 Enhanced control over app permissions allows users to manage data sharing and
privacy.

Tools and Software Required for Developing an Android Application :-

Developing an Android application requires a combination of tools, frameworks, and

software to design, code, test, and deploy your app. Here's an overview of the essential
components:

1. Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

1.1 Android Studio

 The official IDE for Android development, provided by Google.

 Features:
o Code editor with syntax highlighting and autocompletion.
o Built-in emulator for testing.
o Integration with version control systems like Git.
o Debugging and profiling tools.
o Support for Kotlin and Java.

1.2 Eclipse (with ADT Plugin)

 An older alternative to Android Studio, though not officially supported anymore.

 Useful for legacy projects or developers familiar with Eclipse.

2. Programming Languages

2.1 Kotlin

 Google’s preferred language for Android development since 2017.

 Modern, concise, and interoperable with Java.

2.2 Java

 The traditional language for Android development.

 Still widely used for maintaining older apps and certain libraries.

3. Android SDK (Software Development Kit)

 Includes the tools and APIs needed to build and test Android apps.
 Key components:
o Build Tools: Compilers and tools to create APK files.
o Platform Tools: adb (Android Debug Bridge) for device communication.
o Android Emulator: Simulates Android devices for testing.

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 o System Images: Virtual Android devices for various API levels.

4. Testing Tools

4.1 Android Emulator

 Simulates Android devices on your computer.

 Allows testing across multiple screen sizes, resolutions, and API levels.

4.2 Automated Testing Frameworks

 Espresso: UI testing.
 JUnit: Unit testing.
 Robolectric: Simulates Android environment for unit tests.

6. Design Tools

6.1 Android XML Layout Editor

 Built into Android Studio for designing app interfaces.

6.2 Third-Party Design Tools

 Figma: Collaborative UI/UX design tool.

 Adobe XD: UI/UX design and prototyping.
 Sketch: UI design for macOS users.

6.3 Material Design Guidelines

 Google’s design framework for consistent and intuitive UI.

 Provides pre-designed components and best practices.

7. Backend and Database Tools

7.1 Firebase

 Google’s mobile backend as a service (BaaS).

 Features:
o Real-time database.
o Authentication.
o Cloud messaging.
o Analytics.

7.2 SQLite

 Lightweight, built-in database for local data storage.

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7.3 Room Database

 A high-level abstraction layer over SQLite, provided by Android Jetpack.

7.4 RESTful APIs

 Tools like Postman help test APIs for app integration.

8. Build and Deployment Tools

8.1 Gradle

 Build automation tool integrated with Android Studio.

 Manages dependencies, compiles code, and packages apps.

8.2 Google Play Console

 For publishing and managing apps on the Google Play Store.

 Features:
o App submission.
o Performance and crash analytics.
o User feedback management.

9. Debugging and Profiling Tools

9.1 Logcat

 A real-time log viewer in Android Studio for debugging.

9.2 Android Profiler

 Analyzes app performance, including:

o CPU usage.
o Memory allocation.
o Network activity.

10. Libraries and Frameworks

10.1 Android Jetpack

 A collection of libraries for common app components:

o Navigation.
o Lifecycle management.
o Paging and Room for data handling.

Architecture of Android :-

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 o Applications
o Application Framework
o Android Runtime
o Platform Libraries
o Linux Kernel

1. Applications

An application is the top layer of the android architecture. The pre-installed applications
like camera, gallery, home, contacts, etc., and third-party applications downloaded
from the play store like games, chat applications, etc., will be installed on this layer.

It runs within the Android run time with the help of the classes and services provided
by the application framework.

2. Application framework

Application Framework provides several important classes used to create an Android

application. It provides a generic abstraction for hardware access and helps in
managing the user interface with application resources. Generally, it provides the
services with the help of which we can create a particular class and make that class
helpful for the Applications creation.

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It includes different types of services, such as activity manager, notification manager,
view system, package manager etc., which are helpful for the development of our
application according to the prerequisite.

The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to applications in

the form of Java classes. Application developers are allowed to make use of these
services in their applications. The Android framework includes the following key
services:

o Activity Manager: Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity
stack.
o Content Providers: Allows applications to publish and share data with other
applications.
o Resource Manager: Provides access to non-code embedded resources such as
strings, colour settings and user interface layouts.
o Notifications Manager: Allows applications to display alerts and notifications to
the user.
o View System: An extensible set of views used to create application user
interfaces.
3. Application runtime

Android Runtime environment contains components like core libraries and the Dalvik
virtual machine (DVM). It provides the base for the application framework and powers
our application with the help of the core libraries.

Like Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is a register-based
virtual machine designed and optimized for Android to ensure that a device can run
multiple instances efficiently.

It depends on the layer Linux kernel for threading and low-level memory management.
The core libraries enable us to implement android applications using the
standard JAVA or Kotlin programming languages.

4. Platform libraries

The Platform Libraries include various C/C++ core libraries and Java-based libraries
such as Media, Graphics, Surface Manager, OpenGL, etc., to support Android
development.

o app: Provides access to the application model and is the cornerstone of all
Android applications.
o content: Facilitates content access, publishing and messaging between
applications and application components.
o database: Used to access data published by content providers and includes
SQLite database, management classes.
o OpenGL: A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering API.
o os: Provides applications with access to standard operating system services,
including messages, system services and inter-process communication.
o text: Used to render and manipulate text on a device display.
o view: The fundamental building blocks of application user interfaces.

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 o widget: A rich collection of pre-built user interface components such as buttons,
labels, list views, layout managers, radio buttons etc.
o WebKit: A set of classes intended to allow web-browsing capabilities to be built
into applications.
o media: Media library provides support to play and record an audio and video
format.
o surface manager: It is responsible for managing access to the display
subsystem.
o SQLite: It provides database support, and FreeType provides font support.
o SSL: Secure Sockets Layer is a security technology to establish an encrypted link
between a web server and a web browser.

5. Linux Kernel

Linux Kernel is the heart of the android architecture. It manages all the available drivers
such as display, camera, Bluetooth, audio, memory, etc., required during the runtime.

The Linux Kernel will provide an abstraction layer between the device hardware and
the other android architecture components. It is responsible for the management of
memory, power, devices etc. The features of the Linux kernel are:

o Security: The Linux kernel handles the security between the application and the
system.
o Memory Management: It efficiently handles memory management, thereby
providing the freedom to develop our apps.
o Process Management: It manages the process well, allocates resources to
processes whenever they need them.
o Network Stack: It effectively handles network communication.
o Driver Model: It ensures that the application works properly on the device and
hardware manufacturers responsible for building their drivers into the Linux build.

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