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Integral Enthalpy of Solution

The document outlines an experiment to determine the integral enthalpy of solution for NH4Cl in a 1:200 solute to solvent ratio. It explains the theory behind enthalpy changes during dissolution, the procedure for conducting the experiment using a calorimeter, and the calculations required to obtain the final enthalpy value. The result of the experiment indicates the specific enthalpy of solution for NH4Cl in the given ratio, expressed in kcal/mol or kJ/mol.

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67 views3 pages

Integral Enthalpy of Solution

The document outlines an experiment to determine the integral enthalpy of solution for NH4Cl in a 1:200 solute to solvent ratio. It explains the theory behind enthalpy changes during dissolution, the procedure for conducting the experiment using a calorimeter, and the calculations required to obtain the final enthalpy value. The result of the experiment indicates the specific enthalpy of solution for NH4Cl in the given ratio, expressed in kcal/mol or kJ/mol.

Uploaded by

lifekilaggayi.2023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AIM To determine the integral enthalpy of solution for NH4Cl in solute: solvent ratio 1:200

Theory The dissolution of a solute in a solvent is often accompanied by either evolution or


absorption of heat. The amount of heat evolved or absorbed depends on the nature of the
solute and the solvent and also on composition of solution. Thus, under conditions of constant
temperature and pressure, the enthalpy change accompanying the complete dissolution of one
mole of solute in a definite amount of the solvent to give a solution of a specified
concentration is known as integral enthalpy of solution. For example, the dissolution of one
mole of NH4Cl in 100 moles of water is represented by following reaction with ΔH 1 as
enthalpy of solution:

NH4Cl + 100 H2O NH4Cl.100 H2O ΔH1

The integral enthalpy of solution is found to be dependent upon the amount of the solvent
added: for example, addition of same 1 mole of NH 4Cl will yield a different enthalpy of
solution ΔH2

NH4Cl + 200 H2O NH4Cl.200 H2O ΔH2

It has also been observed that the integral enthalpy of solution approaches a limiting value
when more and more solvent is used. The difference of the above two equations can be
written as:

NH4Cl.100 H2O + 100 H2O NH4Cl.200 H2O

The enthalpy change in the above equation is termed as enthalpy of dilution. The enthalpy of
dilution depends upon original concentration of the solution and amount of solvent added.

In addition to this, we can define another type of enthalpy, called differential enthalpy of
solution. This is defined as enthalpy change when 1 mole of solute is dissolved in a
sufficiently large volume of a solution of concentration c, so that final concentration remains
almost unchanged.

A special case of enthalpy of solution is the enthalpy change which occurs when a
sufficiently large amount of solvent is used so that further dilution does not yield any heat
changes. This is called enthalpy of solution at infinite dilution.

In this experiment, integral enthalpy of solution is determined by observing the initial


temperature, Ti of a known volume of water (if water is used as a solvent) and the final
temperature, Tf of the solution when a known mass of solute is completely dissolved in it.
The experiment is performed in a Calorimeter which makes the system under consideration
isolated from surroundings. The volume of water to be taken for dissolution of NH 4Cl should
be same as the volume for which heat capacity of calorimeter was calculated (200 mL in this
case). The enthalpy of solution of NH 4Cl can be calculated by taking into account the heat
capacity of calorimeter in the following manner.

Heat change due to addition of NH4Cl in water = Heat change in Calorimeter + Heat change
in solution
qp = (Cp + m* C) (Tf-Ti)

where Cp is the heat capacity of calorimeter and C is the specific heat capacity of water, m is
the mass of water taken (200 mL).

The enthalpy of solution for one mole of the solute can be calculated as:

ΔH = - qp/n ; where n is the number of moles of solute added.

Procedure

Heat capacity of Calorimeter for 100 mL cold water and 100 mL hot water was determined as
in previous experiment.

200 mL of distilled water was taken in a 400 mL beaker and was placed inside thermos flask
(whose heat capacity has already been determined). From the two holes on cover of
thermosflask, a stirrer and a thermometer with 0.1 least count was inserted. Noted the
temperature at every half minute interval for 4 minutes. At 4.5 minute, the required amount of
salt was added and stirred quickly and thoroughly. The temperature was noted from 5
minutes onwards till 9 minutes at an interval of half minute. During this time, stirring was
continued. A graph of temperature vs. time was plotted and initial and final temperature
reading was noted from the graph.

Observations and Calculations

1. Room temperature -

2. Calculations for amount of NH4Cl to be dissolved in water in 1:200 ratio-

200 moles of water require 1 mole of NH4Cl


200 x 18g of water require 53.5g of NH4Cl
200g of water require 53.5/18 g = 2.97g of NH4Cl

3. Table for determination of heat capacity of calorimeter for 100 mL cold water and 100 mL
hot water

Calculations for heat capacity

4. Table for determination of integral enthalpy of solution for NH 4Cl in solute: solvent ratio
1:200

Set 1

Temperature of cold
Time/min Temperature of solution/ºC
water/ºC
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5 Time of mixing

Calculations for integral enthalpy of solution-

qp = (Cp + m* C) (Tf-Ti)

From graph, Tf = ; Ti =

ΔH = - qp/n

Result The integral enthalpy of solution for NH4Cl in solute: solvent ratio 1:200 was found to
be ….. kcal/mol or …… kJ/mol

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