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Homework 1 (1)

The document contains a series of mathematical homework questions covering topics such as properties of integers, fields, vector spaces, linear independence, and bases in various mathematical structures. Each question requires proofs or explanations related to these concepts, including congruences, matrix operations, and function spaces. The questions are designed to assess understanding of advanced mathematical principles and their applications.

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18 views

Homework 1 (1)

The document contains a series of mathematical homework questions covering topics such as properties of integers, fields, vector spaces, linear independence, and bases in various mathematical structures. Each question requires proofs or explanations related to these concepts, including congruences, matrix operations, and function spaces. The questions are designed to assess understanding of advanced mathematical principles and their applications.

Uploaded by

kidron24
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Homework 1

Note: In what follows, F = R or C.

Question 1: Show that every n ∈ N is either even or odd, but not both.

Question 2: Let F be the set of all ordered pairs (α, β) of real numbers. If the
addition and multiplication are defined by

(α, β) + (γ, δ) = (α + γ, β + δ),


(α, β) · (γ, δ) = (αγ, βδ),

respectively, then does F become a field?

Question 3: Let F be the set of all ordered pairs (α, β) of real numbers. If the
addition and multiplication are defined by

(α, β) + (γ, δ) = (α + γ, β + δ),


(α, β) · (γ, δ) = (αγ − βδ, αδ + βγ),

respectively, then does F become a field?

Question 4: Suppose n is a positive integer. Two integers a and b are said to be


congruent modulo n, if a − b is divisible by n. This condition is written as a ≡ b
(mod n), e.g., 11 ≡ 25 (mod 7). Denote by ā, the “equivalence class” of the
integer a, e.g., if n = 3, then 4̄ = {. . . , −5, −2, 1, 4, 7, . . .}. The set of integers
modulo n, denoted by Zn , is the collection of all the “equivalence classes” for the
above mentioned “equivalence relation”, e.g., if n = 3, then Z3 consists exactly
of three elements:

0̄ = {. . . , −6, −3, 0, 3, 6, . . .},


1̄ = {. . . , −5, −2, 1, 4, 7, . . .},
2̄ = {. . . , −4, −1, 2, 5, 8, . . .}.

In general Zn has exactly n elements: Zn = {0̄, 1̄, . . . , n − 1}. Furthermore, it


makes sense to add and multiply “equivalence classes”: if a1 ≡ a2 (mod n) and
b1 ≡ b2 (mod n), then a1 + b1 ≡ a2 + b2 (mod n) and a1 · b1 ≡ a2 · b2 (mod n).
It can be shown that Zn is a field if and only if n is a prime number, with the
“equivalence class” 0̄ being the element “0” of the field and the “equivalence
class” 1̄ being the element “1” of the field.

1
(a) What is the element “−1” in Z5 ?
(b) What is the element “ 31 ” in Z7 ?

Question 5: Let Fm×n be the set of all m × n matrices, where F is a field and
m, n are positive integers. Show that Fm×n is a vector space over F under
the standard operations of addition of matrices and scalar multiplication of a
matrix. Furthermore, show that the set {X ∈ Rn×n : AT X + XA = 0}, where
A ∈ Rn×n is a given matrix, is a subspace of Rn×n .

Question 6: For each of the following subsets of F3 , determine whether it is a


subspace of F3 :
(a) {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ F3 : x1 + x2 + x3 = 0}.
(b) {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ F3 : x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 4}.
(c) {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ F3 : x1 x2 x3 = 0}.
(d) {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ F3 : x1 = 5x3 }.

Question 7: Show that the set of differentiable real-valued functions f on the


interval (−4, 4) such that f ′ (−1) = 3f (2) is a subspace of R(−4,4) .

Question 8: Suppose U1 and U2 are subspaces of V . Prove that the intersection


U1 ∩ U2 is a subspace of V .

Question 9: Suppose that U = {(a, a, b, b) ∈ F4 : a, b ∈ F} and W = {(c, c, c, d) ∈


F4 : c, d ∈ F}. Show that U + W = {(e, e, f, g) ∈ F4 : e, f, g ∈ F}.

Question 10: Suppose that U = {(a, b, a + b, a − b, 2a) ∈ F5 : a, b ∈ F}. Find


three subspaces W1 , W2 , W3 of F5 , none of which equals {0}, such that F5 =
U ⊕ W1 ⊕ W2 ⊕ W3 .

Question 11: Suppose v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 spans V . Prove that the list v1 − v2 , v2 −


v3 , v3 − v4 , v4 also spans V .

Question 12: Find a number t such that (3, 1, 4), (2, −3, 5), (5, 9, t) is not linearly
independent in R3 .

Question 13: Suppose v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 is linearly independent in V . Prove that the


list v1 − v2 , v2 − v3 , v3 − v4 , v4 is also linearly independent in V .

Question 14: Show that the functions et , tet , t2 et are linearly independent on the
interval [0, 1] over the field R.

Note: A collection of given functions f1 , . . . , fn that are defined over some inter-
val I ⊆ R, is said to be linearly independent, if for all x ∈ I, the only solution

2
to the following equation:

a1 f1 (x) + · · · + an fn (x) = 0,

where ai ∈ F, i = 1, . . . , n, is the zero solution.

Question 15: Let U be a subspace of R5 defined by

{(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) ∈ R5 : x1 = 3x2 and x3 = 7x4 }.

Find a basis of U .

Question 16: Suppose v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 is a basis of V . Prove that the list v1 +v2 , v2 +


v3 , v3 + v4 , v4 is also a basis of V .

Question 17: Suppose U and W are subspaces of V such that V = U ⊕ W .


Suppose also that u1 , . . . , um is a basis of U and w1 , . . . , wn is a basis of W .
Prove that u1 , . . . , um , w1 , . . . , wn is a basis of V .

Question 18: Consider the complex vector space Cn and let (Cn )R denote the real
vector space, which is obtained from Cn by restricting the multiplication to real
scalars only. Show that if e1 , . . . , en is a basis of Cn , then e1 , . . . , en , ie1 , . . . , ien
is a basis of (Cn )R . In particular, what are dim Cn and dim(Cn )R ?

Note: The above process is called the decomplexification/realification of the


complex vector space Cn . Furthermore, it is possible to replace the complex
vector space Cn with an arbitrary complex vector space.

Question 19: Consider the real vector space Rn and let (Rn )C be a set, which
consists of ordered pairs (ξ, η), where ξ, η ∈ Rn , written as ξ +iη. If the addition
and scalar multiplication on (Rn )C is defined by

(ξ1 + iη1 ) + (ξ2 + iη2 ) = (ξ1 + ξ2 ) + i(η1 + η2 ),


(u + iv) · (ξ + iη) = (uξ − vη) + i(vξ + uη),

respectively, then show that (Rn )C becomes a complex vector space. Further-
more, show that if e1 , . . . , en is a basis of Rn , then e1 , . . . , en is also a basis of
(Rn )C . In particular, what are dim Rn and dim(Rn )C ?

Note: The above process is called the complexification of the real vector space
Rn . Furthermore, it is possible to replace the real vector space Rn with an
arbitrary real vector space.
R1
Question 20: Let U = {p ∈ P4 (R) : −1 p(x)dx = 0}. Find a basis of U and
extend this basis to a basis of P4 (R). Furthermore, find a subspace W of P4 (R)
such that P4 (R) = U ⊕ W .

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