LABORATORY MANUAL

EXPERIMENT 4
AIM
To compare the emf of two given primary cells (Daniel and Leclanche
cells) using a potentiometer.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

Potentiometer, a Leclanche cell, a Daniel cell, a two way key, a resistance
box plug type (0 to 1000 Ω), a galvanometer (weston type), a voltmeter
(0-3 V), a battery eliminator/lead accumulator, a low resistance rheostat
(about 20 Ω), two one-way keys, connecting wires and sand paper.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
Potentiometer
A potentiometer consists of a uniform wire AB
of low temperature coefficient of resistance
stretched over a uniform wooden scale Fig. E
4.1(a). A B is often 100 cm, but for better
accuracy it is also made of wire of length 400
cm or 1000 cm. Potentiometer wire is usually
fixed on a wooden board with a 100 cm scale
fixed alongside. To keep the arrangement
compact, the wire is sometimes folded as shown
in Fig. E 4.1(b) and Fig. E 4.1(c).

Fig. E 4.1 (a)

Fig. E 4.1 (b) Fig. E 4.1 (c)

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PRINCIPLE
With the help of a voltmeter we can measure only the potential
difference between the two terminals of a cell, but using a
potentiometer we can determine the value of emf of a given cell.
The two primary cells whose emfs are to be compared, are so
connected in the circuit that their positive terminals are joined
together to the end A of the potentiometer wire AB and their
negative terminals are joined to a galvanometer through a
two-way key a, b, c. The other terminal of the galvanometer is
connected to a jockey J. A resistance box, RBOX, shunted with a
key across its terminals, is also connected in the circuit
between the two way key and the galvanometer G as shown
in Fig. E 4.2.
The two primary cells with emfs E1 and E2 are connected in turn to the
sliding contact J through the galvanometer G with the help of the two
way key a, b, c.

Fig. E 4.2 Circuit to compare emf of two primary cells

A steady potential difference could be maintained by using the battery

E and rheostat Rh in series across the ends of the wire AB; the end A
being at higher potential than the end B. Note that the emf E > emf
E 1 and also emf E > emf E 2.
Close the gap ‘a c’ in the two way key to bring the cell E1 in the circuit.
Slide the jockey on the potentiometer wire to obtain null deflection in
the galvanometer. Let it be at J. Note down the length AJ as l 1cm.
Similarly, bring E2 into circuit by closing the gap ‘b c’ and obtain the
null point J1 by sliding the jockey along the wire. Note the length AJ1
as l2 cm.
Now, according to the principle of potentiometer, when a steady current
flows through a wire of uniform thickness and material, potential

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difference between any two points on it is directly proportional to the

length of the wire between the points. Thus,
(E 4.1) V∝l
(E 4.2) V=φl

where φ is potential gradient.

The length of potentiometer wire is increased to decrease φ. A lower

value of φ makes the potentiometer more sensitive and accurate. In
case of two cells we have

E 1 = φ l1

E 2 = φ l2

where E1 and E2 are emfs of two cells, l1 and l2 are the balancing lengths
when E1 and E2 are connected to the circuit respectively and φ is the
potential gradient along the potentiometer wire.

E1/E2 = φ l 1/φ l2 = l1/l2

P
ROCEDURE
1. Make the circuit connections according to Fig. E 4.2. Connect
positive terminals of the battery E and the two cells E1 and E2 to
zero at end A of the potentiometer wire.
2. Connect negative terminal of E to the end B of the potentiometer
wire through a one way key K1 and a rheostat.
3. Connect negative terminals of the cell E1 and E2 to the terminals
‘a’ and ‘b’ of the two way key.
4. Shunt a resistance box RBOX through a key K2. Connect common
terminal of the two way key to one end of RBOX.
5. Connect other end of the resistance box to a galvanometer
whose other end is joined to a jockey. Jockey can be slided on
the potentiometer wire to obtain null deflection in the
galvanometer.
6. Bring the cell E1 in the circuit by inserting the plug between the
gaps ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the two way key.
7. Leave the key K2 open. Make rheostat resistance minimum. Take
out high resistance (of the order of thousand ohm) from the
resistance box. Make contact of the jockey at the zero end of the
potentiometer wire. Note the direction of deflection in
the galvanometer.

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8. Next, move the jockey to bring it in contact with the other end of
the wire. Note whether the direction of deflection of
the galvanometer needle is opposite to that observed
in step 7.
9. If the deflection of galvanometer needle is in opposite
direction in the above two situations, connections are correct. If
not, look out for the reason. Connections might be loose
or emf of the battery E might be less than that of the cells E1 and
E2. Make necessary changes as required.
10. Slide the jockey gently over the potentiometer wire till you
get null deflection in the galvanometer. Plug in the key K2 to
get the accurate position of the null (or balance) point.
The resistance in the resistance box limits the current
flowing through the galvanometer. Near the balance point,
the current flowing through the galvanometer is small,
insertion of the key K2 short circuits the resistances and
hence increases the current. This improves the sensitivity
of balance point detection.
Note the length of the wire AJ, and record it as l1. Repeat detection
of balance point while moving the jockey in opposite direction
and record the second value of l 1.
11. Next bring E2 in the circuit by inserting plug between the gaps ‘b’
and ‘c’ of the two way key. Obtain the balance point J1 in the
same way as you did in finding l1 and note the length AJ1 as l2.
12. Repeat steps 6 to 11 three times by shifting the contact point of
the rheostat and calculate l1/l2 for each set of readings, for
E1 and E2.
13. Record your observations in tabular form.

O
BSERVATIONS
1. No. of wires on the potentiometer board = ...

2. Range of the voltmeter = 0...V to ... V

3. Least count of the voltmeter = ...V

4. Potential drop across E = ...V

5. Potential drop across E1 = ...V

6. Potential drop across E2 = ...V

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Table E 4.1: Balance length

Sl. l 1 cm l 2 cm Ratio
No.
Leclanche cell (E1) Daniel cell (E2) E1 l1  E1 
in the circuit = ∆
 E 
in the circuit
E2 l2
2

Jockey Jockey Mean Jockey Jockey Mean

being being being being
moved moved moved moved
in one in another in one in another
direction direction direction direction
(i) (ii) (i) (ii)

1
2
3
4

Mean

C ALCULATIONS
Calculate l1 / l2 for each set of readings.

Error

E 
∆ 1 
(E 4.3)  E 2  = ∆l1 + ∆l 2
 E1  l1 l2
 
 E2 

E   ∆l ∆l   E 
(E 4.4) ∴ ∆ 1  =  1 + 2   1 
 E2   l1 l2   E2 

∆l1 and ∆l2 represent the error in the measurement of l 1 and l 2

respectively.
 E1 
Calculate ∆   for the four sets of observations and write the
 E2 
maximum of the four values in the result as estimated error.

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R ESULT
The ratio of emfs E 1 /E 2 for Leclanche cell to Daniell cell
E1 E 
= ± ∆ 1  = ... ± ...
E2  E 2 max .

E1
E2 is mean value of the ratio of emfs of the two cells.

P RECAUTIONS
1. Keys plugged into the resistance box must ensure good
electrical contact.
2. Jockey should be pressed gently on the potentiometer wire to
prevent formation of any kinks in it.
3. Position of rheostat contact should not be disturbed before
finishing the task of finding the balance length with both
the cells.

S
OURCES OF ERROR
1. The area of cross section of the potentiometer wire may not be
uniform throughout its length.
2. Avoid continuous discharge of the two cells whose emf are to be
compared by keeping the keys open when E1 and E2 are not in use.
3. The length measurement may have error if the potentiometer
wire is not taut and along the scale on the board.
4. Multiple key jockey may not have correct alignment with
the scale.

D ISCUSSION
1. Current should not be passed for a long time in order to avoid
heating due to current.
2. Battery E should have greater emf than that of E1 and E2, the two
primary cells, so that a balance point is obtained on the wire.
3. High resistance box is used in order to make currents low so
that the galvanometer coil is not damaged.
4. When looking for a balance point, there may be a small range of
positions (rather than one position) of the jockey for
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