SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER I, SESSION 2010/2011
COURSE CODE : SAB 2223/ SAM 2213

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

PROGRAMME : SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : NOVEMBER 2010

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. ANSWER FIVE (5) QUESTIONS ONLY.
2. PLEASE CIRCLE THE QUESTION NUMBERS ANSWERED ON THE
FRONT PAGE OF YOUR ANSWER SCRIPT.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for
disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from
the study.

This examination question consists of ten (10) printed pages only.

 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 2

Q1. A bar is subjected to the axial loads shown in Figure Q1.

Given:
Cross sectional area of bar AB =300 mm2
Diameter of bar BC = 400 mm2
Diameter of bar CD = 200 mm2
Young modulus of material, E = 200 kN/mm2
Coefficient of thermal expansion of material, α = 12 × 10-6 /°C

a) Calculate the displacement of end D with respect to end A.

(8 marks)

b) Calculate the displacement of end D with respect to end A if bar

ABCD experiences a rise in temperature of 10 ⁰C.
(8 marks)

c) Compare the differences in stresses for bar BC before and after change
in temperature.
(4 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q1
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 3

Q2. An element from a loaded structure posesses a state of stresses as shown in

Figure Q2. By using a Mohr Circle or Stress Transformation Equations,

a) Calculate the values of the principal stresses.

(6 marks)

b) Calculate the maximum shearing stresses and show their locations on

plane.
(6 marks)

c) Calculate the normal stress and shearing stress on a plane rotated 40

degrees counterclockwise from the y-plane.
(8 marks)
(20 marks)

30 N/m2

40 N/m2

FIGURE Q2
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 4

Q3. Two load cells are used to support and measure the external loading applied
on the secondary beam that resting on the primary beam as shown in Figure
Q3. By assuming the load cell A and B exert only vertical reactions on the
primary beam:

a) Calculate the reactions from load cell A and load cell B.

(6 marks)

b) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the primary
beam and show the important values in the diagram.
(12 marks)

c) Point out the maximum values for shear force (Vmax) and bending
moment (Mmax).
(2 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q3
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 5

Q4. A T-beam has a cross section as shown in Figure Q4(a). It carries a point load,
20 kN at B and a uniform distributed load, 50 kN/m along span AC. The beam
is supported by a roller at A and a pin at C, as shown in Figure Q4(b).

a) Compute the moment of inertia, I, of the beam.

(8 marks)

b) Compute the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses, and

draw the bending stress distribution diagram of the cross section.
(6 marks)

c) Compute the shear stress at the neutral axis, the point where shear
stress is maximum.
(6 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q4
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 6

Q5. Figure Q5 shows a truss supported by a roller at A and a pin at B. The truss is
subjected to point loads, 80 kN and 60 kN at C. Cross section of area, A and
modulus of elasticity, E for all members are 400 mm2 and 200 kN/mm2
respectively.

a) Calculate forces in all members.

(6 marks)

b) Calculate the horizontal deflection at D.

(14 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q5
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 7

Q6. a) A space truss is an assemblage of members joined at their ends and it

is normally presented as a three dimensional structure. With the aid
of neat sketches, give one example each of the three major types of
space trusses?
(6 marks)

b) Use method of joints to determine the forces acting in the members

meeting at joints A and B of the space truss shown in Figure Q6.
Indicate whether the members are in tension (T) or compression (C).
(14 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q6
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 8

Q7. An overhanging beam is supported by pin at A and roller at B. The beam is

subjected to point load of 10 kN, uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m and a
couple of 20 kNm as shown in Figure Q7. Using the MacCaulay method,
calculate

a) the maximum deflection, and

(10 marks)

b) the slope at A.
(10 marks)
(20 marks)

10 kN
20 kNm 20 kN/m
B C
A

2m 2m 1m 1m

FIGURE Q7
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 9

Q8. Figure Q8 shows a column BD supports a beam ABC and is subjected to two
concentrated loads of P and 0.5P. Assume that the column is made of steel and
is pinned at its ends for x-x axis buckling and fixed at its ends for y-y axis
buckling. Use a factor of safety with respect to buckling, F.O.S. = 3, modulus
of elasticity, E = 200 GPa, and yield stress of steel, σY = 360 MPa.

(a) Calculate the maximum allowable load P that can be applied to column
BD without causing member BD to buckle.
(16 marks)

(b) Calculate the critical stress of the column.

(4 marks)
(20 marks)

P 0.5P

1m 1m 1m

A B C
A

50 mm
2m

x
30 mm

y y

50 mm

x
FIGURE Q8
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 10

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.

Axial Load Buckling


P  2 EI
Normal Stress Critical axial load Pcr 
A KL 2
Displacement
 2E
PL Critical stress  cr 
  KL / r 2
AE
 T  TL Radius gyration r  I A

Bending Relations Between , V, M

  x  ,
My dV dM
Normal stress   V
I dx dx
Shear Elastic Curve
V 1 M
Average direct shear stress  avg  
A  EI

VQ d 4
Transverse shear stress
It EI   x 
dx 4
Stress Transformation
d 3
EI 3  V x 
Normal stress dx

 x' 
 x  y 

 x  y 
cos 2   xy sin 2
d 2
EI 2  M  x 
2 2 dx

Geometric Properties of Area

 y' 
 x  y 

 x  y 
cos 2   xy sin 2 Elements
2 2
y
A=bh 1 3
I bh
h x 12
Shear stress
1

 x' y'  
 x  y 
sin 2   xy cos 2
b I  hb 3
12
2 1
A bh
In-plane principal stress 2 1 3
Ix  bh
36
 max and  min 
 x  y    x  y 
 
2

   xy 2
h
x 1
2  2  h
b 3

2 xy
tan 2 p  D 4
 x  y  D x I
64
Maximum in-plane shear stress

   y 
2

 max    x    xy 2
 2 

tan 2 s  
 x  y 
2 xy
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER II, SESSION 2010/2011
COURSE CODE : SAB 2223/ SAM 2213

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

PROGRAMME : SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : APRIL 2011

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. ANSWERS FIVE (5) QUESTIONS ONLY.
2. PLEASE CIRCLE THE QUESTION NUMBERS ANSWERED ON THE
FRONT PAGE OF YOUR ANSWER SCRIPT.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for
disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from
the study.

This examination question consists of (9) printed pages only.

 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 2

Q1. (a) Figure Q1(a) shows a steel truss loaded with a vertical load of 200 kN
at joint B. Determine the axial deformations of the members AB and
AD, given that the cross-sectional areas are 2200 mm2 and 1800 mm2,
respectively. The modulus of elasticity, E is 200 GPa for all members.
(10 marks)

200kN

1.5 m
A
D C
2.0 m 2.0 m

FIGURE Q1(a)

(b) A 500 mm long, 20 mm diameter, d, rod is subjected to an axial load

of 15 kN as shown in Figure Q1(b). The rod is observed to increase in
length by 300 µm and to decrease in diameter by 2.5 µm.

(i) the modulus of elasticity, and

(ii) Poisson’s ratio of the material

(10 marks)

(20 marks)

y d = 20 mm
y = -2.5 m
15 kN
x

500 mm x = 300 m

FIGURE Q1(b)
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 3

Q2. (a) The general state of stress at a point is characterized by six

independent normal and shear stress components which act on the
faces of an element of material located at the point. Show a schematic
view of the general state of stress.
(4 marks)

(b) (i) Determine the principal stresses of an element having

x = 45 MPa, y = 55 MPa and xy = 25 MPa by using Mohr’s
circle. Show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.

(ii) Determine the maximum and minimum shear stresses by using

Mohr’s circle. Show them on a sketch of a properly oriented
element.

(iii) Determine the equivalent state of stress if the element is

oriented 30º clockwise by using Mohr’s circle. Show
them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.

(16 marks)

(20 marks)

Q3. Figure Q3 shows a beam, which has a pin support at B and a roller at D. The
beam is subjected to a point load of 48 kN, a moment of 72 kNm and an
uniformly distributed load of 16 kN/m. Obtain the shear force (V) and bending
moment (M) expressions for sections AB, BC and CD. Then draw shear force
and bending moment diagram of the beam. Show the main value of shear
forces and bending moments in the diagram.

(20 marks)

FIGURE Q3
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 4

Q4. Figure Q4 shows a cross section of a simply supported beam. The beam is
subjected to an uniformly distributed load of 24 kN/m and has a 6 m span .
Draw a bending stress diagram at the location where the bending moment is
maximum and a shear stress diagram at the location where shear force is
maximum. Show the main value of stresses in the diagram.

(20 marks)

300 mm

600 mm

200 mm

700 mm

FIGURE Q4
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 5

Q5. (a) Referring to the trusses in Figure Q5(a),

(i) Prove that the truss is determinate, and

(ii) Determine the force in members DG, FG and FH of the truss by

method of section.
(8 marks)

5m 5m 5m

40 kN 40 kN
90 kN A D G J

3m
C F I K
B
E H

FIGURE Q5(a)

(b) Referring to the truss in Figure Q5(b), determine

(i) all the member forces by using method of joint,

(ii) the vertical displacement at joint B. Assume that the modulus

of elasticity of the truss is 200 GPa and the cross-sectional area
is 32500 mm2 for all members.
(12 marks)
4m
(20 marks)
50 kN
C
B
100 kN
2.5 m

D
A
4m 2m

FIGURE Q5 (b)
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 6

Q6. The triangles formed by points DEF and ACB in Figure Q6 are both right
triangles oriented parallel to the zx plane. The forces at D act in the x and z
directions, and those at E and F are directed in the x and z directions,
respectively. Calculate the forces in the members that meet at joint E if P = 5
kN.

(20 marks)

E
P
P 3m
D
P y
F
P
C 4m
x
3m
z
A B

3m
FIGURE Q6
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 7

Q7. Figure Q7 shows a simply supported beam AF being loaded with vertical load
of 5 kN at B and uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m between C and D. The
beam is also subjected to a couple of 3 kNm at E. By assuming EI as constant
and using the MacCaulay method, determine

(a) the maximum deflection, and

(12 marks)

(b) the slope at B

(8 marks)

(20 marks)

5 kN
10 kN/m 3 kNm
A F
B C D E

2m 1m 1.2 m 1.5 m 0.3 m

FIGURE Q7
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 8

Q8. A steel W200 x 46 member is used as column as shown in Figure Q8. The
column has the modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa, yield stress, y = 250 MPa
and the cross sectional properties: A = 5890 mm2, Ix = 45.4 x 106 mm4 and
Iy = 15.3 x 106 mm4. Determine the largest axial load it can support before it
either begins to buckle or the steel yields when

(a) both ends of the column are pin supported,

(10 marks)

(b) the column is fixed at its base and is pinned at its top. Also, the column
is braced along the x-x axis at its mid-height.
(10 marks)

(20 marks)

y y
4m
x

FIGURE Q8
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 9

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.

Axial Load Relations Between , V, M

  x  ,
P dV dM
Normal Stress  V
A dx dx
Displacement Elastic Curve
Px dx 1 M
L
  
Ax E  EI
0
d 4
 
PL EI   x 
AE dx 4
 T  TL d 3
EI 3  V x 
dx
Bending d 2
My EI 2  M  x 
Normal stress   dx
I
Geometric Properties of Area
Shear Elements
V
Average direct shear stress  avg  y
A=bh 1
A I  bh 3
h x 12
VQ
Transverse shear stress  I
1 3
hb
It b 12
VQ
Shear flow q= t  1
I A bh
2 1 3
Ix  bh
Material property Relations 36
h
 x 1
Poisson’s ratio    lat h
 long b 3
Generalized Hooke’s Law

 x   x    y   z 
1
 D 4
E
D x I
 
64
 y   y    x   z 
1
E
1
E

 z   z    x   y   2
a
E 5 Exparabolic
G 2
21  v  A  ab area ab
3 A
Buckling b C b 3
3
 2 EI a C b
Critical axial load Pcr  3 10
KL 2 8
b zero
3
a
4
 2E slope
Critical stress  cr 
KL / r 2 Semiparabolic
area
a

Radius gyration r  I A
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213

Faculty

UTM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
of Civil Engineering

R E S E A R C H U N I V E R S I T Y

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER I, SESSION 2011/2012
COURSE CODE : SAB 2223/ SAM 3213

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

PROGRAMME : SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : JANUARY 2012

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. ANSWERS FIVE (5) QUESTIONS ONLY.
2. PLEASE CIRCLE THE QUESTION NUMBERS ANSWERED ON THE
FRONT PAGE OF YOUR ANSWER SCRIPT.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for
disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from
the study.

This examination question consists of (9) printed pages only.

 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213

A mild steel rod of 2.5 m long having a cross sectional area of 50 mm2
is subjected to a tensile force of 1.5 kN. Determine the stress, strain,
and the elongation of the rod if modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa.
(6 marks)

A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an aluminum bar is

shown in Figure Ql. The steel and aluminium bar have a square cross
sectional area of 50 x 50 mm and 80 x 80 mm, respectively. Assuming
that the bars are prevented from buckling sidewise, calculate the
magnitude of force, P that will cause the total length of member to
decrease by 0.50 mm. The values of elastic modulus of steel and
aluminum are 2 x 1011 N/m2 and 0.7 x 1011 N/m2, respectively.
(14 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Ql
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213

A mild steel rod of 2.5 m long having a cross sectional area of 50 mm2
is subjected to a tensile force of 1.5 kN. Determine the stress, strain,
and the elongation of the rod if modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa.
(6 marks)

A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an aluminum bar is

shown in Figure Ql. The steel and aluminium bar have a square cross
sectional area of 50 x 50 mm and 80 x 80 mm, respectively. Assuming
that the bars are prevented from buckling sidewise, calculate the
magnitude of force, P that will cause the total length of member to
decrease by 0.50 mm. The values of elastic modulus of steel and
aluminum are 2 x 1011 N/m2 and 0.7 x 1011 N/m2, respectively.
(14 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Ql
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213

An element is subjected to the plane stresses shown in the Figure Q2.

(a) Determine normal stress and shear stress acting on the plane that is
inclined at 20° as shown in the figure.
(8 marks)

(b) Determine the maximum normal stress and its orientation.

(4 marks)

(c) Sketch the plane of the maximum normal stress by showing its values
and orientation.
(4 marks)

(d) Determine the maximum shear stress.

(4 marks)
(20 marks)

50 N/mm

30 N/mm

30 N/mm

50 N/mm2

FIGURE 02
 SAB 2223/SAM 2213 4

Q3. (a) Figure Q3(a) shows a frame, which has a pin support at A and a roller
at D. The beam is subjected to a lateral uniformly distributed load of 3
kN/m between A and B, a vertical uniformly distributed load of 8
kN/m between C and E and a moment of 60 kNm at B. Draw shear
force and bending moment diagram of the frame. Show the main value
of shear forces and bending moments in the diagram.
(14 marks)

FIGURE Q3(a^

(b) Draw the shear force diagram and the loaded beam corresponding to
the given bending moment diagram in Figure Q3(b).
(6 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE 03(b)
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213

A beam has the cross section shown in Figure Q4. On a section where the
resisting moment is -75 kNm and the shear force is 30 kN, determine
(a) the maximum tensile flexural stress
(10 marks)

(b) the maximum compressive flexural stress

(3 marks)

(c) the maximum shear stress.

(7 marks)
(20 marks)

. 75 mm .
K---------- >1

FIGURE 04
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213

Figure Q5 shows a plane truss supported by pin and roller supports at A and C
respectively. The truss is subjected to a single inclined point load at B.

(a) Show that the truss is stable and statically determinate;

(5 marks)

(b) Use method of joint to determine the forces in all the members of the
truss. Indicate whether a member is in compression (C) or tension (T);
(7 marks)

(c) Find the horizontal displacement at point B. Assume the cross-

sectional area, A and modulus of elasticity, E to be constant.
(8 marks)
(20 marks)

120 kN

1.27 m

1.73 m

FIGURE 05
 SAB 2223/SAM 2213 7

A space truss is supported by ball-and-socket joints at supports C, D and E as

shown in Figure Q6. A force of 10 kN in the z direction is applied at A.
Determine the force in each member of the space frame and state if the
members are in tension or compression. The support reaction at E acts along
member EB.

(20 marks)

FIGURE 06
 SAB 2223/SAM 2213 8

Q7. The cantilever beam in Figure Q7 is exerted by a concentrated load of 12 kN

at B and a uniform distributed load between B and C. Given the modulus of
elasticity, E is 200 GPa and moment of inertia, I is 200 x l O 6 mm4, determine
the slope and deflection at C by using the Macaulay method.

(20 marks)
12 kN

20 kN/m
1anBSl
a, 1 ■Hii\'
■*- i

WM B

3m 2m
<--------------------- > <--------------------- >
FIGURE 07

Q8- Rods AB and BC have a diameter of 10 mm and 16 mm, respectively as

shown in Figure Q8. By using a factor of safety of 3, determine the largest
load P which may be applied to the structure shown so that the members do
not buckle. Use modulus of elasticity, E - 200 GPa. Also, show that the
structure will fail due to buckling and not due to the yielding of the steel if
yield stress, ay = 250 MPa.

(20 marks)

FIGURE 08
 SAB 2223/SAM 2213 9

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.

Axial Load Relations Between co,V,M

dV ( \ dM
Normal Stress a - = -(o[x), =V
A dx dx
Displacement Elastic Curve
(• P(x)dx J__M_
A{x)E p~ El
d*v
El = -&>(x)
AE dx4
ST = aATL d\
El = V(x)
dx3
Bending d2v
My El = M(x)
Normal stress a = - dx2

Geometric Properties of Area

Shear
_V_
Average direct shear stress ~A=bh
°vg I = —bhi
12
VQ VAy
Transverse shear stress T-
I = —hb}
It ~ lb 12
VQ k-
Shear flow q=z t =
I
Ix = —bh3
x 36
Material property Relations
Poisson *s ratio v ~ 'lat
'long
Generalized Hooke’s Law
1
ex =-k-^+^z)] TtP"'
1=
64
sy=^[tTy-y{ax+<j^

+ CTJ

v Exparabolic
G -
2(1 + v)
Buckling
n2EI
Critical axial load P„ = sT —
(KLf zero
n1 E
Critical stress a„ = Semiparabolic
(.KL/r)2
area
Radius gyration r = y ] l / A
 SKAA 2223/ SAB 2223 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER II, SESSION 2012/2013
COURSE CODE : SKAA 2223/ SAB 2223

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

PROGRAMME : SKAW/ SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : JUNE, 2013

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN SECTION A.
2. ANSWER ONLY THREE (3) QUESTIONS IN SECTION B.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for
disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from
the study.

This examination question consists of (10) printed pages only.

 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 2

SECTION A

Q1. A cantilever beam, ABCDEFas shown in Figure Q1 is exerted by a uniform

distributed load over span BD, three points loads at B, C and D,and two
moments acting at A and E. Determine the reactions at F. Then, construct the
shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD) for the beam
and indicate the important values in the diagrams.
(20 marks)

60 kN 40 kN 20 kN

240 kNm 20 kN/m

120 kNm

A B C D E F

2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

FIGURE Q1
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 3

Q2. Figure Q2shows a plane truss supported by roller and pin supports at A and D
respectively. The truss is subjected to a vertical and horizontal loads at C and
B, respectively.

(a) Show that the truss is stable and statically determinate;

(5 marks)

(b) Determine the forces in all the members of the truss. Indicate whether
each member is in compression (C) or tension (T);
(7 marks)

(c) Find the vertical displacement at point C. Assume the cross-sectional

area, A for each member is 300 mm2 and modulus of elasticity, E
equals to 200 kN/mm2.
(8 marks)
(20 marks)

B
45 kN
D

2.31 m

1.73 m
33 kN
A

3 m 4 m

FIGURE Q2
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 4

SECTION B

Q3. (a) The steel block shown in Figure Q3(a) is subjected to a uniform
pressure on all its faces. Knowing that the change in length of edge AB
is -24µm, determine the change in length of the other two edges, and
the pressure p applied to the faces of the block. Assume E = 200GPa
and v = 0.29.
(10 marks)

(b) Referring to Figure Q3(b), each of the two vertical links has a uniform
rectangular cross section of 5 x 36 mm. Each pin is 9-mm diameter. A
force 10 N is applied atA
(i) Prove that the force in link BD and CE are 15 N and 5
N respectively.
(ii) Determine the maximum value of the normal stress in
the links BD and CE.
(iii) Determine the shear stress in the pin at B and C.
(iv) Determine the bearing stress in the member ABC at pin
B and C.
(10 marks)
(20 marks)

y 0.2 m 0.4 m
m C
10 N B
40 mm 0.15m
D x
C A E
60 mm D
A
B
80 mm
z

(a) (b)

FIGURE Q3
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 5

Q4. (a) The general state of plane stress at a point is represented by a

combination of two normal stress components and one shear stress
component acts on six sides of the element. Sketch this state of stress
in x-y, y-z and x-z plane.
(4 marks)

(b) Using Mohr’s circle,

(i) Determine the principal stresses of an element having

x = -80 MPa, y = 50 MPa and xy = - 25 MPa. Show them on
a sketch of a properly oriented element.

(ii) Determine the maximum and minimum shear stresses. Show

them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.

(iii) Determine the equivalent state of stress if the element is

oriented 30º clockwise. Show them on a sketch of a properly
oriented element.
(16 marks)
(20 marks)
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 6

Q5. Three plates, each 12 mm thick are welded together to form the beam shown
in Figure Q5.Six vertical forces are applied to thebeam.

(a) Knowing that the allowable bending stress,  = 140 MPa, determine
the minimum flange width,b which may be used.
(13 marks)

(b) Determine theabsolute maximum shear stress in the beam.

(7 marks)
(20 marks)

P = 80 kN
P P P P P P b
12 mm

C 12 mm 244 mm
A

a a a a a 12 mm
a = 0.75 m
Cross section of the beam

FIGURE Q5
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 7

Q6. Figure Q6 shows a space truss system where plane ABC is horizontal and
plane ABEDis vertical. Support E and F are ball-and-socket, whereas support
D is a slotted roller constraint in a cylinder in the x direction. Point load at A is
30 kN (y direction), at B 40 kN (x direction) and C 50 kN (z direction).

(a) Check the stability and determinacy of the space truss.

(5 marks)

(b) Calculate all the member forces at joint B.

(9 marks)

(c) Calculate the reaction forces at support D.

(6 marks)
(20 marks)

40 kN
3m
B 7m
3m
30 kN

A
C 50 kN

8m

x
z F
9m

FIGURE Q6
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 8

Q7. Figure Q7 shows an overhanging beam ABCD carries a uniformly distributed

load of 8 kN/m along span AC. The beam also carries a point load of 30 kN at
C and a couple of 15 kNm at A. The beam is pin and roller supported at D and
B, respectively. Given modulus of elasticity, E = 200 kN/mm2 and moment of
inertia, I = 55  107mm4,

(a) Calculate the deflection at A and C.

(12 marks)

(b) Calculate the slope at B.

(4 marks)

(c) Sketch the deflected shape of the beam.

(4 marks)
(20 marks)

30 kN
15 kNm

8 kN/m

D
A B C

4m 2m 3m

FIGURE Q7
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 9

Q8. (a) Figure Q8 shows two rod members A and B. Rod A is subjected to an
axial tensile force while rod B is subjected to a compressive force.
Sketch graphs and describe briefly the relationships between the axial
force and axial deformation, and between the axial force and lateral
deflection for both rods if both rods are strained elastically. Assume
that the rods are initially straight, their cross sections are uniform, and
loads are applied through the neutral axis.

(8 marks)

(b) A hollow tube 5 m length with internal and external diameter of 25 mm

and 40 mm respectively, elongates 6.4 mm when subjected to 60 kN.
Determine the critical load (Euler buckling load) when it is used as
strut, with both ends pinned.
(12 marks)
(20 marks)

A
B

FIGURE Q8
 SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 10

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.
Axial Load Relations Between, V, M
P
   x  ,
dV dM
Normal Stress  V
A dx dx
Displacement
Px dx Elastic Curve
L
 
0
Ax E 1 M

PL  EI
 
AE ( )
 T  TL
∫ ( )
Bending
My ∬ ( )
Normal stress  
I
Geometric Properties of Area
Shear
Elements
V
Average direct shear stress  avg 
A y
A=bh 1 3
VQ I bh
Transverse shear stress  h x 12
It 1
I  hb3
b 12
Material property Relations
 lat A
1
bh
Poisson’s ratio    2
 long Ix 
1 3
bh
36
E h
Modulus of rigidity G  x 1
21  v  h
x y z b 3
x   
E E E
y x z D 4
y    D x I
64
E E E
z x y
z   
E E E
2
Buckling a
5 2ab Exparabolic
 2 EI A 2
Critical axial load Pcr  A  3ab area ab
KL 2 b 3
b
A
C 3
Radius gyration r  I A C
3
b
3 a 10
b 3
8 zero a
Effective length Le = KL 4
slope
Semiparabolic a
K = 1 for pinned ends
K = 2 for fixed and free ends area
K = 0.5 for fixed ends
K = 0.7 for pinned and fixed ends
Q2. Find the vertical displacement at point D. Assume the cross-sectional area, A for each member is
300 mm2 and modulus of elasticity, E equals to 200 kN/mm2.

(a) b + r = 5 + 3 = 8
2j = 2(4) = 8
 b + r = 2j
MEMBER P p L PpL
AB 50 0 10 0
AC -24 -0.6 5 72
AD 46.65 1.17 5.83 318.2
CD -96.93 -1.08 5.39 564.25
DE -58.81 0 5.83 0
954.45

disp 0.015908 m
disp 15.9075 mm
Q4.
Q6.

JOINT D

MEMBER Lx Ly Lz L t F
DC 0 -8 0 8 408.75 3270
- -
DB -3.4 -8 -6 10.5622 194.942 2059.02
- -
DA 3.1 -8 -6 10.46948 213.808 2238.46
force 0 0 -2452.5

Fx = 0 0tDC + -3.4tDB + 3.1tDA + 0 = 0

Fy = 0 -8tDC + -8tDB + -8tDA + 0 = 0
Fz = 0 0tDC + -6tDB + -6tDA + -2452.5 = 0

tDC = 408.75
tDB = -194.942307692308
tDA = -213.807692307692

JOINT B

MEMBER Lx Ly Lz L t F
BC 3.4 0 6 6.896376
BD -3.4 8 3 9.195651
BA 6.5 0 0 6.5
force 0 Rby 0

Fx = 0 3.4tBC + -3.4tBD + 6.5tBA + 0 = 0

Fy = 0 0tBC + 8tBD + 0tBA + Rby = 0
Fz = 0 6tBC + 3tBD + 0tBA + 0 = 0
Q7

.
 X EIdy/dx
1 -37
2 -12
3 15
4 32 At x = 2.43 m, maximum displacement = -0.00036 m = -0.36 mm
5 27
6 -12 At x = 5.78 m, maximum displacement = 6.34x10-6 m = 0.0063 mm
2.5 2
2.4 -0.768
2.45 0.62025
2.42 -0.21178
2.43 0.065886
5.5 12.5
5.8 -0.904
5.7 3.984
5.78 0.108096
5.79 -0.39578
(b)
 FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER I, SESSION 2013/2014
COURSE CODE : SKAA2223/SAB2223/ SAM2213

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

PROGRAMME : SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : JANUARY 2014

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. Answer all the questions in Section A.
2. Answer ONLY three (3) questions in Section B.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for
disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from
the study.

This examination question consists of (10) printed pages only.

 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 2

SECTION A
Q1. Figure Q1 shows an overhanging beam ABCD that is pin and roller supported
at A and C, respectively. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 15
kN/m along span AC, point loads of 25 kN and 30 kN at B and D, respectively.
A moment of 30 kNm is also applied at A. Construct the shear force and
bending moment diagram of the overhanging beam and indicate the important
values in the diagrams.
(20 marks)

25 kN

30 kNm 30 kN
15 kN/m

A B C D

7m 2m 2m

FIGURE Q1

Q2. Figure Q2 shows a plane truss supported by a roller and a pin at A and C
respectively. The truss is subjected to vertical loads at B and D.

(a) Show that the truss is stable and statically determinate;

(5 marks)

(b) Determine the forces in all the members of the truss. Indicate whether
each member is in compression (C) or tension (T);

(7 marks)
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 3

(c) Find the vertical displacement at point D. Assume the cross-sectional

area, A for each member is 300 mm2 and modulus of elasticity, E
equals to 200 kN/mm2.

(8 marks)

(20 marks)

30 kN

A B

3m

D
2m
30 kN
C

5m 5m

FIGURE Q2
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 4

SECTION B
Q3. (a) The inclined member in Figure Q3 is subjected to a compressive force of
3000 N. Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas
of contact defined by AB and BC. If the amount of average shear stress
required to slide the ADB block along the EDB plane is 0.8 N/mm 2,
calculate the maximum force that could be applied (to replace the 3000 N
force).
(10 marks)

(b) A steel tube pile has an inner diameter of 25 mm and outer diameter of 60
mm. The length of pile is 3 metres and it carries a load of 50 kN. Given
that the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa, calculate the compressive stress
and compressive strain. Also, determine the shortening of the pile.
(10 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q3
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 5

Q4. Using Mohr’s circle for the state of stress shown in Figure Q4, determine and
sketch the shear and normal stresses by constructing a properly oriented
element for the following conditions:

(a) the vertical face is rotated until it is parallel to line a-a

(8 marks)

(b) the element is rotated to its principal plane

(6 marks)

(c) the element is rotated for maximum shearing stress and the
corresponding normal stresses
(6 marks)
(20 marks)

60 MPa

30 MPa

a
40 MPa
60

FIGURE Q4
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 6

Q5. Figure Q5(a) shows the result of bending moment diagram of an over-hanging
beam. Figure Q5(b) shows the cross-section of the beam. By considering the
point where the maximum hogging moment (negative moment) occurs,

(a) sketch the shear stress distribution across the depth of the cross
section. Indicate the values of the maximum shear stress and the
stresses at the juncture of the flange and the web.
(10 marks)

(b) sketch the bending stress distribution across the depth of the cross
section and indicate the values of the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
(12 marks)
(20 marks)

M
-140 kNm

-ve

+ve

210 kNm
1.31 m 1.69 m 1m

(a)

400 mm
20 mm
350 mm
25 mm
350 mm

(b)
FIGURE Q5
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 7

Q6. (a) Determine the force (in kN) in the member CD, BD and AD of the
space truss shown in Figure Q6. Note that points A, B and C are in the
x-z plane and member CD is parallel to y-axis.
(10 marks)

(b) Determine the reaction at joint B.

(10 marks)
(20 marks)

C 8 mm

6.9 mm
250 kg

6 mm

6.5 mm
A
x
y

FIGURE Q6
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 8

Q7. Figure Q7 shows a simply supported over-hanging beam, which has a pin
support at A and roller support at B. The beam is subjected to a uniform
distributed loads and moment as shown in the figure. The Young Modulus, E
and the second moment of area, I for the beam are 200 GPa and 100 × 107
mm4, respectively. By using the Macaulay’s method,

(a) write the slope and displacement expressions for the elastic curve for
the beam shown in Figure Q7.
(9 marks)

(b) calculate the maximum deflection of span AB. Also, determine the
distance at which this maximum deflection occurs from point A.
(11 marks)
(20 marks)

12 kN/m
5 kN/m

A EI B 50 kNm
6m 2m

FIGURE Q7
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 9

Q8. The horizontal beam ABC shown in Figure Q8 is supported by columns BD

and CE. The beam is prevented from moving horizontally by the roller support
at end A. Each column is pinned at its upper end to the beam, but at the lower
ends, support D is a fixed support and support E is pinned. Both columns are
solid steel bars (modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa) of rectangular cross
section as shown in Figure Q8. A load P acts at distance a from column BD.

(a) If the distance a = 0.5 m, determine the maximum value of load P that
can be applied so that failure due to buckling of the column does not
occur.
(15 marks)

(b) If the distance a can be varied between 0 and 1 m, analyse for the
maximum value of load P that can be applied so that failure due to
buckling of the column does not occur. Then, indicate the
corresponding value of the distance a.
(5 marks)
(20 mark

P
a
A B C

0.9 m 1.2 m
16 mm 16 mm 12 mm

D 16 mm
E
Cross section of the columns

0.3 m 1m

FIGURE Q8
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 10

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.
Axial Load Relations Between , V, M
Normal Stress ,
Displacement
or change in = -area under
shear distributed loading

or change in = area under

moment shear diagram

Elastic Curve
Bending
Normal stress
𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑀 𝑥
Shear 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Average direct shear stress
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Transverse shear stress
Geometric Properties of Area
Elements
Material property Relations
y
Poisson’s ratio A=bh
h x
Modulus of rigidity b

h
x
b

Buckling
Exparabolic
Critical axial load area

Radius gyration C
C
Effective length Le = KL zero
slope
K = 1 for pinned ends Semiparabolic
K = 2 for fixed and free ends area
K = 0.5 for fixed ends
K = 0.7 for pinned and fixed ends
SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 11
 SKAA 2223/ SAB 2223 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER II, SESSION 2013/2014
COURSE CODE : SKAA 2223/ SAB 2223

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

PROGRAMME : SKAW/ SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : JUNE, 2014

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN SECTION A.
2. ANSWER ONLY THREE (3) QUESTIONS IN SECTION B.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for
disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from
the study.

This examination question consists of (10) printed pages only.

 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 2

SECTION A

Q1. Figure Q1 shows an over hanging beam supported by a pin at A and a roller at
B. The beam is loaded with uniform distributed loads of 12 kN/m and 5
kN/m, a point load of 40 kN and, a moment of 14 kNm.

(a) Calculate the reactions at the supports A and B,

(4 marks)

(b) Construct the bending moment diagram and shear force diagram for the
beam, indicating all important values on each diagram.
(16 marks)
(20 marks)

40 kN

12 kN/m
5 kN/m
14 kNm

A B

2m 4m 2m 2m

FIGURE Q1
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 3

Q2. Figure Q2 shows a plane truss supported by a roller at A, and pinned at C. The
truss is subjected to an inclined load of 40 kN at D, as shown in Figure Q2.

(a) Show that the truss is stable and statically determinate;

(3 marks)

(b) Determine the forces in all members. Indicate whether each member is
in compression (C) or tension (T);
(10 marks)

(c) Find the horizontal displacement at point D. The cross-sectional area is

200 mm2 and 150 mm2 for the diagonal members and vertical
members, respectively. Take E = 200 kN/mm2.
(7 marks)
(20 marks)

2m
D
35°
2m
40 kN
B

3m
A

4m

FIGURE Q2
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 4

SECTION B

Q3. A steel rod shown in Figure Q3(a) has a circular cross section and is subjected
to an axial load of 50 kN. If the stress-strain diagram for the material is shown
in Figure Q3(b), determine

(a) the modulus of elasticity, E, the proportional limit, σpl, the yield stress,
σY, the ultimate stress, σu of the material;
(4 marks)

(b) the approximate elongation of the rod when the load of 50 kN is

applied;
(10 marks)

(c) the permanent elongation of the rod if the 50 kN load is removed

(6 marks)
(20 marks)

20 mm 12 mm
A B C
50 kN 50 kN

700 mm 500 mm

FIGURE Q3(a)

σ (MPa) 600
500 A
350
400 300
A
300 250
200 200
σ (MPa
100 150
0 100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 50
0
ε (mm/mm) 0 0.001 0.002

ε (mm/mm)

FIGURE Q3(b)
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 5

Q4. A rectangular bracket steel plate 15 mm thickness is applied with an inclined

tensile force of 75 kN at point A as shown in Figure Q4(a). Due to the load
applied, axial, bending and shear stresses are induced in the plate.

(a) By considering the bending and average shear stress distribution, prove
that, the stresses induced on a small segment X at the bottom of the
plate are as shown in Figure Q4(b).
(6 marks)

(b) Carry out stress analysis to determine the principal stresses (major and
minor) and the planes on which the principal stresses are acting.
(7 marks)

(c) Determine the normal stress and shear stress on a plane 60o from the
horizontal.
(7 marks)
(20 marks)

10.8 N/mm2

A 18.1 N/mm2
400 mm X
18.1 N/mm2
X 60o

10.8 N/mm2
75kN
150 mm

FIGURE Q4 (a) FIGURE Q4 (b)

 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 6

Q5. Figure Q5(a) shows the cross section and dimensions of a steel beam. The
beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load and point loads as shown in
Figure Q5(b). Determine the following:

(a) Calculate the absolute maximum tensile and compressive bending

stress. Also, draw the bending stress distribution diagram of the beam
at that section.
(12 marks)

(b) Calculate the absolute maximum shear stress in the cross section.
(8 marks)
(20 marks)
250

25

125
Neutral axis

350
25 25
248

25

(All dimensions are in mm)

FIGURE Q5 (a)

20 kN 20 kN

10 kN/m

A B

2m 4m 2m

FIGURE Q5 (b)
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 7

Q6. A space truss as shown in Figure Q6 is supported by a ball and socket joint at
A, B, C and D. The truss is subjected to a series of loads with values and
directions as indicated in the figure.

(a) State one of the theorems that can be used to determine a zero-force-
member.
(3 marks)

(b) Check the stability and determinancy of the truss.

(3 marks)

(c) Determine the internal forces of all members at joint E and F.

(14 marks)
(20 marks)

1m
50 kN
3m
25 kN G

F
2m

4m

A E
40 kN
C
z

y
x 6m D 4m

FIGURE Q6
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 8

Q7. (a) Prove that the maximum deflection of a simply supported beam that is
subjected to a point load, W at its mid-span is equal to WL3/48EI,
where L, E and I is the span, modulus of elasticity and moment of
inertia of the beam, respectively.
(5 marks)

(b) An overhanging beam ABCD with a total span of 7 m is pin and roller
supported at A and C as shown in Figure Q7(a). The beam’s cross
section is shown in Figure Q7(b). The beam carries a uniformly
distributed load of 30 kN/m between B and C, a point load of 10 kN at
B. Given the elastic modulus, E = 60kN/mm2.

(i) Calculate the deflection at B and D.

(ii) Calculate the rotation/slope at D.
(iii) Sketch (without resorting to calculation) the deflected shape of
the beam shown in Figure Q7(a).
(iv) Calculate the maximum deflection of span AB. Also, determine
the distance at which this maximum deflection occurs from
point A.

(15 marks)
(20 marks)

10 kN
30 kN/m
300 mm

A
B C D

3m 2m 2m 120 mm

FIGURE Q7 (a) FIGURE Q7(b)

 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 9

Q8. Figure Q8 shows an overhanging beam EBD supported by column AB and

CD. Column AB and CD is pin supported to the beam at B and D, while joint
A and C is fixed and pinned, respectively. The columns have a square cross
section (b × b) and are made from steel with an elastic modulus of 200
kN/mm2. A point load, P kN on beam EBD is applied at a distance of a m
from column AB. Determine the following:

(a) If a = 0.5 m and b = 20 mm, determine the critical load, Pcr for both
columns AB and CD, respectively.
(10 marks)

(b) If P = 30 kN and distance a = 0.4 m, determine the minimum width of

the columns, bmin if the Factor of Safety for both columns is taken as 2.
(10 marks)
(20 marks)

P kN

E
B D
1.5 m

2m

1m 3m

FIGURE Q8
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223/ SAM 2213 10

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.
Axial Load Relations Betweenω, V, M
P
= −ω ( x ) ,
dV dM
Normal Stress σ= =V
A dx dx
Displacement ΔV = − ∫ ω ( x )dx
P(x )dx
L
δ =∫
or change in = -area under

0
A(x )E shear distributed loading

δ =∑
PL ΔM = ∫ V ( x )dx
AE or change in = area under
δ T = α Δ TL moment shear diagram

Elastic Curve
Bending 1 M
My =
Normal stress σ =− ρ EI
I ௗమ௬
‫ܫܧ‬ ൌ ‫ܯ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
ௗ௫ మ
Shear ௗ௬
V ‫ܫܧ‬ ൌ ‫ܯ ׬‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬
Average direct shear stress τ avg = ௗ௫
A
‫ ݕܫܧ‬ൌ ‫ܯ ׭‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬
VQ
Transverse shear stress τ=
It Geometric Properties of Area
Elements
Material property Relations
ε lat y
Poisson’s ratio ν = − A=bh 1 3
ε long I=
12
bh
h x
E 1
Modulus of rigidity G = I = hb3
2(1 + v ) b 12

σx σy σz A=
1
εx = −ν −ν 2
bh
1 3
E E E Ix = bh
σy σx σz h
36
εy = −ν −ν x 1
E E E h
σz σx σy b 3
εz = −ν −ν
E E E
Buckling 2
a
π EI
2 5 2ab Exparabolic
Critical axial load Pcr = AA== 2 ab
(KL )2 33 A=
ab
b b 3
Radius gyration r = I A C 3
a C b
3 3 10
b a
Effective length Le = KL 8 zero
4

K = 1 for pinned ends Semiparabolic a

K = 2 for fixed and free ends area
K = 0.5 for fixed ends
K = 0.7 for pinned and fixed ends
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER I, SESSION 2014/2015

COURSE CODE : SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

PROGRAMME : SKAW / SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : DECEMBER, 2014

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES :
1. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN SECTION A.
2. ANSWER ONLY THREE (3) QUESTIONS IN SECTION B.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for disciplinary
actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from the study.

This examination question consists of ( 10 ) printed pages only.

 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 2

SECTION A

Q1. Figure Q1 shows a structure consisting of a beam ABC connected to a column BD at

B. The cross section of all the members are 150 x 150 mm.The beam is restrained at
A by a roller whilst the column is supported at D by pin connection. The structure is
subjected to a uniformly distributed load along BC, a point load on B and an inclined
load at C.

(a) Calculate the reactions at the supports A and D,

(4 marks)

(b) Construct the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram for beam
ABC, indicating all important values on each diagram.
(8 marks)

(c) Calculate the axial stress in column BD and draw the shear force diagram in
the column.
(8 marks)
(20 marks)

20 kN
4 kN/m
C

A B
30o

1.5 m 5 kN

1m 2.0 m

FIGURE Q1
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 3

Q2. Figure Q2 shows a plane truss supported by pin at A and roller at B. The truss is
subjected to vertical load of 5 kN at D.

(a) Show that the truss is stable and statically determinate;

(4 marks)

(b) Determine the forces in all members. Indicate whether each member is in
compression (C) or tension (T);
(8 marks)

(c) Find the vertical displacement at point D. The cross-sectional area for the
inclined members is 250 mm2 and for other members is 150 mm2.Take the
modulus of elasticity, E = 200 kN/mm2.
(8 marks)
(20 marks)

6m

C D
45°

5 kN
5m
5m

45°
A B

6m

FIGURE Q2
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 4

SECTION B

PL
Q3. (a) Deformation, δ of an axially loaded member is given by δ = where P is
AE ’
the internal axial force at the section, A is the cross-sectional area, L is the
original length of the bar and E is the modulus of elasticity of the material.
State the assumptions made in order to use this formula.
(4 marks)

(b) The assembly in Figure Q3 is made of A-36 steel where the modulus of
elasticity, E is 200 GPa. Initially, there is a gap of 0.15mm between C and the
rigid wall at D. Determine the supports reactions at A and D when the force P
of 200 kN is applied at point B. Assume both rod AB and rod BC have circular
cross-section.
(16 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q3
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 5

Q4. Under the axial load P, the state of plane stress at point A on the surface of an axially
loaded bar is shown in Figure Q4(a).

(a) Knowing that the stresses are as shown in Figure Q4(b) and by using Mohr’s
circle, determine the stresses in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the bar
and in the direction normal to it.
(9 marks)

(b) Calculate the compressive axial load P if the cross sectional dimensions of the
bar are as indicated in the Figure Q4(a).
(4 marks)

(c) By using Mohr’s circle, determine the direction on which the shear stress is
maximum.
(7 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q4
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 6

Q5. A beam of a pedestrian bridge along with the loads acting on it can be idealized as
shown in Figure Q5(a). The cross section of the beam is as shown in Figure Q5(b).

(a) Determine the maximum value of shear force and bending moment of the
beam.
(4 marks)

(b) Calculate the moment of inertia of the cross section if the location of the
neutral axis is 137.5 mm from the top surface.
(4 marks)

(c) Draw the bending stress distribution at the location of the maximum bending
moment.
(6 marks)

(d) Determine the value of the shear stress at the location of maximum shear force
along layer A-A as shown in Figure Q5(b).
(6 marks)
(20 marks)

FIGURE Q5 (a)
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 7

1200

75
A A
Neutral Axis
300
50

50 600 50

(All dimensions are in mm)

FIGURE Q5 (b)

Q6. (a) List the three theorems that can be used to identify zero-force members of a
space truss.
(4marks)

(b) Identify the zero-force members of the space truss in Figure Q6.
(3marks)

(c) The space truss in Figure Q6 has a guide support (free to move in z-direction)
at point B, link support and ball and socket support at point E and F,
respectively. Prove that the space truss is determinate and stable.
(3marks)

(d) Determine all member forces at joint D, if a load of 50 kN is applied at joint

D in the z-direction.
(5marks)

(e) Determine all reactions of the space truss by using equilibrium equations.
(5marks)
(20 marks)
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 8

1m

H E
1m
D
50 kN G
y

1.2 m F
C
z x
B
A

FIGURE Q6

Q7. A cantilever beam as shown in Figure Q7 is subjected to the loads indicated. By using
McCaulay method,

(a) determine the equations for the slope and elastic curve of the beam.
(10 marks)

(b) If the allowable (limit) deflection is L/360, calculate the minimum value of the
moment of inertia, I that need to be provided. Use the modulus of elasticity, E
= 205 kN/mm2.
(10 marks)
(20 marks)

15 kN
10 kN/m
8 kNm

C
A B
4m 2m

FIGURE Q7
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 9

Q8. Member AC as shown in Figure Q8, is made of steel, where the modulus of
elasticity, Est = 200 kN/mm2 and allowable compressive and tensile stress, σallow = 50
N/mm2. Determine the maximum load, P the frame can support without the buckling
of member AC, if:

(a) pin-connected at its ends.

(10marks)

(b) pinned at A and fixed at C.

(10 marks)
(20 marks)

Cross section for

AB and AC
3m
b = 50mm
30° C
A h = 100mm
8m

PkN
FIGURE Q8
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 10

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.
Axial Load Relations Betweenω, V, M
P
= −ω ( x ) ,
dV dM
Normal Stress σ= =V
A dx dx
Displacement ΔV = − ∫ ω ( x )dx
P( x )dx
L
or change in = -area under
δ =∫
0
A( x )E shear distributed loading

δ =∑
PL ΔM = ∫V ( x )dx
AE or change in = area under
δ T = α Δ TL moment shear diagram

Elastic Curve
Bending 1 M
My =
Normal stress σ =− ρ EI
I
ௗమ௬
‫ܫܧ‬ ൌ ‫ܯ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
ௗ௫ మ
Shear
ௗ௬
V ‫ܫܧ‬ ൌ ‫ܯ ׬‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬
Average direct shear stress τ avg = ௗ௫
A
VQ ‫ ݕܫܧ‬ൌ ‫ܯ ׭‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬
Transverse shear stress τ=
It
Geometric Properties of Area
Elements
Material property Relations
ε lat y
Poisson’s ratio ν = − A=bh 1 3
ε long I=
12
bh
h x
E 1
Modulus of rigidity G = I = hb3
2(1 + v ) b 12

σx σy σz A=
1
bh
εx = −ν −ν 2 1 3
E E E Ix = bh
σy 36
σx σz h
εy = −ν −ν x 1
E E E
h
σz σx σy b 3
εz = −ν −ν
E E E
Buckling 2
a
5 2ab Exparabolic
π EI
2
A= 2
Critical axial load Pcr = A = 3ab
(KL)2 b 3 A=
ab
Radius gyration r = C b
3
3
I A
C b
3 a 10
b 3
Effective length Le = KL 8 zero 4
a

K = 1 for pinned ends Semiparabolic a

K = 2 for fixed and free ends area
K = 0.5 for fixed ends
K = 0.7 for pinned and fixed ends
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER II SESSION 2014/2015

COURSE CODE : SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

PROGRAMME : SKAW / SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : JUNE 2015

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. Answer all the questions in Section A.
2. Answer ONLY three (3) questions in Section B.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for disciplinary
actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from the study.

This examination question consists of (11) printed pages only.

 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 2

SECTION A

Q1. Figure Q1 shows a beam ABC that is roller and pin supported at A and B,
respectively. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 12 kN/m along span
AB, moments of 16 kNm and 24 kNm at Aand B, respectively. A triangular load is
also applied along span BC.

(a) Calculate the reactions at the supports A and B,

(4 marks)

(b) Determine the shear force and bending moment expression for span AB.
(4 marks)

(c) Construct the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram of the beam,
indicating all important values on each diagram.
(12 marks)
(20 marks)

16kNm 24kNm
12kN/m

A B C

3m 1m

FIGURE Q1
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 3

Q2. Figure Q2 shows a plane truss supported by a pin at A and a roller at B. The truss is
lifting a concrete block of P kN at D.

(a) Show that the truss is stable and statically determinate;

(4 marks)

(b) Determine the forces in all members of the truss in terms of P. Indicate
whether each member is in compression (C) or tension (T);
(8 marks)

(c) If the allowable horizontal displacement at point D is limited to 5 mm,

determine the maximum weight of concrete block. The cross-sectional area is
250 mm2 and 150 mm2 for the diagonal members and other members,
respectively. Take the modulus of elasticity, E = 200 kN/mm2.
(8 marks)
(20 marks)

4m
C D

3m
P
A
B

4m

FIGURE Q2
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 4

SECTION B

Q3. A 25 mm thick steel plate carrying a load P is supported by 2 steel rods with a
diameter of 12 mm as shown in Figure Q3.

(a) Determine the average normal stress in steel rod in terms of P.

(3 marks)

(b) Determine the bearing stress between the nut and the steel plate in terms of P.
(3 marks)

(c) By using a factor of safety of 1.5 and the maximum allowable normal stress in
the steel rod of 355 N/mm2, calculate the maximum allowable load, P that this
system can sustain.
(6 marks)

(d) Provided the length of the steel rod is 300mm, and the modulus of elasticity, E
= 210 kN/mm2. Calculate the elongation of the steel rod subjected to the load,
P as obtained in (c) .
(4 marks)

(e) The steel rod is heated to a temperature of 200°C (room temperature = 28°C).
Calculate the elongation of the steel rod due to the changes in temperature.
(coefficient of thermal expansion, α = 12 × 10-6/°C).
(4 marks)
(20 marks)

P/2 P/2

Steel Rod Steel Rod

φ = 12 mm φ = 12 mm
P
300 mm

Steel Plate

Steel Nut Steel Nut

Α = 175 mm2 Α = 175 mm2
2

FIGURE Q3
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 5

Q4. An element which is shown in Figure Q4, has a maximum in-plane shear stress of
67.08 MPa and an average normal stress of -10MPa when the orientation, θs is 26.5o
counter clockwise. By using Mohr’s circle, determine

(a) the normal stresses (σx and σy) and shear stress (τxy ).
(8 marks)

(b) the principal stresses and its orientation (θp). Sketch the stresses by
constructing a properly oriented element.
(6 marks)

(c) the state of stress at the point on another element oriented 60o counter
clockwise from the position shown in Figure Q4. Sketch the stresses by
constructing a properly oriented element.
(6 marks)
(20 marks)

σy

τxy

σx
60°

FIGURE Q4
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 6

Q5. After analysis, the shear force and bending moment diagrams of a beam are obtained
as shown in Figure Q5(a). The beam is to be constructed with a 200 mm diameter
service conduit inside it as shown in Figure Q5(b).

(a) If the neutral axis is to be designed and located along the A-A line, determine
the top width, bT , of the beam.
(4 marks)

(b) Determine the bending stress of the beam at point C (2 m from the left end).
Then, sketch the respective stress distribution.
(8 marks)

(c) Determine the shear stress of the beam at the same location on layer A-A
(neutral axis) and B-B only.
(8 marks)
(20 marks)
150 kN
V@2m
50 kN

B
A SFD
C
50 kN

150 kN

2m 3m 5m

BMD

M@2m
500 kNm

FIGURE Q5 (a)
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 7

bT

200 mm
A A (Neutral Axis)

B B 400 mm

200 mm

300 mm

FIGURE Q5 (b)
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 8

Q6. Figure Q6 shows a statistically determinate space truss. The truss is supported at
points A, B, C and loaded at points E and F. The supports at point A and C are short-
links, while the support at point B is a ball and socket. Points A, B and C are located
in a vertical plane.

(a) Find all the reactions by using equilibrium equation.

(8 marks)

(b) Calculate the forces in each member at joint D. State whether the member is in
tension or compression.
(12 marks)
(20 marks)

A z

3m 3m
B
C
F
y
x E
4m 3m
5 kN

5 kN

FIGURE Q6
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 9

Q7. A beam with constant value of EI as shown in Figure Q7 is loaded with a moment of
20 kNm at point B, a point load of 50 kN at point C and uniform distributed load of 20
kN/m and 10 kN/m along DE and EF, respectively.

(a) Calculate the reactions at supports A and D

(4 marks)

(b) Using MacCaulay method determine

(i) the deflection at point C, and
(ii) the slope at point C,
in terms of EI.
(10 marks)

(c) Determine the maximum deflection of the beam if it occurs between point B
and C.
(6 marks)
(20 marks)

50 kN 20 kN/m
20 kNm 10 kN/m
A B C D
E F

5m 2m 5m 2m 2m

FIGURE Q7
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 10

Q8. (a) Figure Q8(a) shows a typical Euler buckling curve. Based on the figure,
please explain two modes of failure of a strut when subjected to axial force.
(5 marks)

(b) The 50 mm rectangular steel rod is fixed supported at A and has a gap of 2
mm from the wall at B. Determine the increase in temperature ΔT that will
cause the rod to buckle. Assume that the contact at B acts as a pin when it
touch the wall. Neglect the self weight of the bar.
. Thermal expansion coefficientof steel is α = 11 x 10-6/oC.
Thermal expansion Δt = α L ΔT, where ΔT is the thermal change
Deformation due to axial load, Δp = PL/AE, where P is the axial force
Elastic Young’s Modulus E= 200kN/mm2.
(15 marks)
(20 marks)

Pcr

Py A B

Steel rod

2 mm

L L=1m

(a) (b)

FIGURE Q8
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 11

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.
Axial Load Relations Betweenω, V, M
P
= −ω ( x ) ,
dV dM
Normal Stress σ= =V
A dx dx
Displacement ΔV = − ∫ ω ( x )dx
P( x )dx
L
or change in = -area under
δ =∫
0
A( x )E shear distributed loading

δ =∑
PL ΔM = ∫ V ( x )dx
AE or change in = area under
δ T = α Δ TL moment shear diagram

Elastic Curve
Bending
1 M
My =
Normal stress σ =− ρ EI
I
ௗమ௬
‫ܫܧ‬ ൌ ‫ܯ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
ௗ௫ మ
Shear
ௗ௬
V ‫ܫܧ‬ ൌ ‫ܯ ׬‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬
Average direct shear stress τ avg = ௗ௫
A
VQ ‫ ݕܫܧ‬ൌ ‫ܯ ׭‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬
Transverse shear stress τ=
It
Geometric Properties of Area
Elements
Material property Relations
ε lat y
Poisson’s ratio ν = − A=bh 1 3
ε long I= bh
h x 12
E 1
Modulus of rigidity G = I = hb 3
2(1 + v) b 12

σx σy σz A=
1
εx = −ν −ν 2
bh
1 3
E E E Ix = bh
σy 36
σx σz h
εy = −ν −ν x 1
E E E
h
σz σx σy b 3
εz = −ν −ν
E E E
Buckling 2
a
π 2 EI 5 2ab Exparabolic
Critical axial load Pcr = A= 2
(KL )2 A = 3ab ab
3 A=
b b 3
Radius gyration r = I A C 3
a C b
3 3 10
b
Effective length Le = KL 8 zero a
4

K = 1 for pinned ends Semiparabolic a

K = 2 for fixed and free ends area
K = 0.5 for fixed ends
K = 0.7 for pinned and fixed ends
 SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223 1

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 1, SESSION 2015/2016

COURSE CODE : SKAA 2223 / SAB 2223

COURSE : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

PROGRAMME : SKAW / SAW

DURATION : 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

DATE : JANUARY 2016

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. Answer all the questions in Section A.
2. Answer ONLY three (3) questions in Section B.

WARNING!
Students caught copying/cheating during the examination will be liable for disciplinary
actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from the study.

This examination question consists of (10) printed pages only.

 SKAA2223/SAB 2223 2

SECTION A

Q1. (a) Figure Q1(a) shows a determinate cantilever beam that is subjected to a
uniformly distributed load, a moment and an inclined load.

(i) Calculate the reactions of the beam.

(3 marks)

(ii) Write the expression for shear force, V and bending moment, M for
span AB.
(5 marks)

10 kN/m 24 kNm

A B 60°

6 kN
3m 2m 1m
x

FIGURE Q1(a)

(b) Figure Q1(b) shows a determinate beam that is subjected to point loads,
uniformly distributed loads and moment.

(i) Calculate the reactions of the beam.

(4 marks)

(ii) Construct the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram of
the beam, indicating all important values on each diagram.
(8 marks)
(20 marks)

5 kN
6 kN 10 kN/m 24 kNm
5 kN/m

A B

2m 3m 1m 1m 1m 2m

FIGURE Q1(b)
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223 3

Q2. The truss shown in Figure Q2 is supported by a pin at A and a roller at B. A vertical
load of 60 kN and 80 kN is applied at D and E, respectively. The cross-sectional area
is 300 mm2 for the diagonal members and 200 mm2 for the other members. Take the
modulus of elasticity, E = 200 kN/mm2.

(a) Show that the truss is stable and statically determinate;

(2 marks)

(b) Determine the forces in all members of the truss. Indicate whether each
member is in compression (C) or tension (T);
(9marks)

(c) Determine the vertical displacement at point D.

(9 marks)
(20 marks)

4m 2m

E C A

80 kN

5m

D B
60 kN
4m

FIGURE Q2
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223 4

SECTION B

Q3. Figure Q3 shows a beam resting on a wooden corbel at A and two ball bearings at B.
The details of support at A and B are shown in the figure.

(a) List down all the possibilities of modes of failure at the supporting system.
(4 marks)

(b) Calculate all possible stresses which might occur at A and B.Take g = 10 m/s2.
(10 marks)

(c) If the loads on the beam are removed and the beam at B is restrained against
movement and heated with an increment of 80oC, will it touch the column?
Given α = 13 × 10-6/oC.
(6 marks)
(20 marks)

37.5 kN
50 mm
5000 kg

110

B
Two bolts,
D = 25 mm A
4m 2m

150

D = 50 mm
100
80
100

40
Side View
90 70 Details of B
Unit mm
Side view Front view
Details of A

FIGURE Q3
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223 5

Q4. The state of stress on the horizontal and vertical planes at a point in a structure can be
represented as shown in Figure Q4. By using Mohr Circle, determine and sketch

(a) the principal stress and the orientation of the element,

(8 marks)

(b) the stress if an element is oriented 30° clockwise from the element shown,
(6 marks)

(c) the angle of the orientation at which the normal stress is equal to the shear
stress.
(6 marks)
(20 marks)

60 N/m2

40 N/m2

80 N/m2

FIGURE Q4
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223 6

Q5. The timber beam as shown in Figure Q5(a) is exerted by a point load, P at its
midspan.

(a) Determine the reactions and draw shear force and bending moment diagrams
of the beam. Show the important values in the diagrams in terms of P.
(3 marks)

(b) The beam has a cross section as shown in Figure Q5(b), where the moment of
inertia, I is 19.2 x 106 mm4, and the neutral axis is located 96.29 mm from the
bottom of the cross section. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive
bending stress at the location of maximum bending moment, M in terms of P.
Then, sketch the respective stress distribution.
(6 marks)

(c) By considering the maximum shear force, V, determine the maximum shear
stress and the shear stress jump at the juncture between the flange and the web
in terms of P. Then, sketch the respective stress distribution.
(7 marks)

(d) If the allowable bending stress, σallow= 25 N/mm2 and allowable shear stress,
τallow= 0.7 N/mm2, determine the maximum value of P that can be applied.
(4 marks)
(20 marks)

P
30 mm

120 mm
A B

55 mm 55 mm
4m 4m
40 mm
(a) (b)
FIGURE Q5
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223 7

Q6. The space truss shown in Figure Q6 is formed by two right-angled triangles ABC and
DEF that are joined together by members BD, BE, CD and CF. The truss is supported
by ball-and-socket joints at A and D. Joints C and F are supported by rollers that
prevents translation in the z-direction. 10 kN point loads at joints B and F act
horizontally in the y-direction, while 10 kN point loads at joints C and E act
horizontally in the x-direction. For the space truss loaded as shown;

(a) List down zero-force member/s if there is any.

(4 marks)

(b) Determine all member forces and state whether each member is in tension or
compression.
(16 marks)
(20 marks)
3m

4m

FIGURE Q6
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223 8

Q7. An overhang beam ABCDE as shown in Figure Q7 is supported by a roller at B and a

pin at D. The loads acting on the beam are as indicated in the figure. The modulus of
elasticity, E is 150 kN/mm2. The cross section of the beam is a solid rectangular with
the depth is 3 times the width.
By using the McCaulay method

(a) determine the minimum size of the beam so that the mid span deflection is not
more than 10 mm.
(16 marks)

(b) calculate the slope at both supports.

(4marks)
(20 marks)

100 kN 100 kN
20 kN/m

A 40 kNm E
B C D
2m 5m 5m 2m

FIGURE Q7
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223 9

Q8. (a) The column shown in Figure Q8(a) has fixed ends and uses USB 305 X 127 X
48kg/m steel member.Calculate the critical load, Pcr, of this column having the
length, L = 8 m, and E = 200GPa under the following conditions:
(i) the column buckles by bending about its strong axis (axis 1-1), and (ii) the
column buckles by bending about its weak axis (axis 2-2).
(10 marks)

(b) A horizontal beam, AB, is supported by a column, CD. The column is pinned
connected to beam AB and is fixed at D. The column is a solid steel bar (E =
200GPa) of cross-section, 50 mm x 50 mm having length, L = 1.8m. Based
upon the critical load of the column, determine the allowable load, Q, if the
safety factor is 2.0.
(10 marks)
(20 marks)

2
A C B

1 1

2
D
Axis Moment of inertia, I Radius of gyration, r
(cm4) (cm) d 2d
1‐1 9485 12.5
2‐2 438 2.68

(a) (b)

FIGURE Q8
 SKAA2223/SAB 2223 10

EQUATIONS
The symbols indicate parameters usually used.
Axial Load Relations Betweenω, V, M
P
= −ω ( x ) ,
dV dM
Normal Stress σ= =V
A dx dx
Displacement ΔV = −∫ ω ( x )dx
P( x )dx
L
δ =∫ or change in = -area under

0
A( x )E shear distributed loading

δ =∑
PL ΔM = ∫ V ( x )dx
AE or change in = area under
δ T = α Δ TL moment shear diagram

Elastic Curve
Bending
1 M
My =
Normal stress σ =− ρ EI
I
ௗమ௬
‫ܫܧ‬ ൌ ‫ܯ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
ௗ௫ మ
Shear
ௗ௬
V ‫ܫܧ‬ ൌ ‫ܯ ׬‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬
Average direct shear stress τ avg = ௗ௫
A
VQ ‫ ݕܫܧ‬ൌ ‫ܯ ׭‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ݀‫ݔ‬
Transverse shear stress τ=
It
Geometric Properties of Area
Elements
Material property Relations
ε lat y
Poisson’s ratio ν = − A=bh 1 3
ε long I= bh
h x 12
E 1
Modulus of rigidity G = I = hb 3
2(1 + v) b 12

σx σy σz A=
1
εx = −ν −ν 2
bh
E E E 1 3
Ix = bh
σy σx σz h 36
εy = −ν −ν x 1
E E E
h
σz σx σy b 3
εz = −ν −ν
E E E
Buckling 2
a
π EI 2 5 2ab Exparabolic
Critical axial load Pcr = A= 2
(KL )2 A = 3ab ab
3 A=
b b 3
Radius gyration r = I A C 3
a C b
3 3 10
b zero a
Effective length Le = KL 8 4
K = 1 for pinned ends Semiparabolic a
K = 2 for fixed and free ends area
K = 0.5 for fixed ends
K = 0.7 for pinned and fixed ends