t9

9.q m t q w q 9R-w: m q a

4 . ~ ~ q ~ m m ~ r n ~ ~ * l
~ : ~ ~ % o r ~ u t ~ m ~ m ~ ~ ~ m r n m v
4 @ m q w ~ * l ~ ~ m q ~ ~ * i p w
rnrn@rnlrn,

-,
mmmml
**, ST%, ipw m 9957

@I W q??f W TC3 ?WlWX (Vocal fold)I TWiTFl

mmOF;T~mqqwmmbf9rm*wvmm

~ m m l i p ~ r n . r s m 4 q w m ~ m ~ m ~ l
m & m ~ m 1 4 q w m 9 M m m q * w
m c ~ ~ ~ ~ c m w ~ m ~ t i q ~ ~ l l l ~ m
w m r l * m ~ . r l q m z p ~ ~ l I 4 ~ m
fm W $%%$%$ (Epiglottis) I WF4'6h ~~ W F l T K W q f i
T P X ~ W~
I ~~m~~~rn.rsmJTsrnm~qff;~m
~~wmqq~~?rtmcrn~~ml;t1smm@
m ~ m ~ T ~ f m l ~ ' # ' ~ w v m m
m a rnl qqw TV v m m wm m?rtamlrr cm, v,*
m~(4~aq~f@mrncmwhqqqRam1
~ ~ ~ w ~ m ~ m a ~ , ~ ; m 9 , m m
~ I ~ P ~ v , ~ ~ ~ , ~
~ a r n m l ~ q f ? x m ~ m ~ w m m l
~ 9 ~ r r n m r n a ~ a ~ q ~ r n r n ~ ~
. ~ % 1 ~ ~ R a ~ ~ ; 7 ~ m ~ r n ~ ~
~ F ~ ~ T w I

1.B w*: m
m~f~,ell * mm I

v m m q ~ ~ 4 & * m . r r m l 4 ~ , m ~ m @
srnm*-*l
s r . m m d m m , w
uf;irnaqs*m*,
s-i;r*srw~m?4*m,m~-m
m m ,om,~ ~ ~ m + ? q f n , m . f ~ P c ~ m , ~ r n s ; r
w f3m- m? T'iiT
mm,3t*,9t*&mmlm-qcfT-R~
ml 'mp-a;fal
Tfsmeq~m
m?~cfgmv~f3f+ji~=w?
~ ~ ~ v ~ ~ , s r n d w m & ~ ~ ~ %
mR,smq+-qirna~mmq~&B,&mfl~
s n z t i ~ ' 3 m ~ ~ , s r m m m ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~
wm'mmm.fl~ipm~qqJl~opgq'a*,
w ~ m m m q * m m , q ~ & q * I
TW m9
p 7 %WifTT W FTFV T W (Syllable) T@I
M 'T-WET' 'm'- ;3f rn '9-'QCf 'm.fm I
9.0.5 e qf'WW4
mmw~smwcfmrn~m
-?w&? m'8d-dcf
s,q,P, s=n%+?
~ ~ ~
**%'-4 *$, - w ori;r ~ ~
~ * , ~ c m ~ R * ; T S J l
~ v f ; i ~ ~ * , ~ i ~ ~ - a ; r ~ @ , ~
w:~;4mcm'(=*)wm
Th:d
i71w:mm1
f%@Th ma?
T 7 (%& s-4A W) 7-4e 37,q
m @ ~ m 4 * & m l ~ w ~ - 4 e m a $
~~~1

I
9.o.a m
* -@WEN c@iF&t~ I

~ B t m z c m S e ~ ~ w m % ~ $ w % q m , W ~ ~ ~
M3zpqg~srm1rni5tmq?rnq~ab--;mrra
q ~ m - A z 4% q $3 9 ~ m t ~ - m 0w
~ ~& mI w I
~ ~ a l ~ ~ c m q q s 5. l ~ ~ I - ~
G-b,
h6,. m-fm;m&@a m e c m ,WmT,
w m , a f % ~ m ~ ~ m 1 M a ~ q 3 @ a ~
f * ~ m w ~ w * Q 3 R ~ m & m r n l m,*
m M w ~ ~ c ~ g % m m ~ R + I

~ : ~ m m m , ~ l r z m T , f m - ~ s l f , & f l m ~I
sntiJs;
s:&m4T$%f%&Tmsl, & ~ ~ c Q z ~ C V T ~ ( W - ~ A
m4;TSJ)mccm'q;
um:&smm4*e4*4mm,&flmm(q-4A
m w ) m m m ; I
a:hm-4T$ef*m;&@cmm,h~
cFI83rnl
4:&a-~m*~mlb4mm;&fl*m,
w u m - a m ~ m ~ ~ m ~ 1
S:~f~m39h31em4%.,afmmlg
- cmm,hw*mwml
~ : ~ ~ m A r m ~ m W m 1 ~ ~ m ,
?fvpmmT1 ( m m r n * e R m r n
*--)I

rw &-mrfl
mn t M V
~ - ~ ~ ~ c T ~ ~ 8 9 h 3 1
q, 8 ;
(high vowel) I ?f?T Tv,q, $, 8,s I
I
>9

m - ~ ~ ; c ~ r n ~ b m m m k M ( l o w
vowel) ; T
Vl WWI
T
m M W " r f $ p h ~ ~ r ? ) q ~ e d m m
%-VIT i m TTll q 4-
(lower-mid vowel) I mT I
m - m m 7 r n m ~ % m e d , m w w a
stsm f%5 W, W?l W b-w (higher-mid vowel) I
CFRmT4 W e 1

hqa-~alcqR*.nnnm
m ~ ~ 7 * s f s n 4 f i t n r m m * m ~ ~
(front vowel) I TYT 4,4, TTll T! I '
c ~ w a m 7 b m f m m m * m m M
(back vowel), ClW ma T
l 6,a, q I
m - m b l x 7 rn4zm-e 3T, fm-83T, m3 m
& (central vowel), mT W G ~ Y I \
:*
&&*-vgymmam
f5t5ITcmm&m(=~Tmham)~,~*
mT,*me-mMql
m ~ b m ~ & i 3 $ 3 ( = e & w ) m m m w m
3pbl fl pR8 & (round voGe1) ;WTN @, i,q I

c4-**7e&m~-m*mmm~flM
TW@ [spread vowel) I mfl 9, 4 TJ TTll ~ 4 i $ lI

mByp~fl-amg
& 3 $ ~ 4 ~ m r n ~ ~ ~ r n m
m -qJlTme w* mm'it q-
bTx7,
m w * ~ s f ~ . m c s r a & ~ m ( d t % ~
W m)@6 (open vowel) I TVlT W W I
m w m m ~ ~ v + - c s l a s q W ~ q ,
mm e-w (half-open vowel) I q a l T TTlW q ClW I
,m-*7~q4-+-~9;rmm4qqm
( = W m)W, @iR;1[9 M-VT WV$f (half-close vowel) ClW
mflqwer
m m-m* b6FTcq yym Tmm 9 rn
m (qQftt TWm
W hf~ ) m m 3:F
W, (Close vowel) I W 4RT it
TJ81
w wqqw@it q t a
,mqymm %
pRrnm*c4iwnm,mv*-mm'it
~ m ~ 9 m ~ m - a w ~ w . r m ~ 1
 f$SI
(g-qm$% ~ R Z C W w,(hard palate) 9& CMG?
M ~ ~ q m ~ 4 m ~ m m w , w m ~
(palatal vowel) I TRTl q, 4, W 'WIT TW@ I
QM&FV m - m~ ~ KbCfin I w (soft) 94c, GNFI
~ & S ~ @ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ ~ C T W ~
Wd? (velar vowel) I TRTl 8, a, Tb WY& I

9.e. Qm*mm
~ m a m m s y ~ ~ m 9 m 4 w m ~
mmb-ml
I

i~n=%,rn,f+pw&;
~
s=Wsm, m c , T@,s-, T$I ;
=m= h-947,
a= b - ~ 4 7m
, e, *,
Tqy, vp, 9*,

w,
9*p,
rn;
69;
(rl= Tgy,
b-sm,
8= w, m c ,
&=W,w,
~,TF,-I
*, s+-Rp,
TVp, T4-I;
Vm;

4 Y r n q n ~ : ~ = ~ = r n ;
m e = *= T$I I
~~~sl.m'isWmc.m%c~wm.$3m~
4fl*-m*monrn1

9. a. .m~r:mm:.t
~ ~ T W ~ @ cmm,~9tvrcfl,-,
V I ~ ,
s f ~ , w m - ~ ~ m m ; m r ~ m w ~
* ~ ~ D T ~ T ~ w ~ ~ v . ~ ~ ~ I ~ T
I
9.a wt?qq :'QIQWR
(Mw~f) I

v-brma @Fitf?wq
4 T m s r r n a m m * @ m ~ m ~ ~ ~ l I

~ @ r n c ~ ~ m m t m s r m ~ ~ l q % ~ ~ a I

m q m m ~ 7 6 f a l I

T ~ ~ ~ c T
vm a-* @ T. m VP@R e m 9 i n l q ~ e l cm@m
~ w
~ V ' ~ ~ ~ - I ~ B I Z T D W ~ I
R s f i s ~ ~ p R r r ~ w ~ ~ m I
~
nmfnrf*,ncW@wnfar+liRvnRslem-w I
m n 9 = W ~ m - * ~ ~ m ~ w l r n m ,
- V T bmm
~ m m bmm v f h -I *in7 vgm I
~mf;tt.r*~amem~;cr,mar~;cr'nm~
~ ~ ~ a r n r n q ~ ~ ~
r n q r n b m c ~ M s r ; l r r w ~ ~ - ~ . m ~I
W w,
qqt 6WF$ (articulator) ~3 ; 3.
q??t(bFFf-m,place of articulation) (1%TT 4%a. I
m,
4%'IffW W ( ~ R Z W
P ~ manner of articulation) 8 TW 1 4% I

W ~ p m s n t ~ r n q q ~ e ~ m a m ~ s r ~ .

9.a.3 +--= vflCEmFmq I

(1% m%?'EF'W
I : Th7 (velar), WFV (palatal), (retrotlex), VW 1

(dental), @h
(labial, bilabial),9
im (gutted), FW@h (alveolar) I

m - e - m ~ m m - ~
~ ~ ~ l q r f ~ ~ ~ q p l a * ~ ~ * ~ q m s t i i l
TI *, mp.rm*4rn*~, y, st$ glssfrt~-Tfl I

I
Wm pi=
c p - e w . t m e ~ ~ l i i ~ ~ ~ (
hard palate) MTCT
mfh TGFPF+I I &WITWR
I 9 ~
~ , $ $ , ~ , y ~ w l c ? l - ~ ~ q p . . ~ * , m 4
b5lw ml I

cv-~e-9m~~m-m(qsftewm)
W ~ ~ ~ W T ~ ~ W T ~ Q W F @ V ~ ~ ~ P T T I T W
38

Q, & F, p m v ,
e f f i n m g n ~f + a y k i - q r ~ i m m y $ n
a,QTJTJ-T-qamI

m w
m - T a T R h w 9 m e ~ m h m . % w
w m , r n m m m w ~ m ~ ~ ~ m ~ , y , ~ y ~ ( ~
qrnmcmaq@mg;T~l)

WpaT TW
n - ~ Q m m 9 m B m - ~ (+l-m
b ~
cm~m~)+vnr,mraasrpawTmw~m~
WlTf% 'W' J [s] WTPi Wl$TM Tfqq I % 4-@ TfFR
'w9-9
~ v J T ~ W ~ ~ ~ G I Z W C ~ W ~ I ~
(%& s - 1 6 4 4 m ~ q)m m y m - q l

.eh@T

f%* m T h m . e h m ml* ~Yrnq, $, 'i, 9, y-

4%O'rma a h q J I

ThP% TW
r n - ~ r n ~ 9 ~ r n ~ ~ m f a m ~ , ~ m
m W T a 7 1* m r n q ~ m T f q J l
W W , = M ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ C T ~ - T I I W
T
W T
;m@!%&T';f WIT'-, CWi WW(apical), q
m (dorsal)
m I J T T ~ C mi
T m @ l mm w m m - m&aPlm
d? -9 W N (manner of articulation), sq?@@lZTV$%
bTbm1

9.a.9 mm wym m%
%%6m%
meeme,wm
n - * m 1 w h m * - * , w e w
wl*mTmwm*,~,~y4mqm*l-
v w m f i ; ~ a t r ; m ~ i m m ~ w f t i p ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ w
m.01~krnqmm r n1 * m ~ m % \ % a ,
?,?,- 'i, ~ , ~ , v ~ ~ ~ q ~ % ~ m ~ r n ~ ~
volced I b 3 ~ ~ m ~ F f 4 l % - q i 9am8 *,
m ~ , fully voiced,
 $h 3 M*
qlq CqWR & half-voiced I $fNRCf T i T X T "T*
~ ~ ~ ~ q ~ m ~ ~ m - ~ m r n m w w m
*h*,qwa~h&marmwfj~lg
~ $ q , & ? ~ r r n a ; r m ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ * ~ 1

@&jZn wfj (affricates)

m - * m C f ~ w m * m m m m ~ m
q ~ ~ ( ~ f w R f j e m v ( 3 1 R & m m M ~ ~ w 1
rn~m~~yp$rna;rl
I

;nf;ms wfj (Nasals)

c y - T a m m C f ~ m ~ ~ m m M ~ m
m m m r ~ r r h R ~ m , m m ~ ~ m ~ ~ r n m ~ y
.s y- W p I a M *T(&BTI

h TWT (fricatives)
m-;mrn k3'asmrCf *3m ?r@&w f+?3 wjw 9:*.fw
wr-amrsr&T:RammVT~*wfj~Mw,
~hT~ml~*m'img~rn.swmlrn~
7, a ? rnI 4 A T, q WIR f;rq @ (sibilant), W?4
4~~tlmmsr.smq1~-4awmtlrnmml I

TW (trill)
m - T r n ~ c f ~ a ~ m ~ m n q r c ( w w m
wfj1*Zntmy*m1

T
W T (lateral) I

m - ~ a m ~ ~ f ~ ~ q ~
~rsm*Mh~w,rsmm*T&!*~~
q4WEJ m-mq;r1
zmrmawmwfj
I
m - * m C f ~ * w m q * ~ m V ( 3 1
WT qT@ @FT WDT & TQS $%F OWIT W! W W2Pl (aspirated)
*ml*T?myygp~~yyyypmw~~rn~sy
' ~ 5 f p m . s ~ ~ C f m m " m v - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~
Z n ~ ~ q v t n * ~ m l a m w ~ Z n m ~ l
smm-~~cfyyFhmmwd3?vtwmMm
W 3 Snj C W h WmCf (unaspirated) *, GTF7 7 s( F$
-
-
m e , T$T,w k ~i h
b-gm, ,
w,

--
4- b-TV,qQ, 9*~,
8- b,TWe,
S-
9?F,
b,w,w,9v,
w, * I
I

*
~ q m ~ w 49-
7, q),
T, 1,3, "f, T$I (T, Y, 'if, V, Q ) ,
(S, V, T, 5, g), rn (v,1T,
(9, q, q, q), y e (6, 4 Q, 6, p, v),
(T) q@ ~rn
m*
(5,

WWmI
@jwmmm =I-CYR (s, V, rs, m e (q, F, w),
99 *), (79 T, Q, 7 *), wwf( ~ c, 9 % *I,
a (A), I
(9,P) SVt *
( X I , 9, T),
(7)
(q, q, g) T@lQ
mTil m c T I
x. I

-i ( ~ 4 - w )

b m h W m 1 h i m f m ~ s ~ 1 7 ~ > m ~ ~ t m q ~
I m
I
-1 I

~ ) % ~ ~ & ~ c s P ~ w ~ I *I I ~

md%%l
(T) 8 ( 3 )0
(q) m-l* n
'Ob
C ('0) n * I

( 8 ) ah * n
*(T) 5 m 443 0
(b) WWCI r n q
(3)walfl m M 0
('0) Wrn m443 0

(8) W4alq-e 0
(1 0
(q) * D
('0) ah * 0
(8) WM-J *o
(8)7 (,I** 0
(+) w* 0
('0) -* m j
(8) rn *n
ah * n
I
(3)

($1
('0)
**
e
riilBJ
0
0
I

(8) -443 0
(5) *@ 0 I
3. ( i p ) qffi (?I)WWCl ( q ) a (B)- WZFi f?FF e ~ b R F R
rn ( s )w e ;m m e 8 ;m
4 . W w a - 9 4 ~

+-
-
mwe-sf39

3. ( i p )

(8)
4
ijiblaft (v) W N 4
( a ) e k e (6)dVwf+ (q)
(q)
**