fractal and fractional

Article
Existence of Mild Solution of the Hilfer Fractional Differential
Equations with Infinite Delay on an Infinite Interval
Chandrabose Sindhu Varun Bose 1 , Ramalingam Udhayakumar 1, * , Milica Savatović 2, *,
Arumugam Deiveegan 3 , Vesna Todorčević 4 and Stojan Radenović 5

1 Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology,

Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India; [email protected]
2 School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
3 Department of Mathematics, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, Tamilnadu, India;
[email protected]
4 Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Department of Mathematics,
Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Jove Ilica 154, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
[email protected]
5 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected]
* Correspondence: [email protected] (R.U.); [email protected] (M.S.)

Abstract: In this study, we present a mild solution to the Hilfer fractional differential equations
with infinite delay. Firstly, we establish the results on an infinite interval; to achieve this, we
use the generalized Ascoli–Arzelà theorem and Mönch’s fixed point theorem via a measure of
noncompactness. Secondly, we consider the existence of a mild solution when the semigroup is
compact, and the Schauder fixed-point theorem is used. The outcome is demonstrated using an
infinitesimal operator, fractional calculus, semigroup theory, and abstract space. Finally, we present
an example to support the results.

Keywords: Hilfer fractional derivative; mild solution; fixed-point theorem; infinite interval

Citation: Varun Bose, C.S.;

Udhayakumar, R.; Savatović, M.;
Deiveegan, A.; Todorčević, V.; 1. Introduction
Radenović, S. Existence of Mild
In many physical processes, fractional calculus with many fractional derivatives ( FDve )
Solution of the Hilfer Fractional
is highly concentrated. The fractional differential ( FDtial ) system has recently attracted
Differential Equations with Infinite
a great deal of attention due to its range of wondrous scientific and technological appli-
Delay on an Infinite Interval. Fractal
cations. Fractional systems may be used to solve a wide range of issues in various fields,
Fract. 2023, 7, 724. https://doi.org/
including viscoelasticity, electrical systems, electrochemistry, fluid flow, etc. Differential
10.3390/fractalfract7100724
inclusions, which are an extension of differential equations and inequalities and may be
Academic Editor: Carlo Cattani regarded of as a branch of control theory, have several potential applications. When one
Received: 19 August 2023
is adept at employing differential inclusions, dynamical systems with velocities that are
Revised: 21 September 2023
not solely determined by the system’s state are easier to analyze. Numerous studies have
Accepted: 28 September 2023 been undertaken to investigate boundary value problems. Additionally, several inves-
Published: 30 September 2023 tigations have been conducted to determine if there are solutions that are applicable to
FDtial systems as well as FDtial . In [1], the author established the concepts of semigroup
theory, infinitesimal generator, and the abstract Cauchy problem. Meanwhile, researchers
presented basic ideas and results related to fractional calculus and their applications [2–5].
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. In [6], the authors established their results related to various fractional differential systems.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Meanwhile, several research papers [7–9] validate the discussion of this theory and its
This article is an open access article applications in fractional calculus.
distributed under the terms and A newly developed fractional derivative known as the Hilfer fractional derivative,
conditions of the Creative Commons which includes both the Caputo fractional and the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives,
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
was proposed by Hilfer [10]. The article [11] began by determining a mild solution to the
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
Hilfer fractional differential equations via the Laplace transform and fixed-point method.
4.0/).

Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7100724 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fractalfract

Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 2 of 12

In several recent articles [12–14], the existence and the controllability of the Hilfer fractional
differential systems via fixed-point approach have been analyzed. In the article in [15], the
Hilfer fractional differential system with almost sectorial operators is explained.
Recent research on fractional differential systems has predominantly focused on the
existence of solutions in the limited interval [0,b]. Various fixed-point theorems and the
Ascoli–Arzelà theorem are frequently used in this research. The traditional Ascoli–Arzelà
theorem is a well-known technique that provides necessary and sufficient conditions to
determine how abstract continuous functions relate to one another; however, it is only
applicable to finite closed intervals. But, in [16], the author studied the existence of a
mild solution to the Hilfer fractional differential system on a semi-infinite interval via the
generalized Ascoli–Arzelà theorem. Additionally, in [17], the researchers established the
existence of mild solutions for the system of Hilfer fractional derivatives ( HFDve ) on an
infinite interval. The generalized Ascoli–Arzelà theorem and the fixed-point theorem were
used to prove the existence of the mild solution.
Our article’s significant contributions are as follows:
(i) For the Hilfer fractional differential system, we show the necessary and sufficient
conditions for the mild solution’s existence.
(ii) In this work, we study when a fractional differential system (1) has a mild solution on
the infinite interval (0, +∞).
(iii) Our system (1) is defined by an infinite delay.
(iv) We show that our result is consistent with the concept of the generalized Ascoli–Arzelà
theorem (8).
(v) We begin by proving the existence of the system via the measure of noncompactness
by using the M önch0 s fixed-point theorem (7).
(vi) Next, we prove the existence of a mild solution to the system for a compact semigroup.
Schauder’s fixed-point theorem is used in this condition.
(vii) Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the results.
In this study, by applying the generalized Ascoli–Arzelà theorem and some novel
approaches, we establish the existence of mild solutions in an infinite interval via a measure
of noncompactness (MNC). Consider the following system:

H Dh,q x(a) = Ax(a) + F a, x

(
a ∈ (0, +∞),


0+ a ,
(1−h)(1−q) (1)
I0+ x (a ) = φ (a ) ∈ Sλ , a ∈ (−∞, 0],

where H D0h,q
+ is the HFDve of order 0 < h < 1 and type 0 ≤ q ≤ 1, A is the infinitesimal
generator in Banach space Y, and F : [0, ∞) × Sλ → Y is a function.
This paper is organized as follows: The principles of fractional calculus, abstract
spaces, and semigroup are described in Section 2. In Section 3, we begin by proving the
existence of the mild solution using MNC. We analyze a scenario in which the semigroup
is compact and demonstrate the existence of the mild solution in Section 3.2. In Section 4,
we provide an example to highlight our key principles. The final section contains the
conclusions.

2. Preliminaries
We begin by defining the key concepts, theorems, and lemmas that are used throughout
the whole article.
Consider Y as a Banach space, with the norm | · |. Let I = [0, +∞) and C (I, Y ) be the
collection of all continuous functions from I into Y. Now, we express
 
x ∈ C (I, Y ) : lim e−a |x(a)| = 0 ,


Cea I, Y = (2)
a→+∞

where kxkea = sup e−a |x(a)| < +∞, which implies that Cea I, Y is a Banach space.


a∈I
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 3 of 12

Referring to the article in [18], next, we introduce an abstract phase space Sλ . Let
R0
λ : (−∞, 0] → (0, +∞) be continuous along Ω = −∞ λ(a)da < +∞. Now, for every k > 0,
we have
 
S = δ : [−k, 0] → Y : δ(a) is bounded and measurable ,

and take the space S with the norm

kδk[−k,0] = sup kδ(a)k, for every δ ∈ S.

a∈[−k,0]

Next, we set
0
 Z 
Sλ = δ : (−∞, 0] → Y for all k > 0, δ|[−k,0] ∈ S and λ(s)kδk[s,0] ds < +∞ .
−∞

If Sλ is endowed with
Z 0

δ Ω
= λ(a)kδk[a,0] da, for every δ ∈ Sλ ; thus, Sλ , k · kΩ is a Banach space.
−∞

Next, we define the set

 
S0λ −a


= x ∈ C R, Y : lim e | x (a)| = 0 .
a→+∞

Let k · k0Ω in S0λ be the seminorm defined as

kxk0Ω = kφkΩ + sup kx(a)k : a ∈ (0, +∞) , x ∈ S0λ .



Lemma 1 ([18]). If x ∈ S0λ , then for a ∈ I xa ∈ Sλ . Furthermore,

Z 0
Ω|x(a)| ≤ kxa kΩ ≤ kφkΩ + Ω sup |x(r )|, Ω= λ(a)da < +∞.
r ∈[0,a] −∞

Lemma 2 ([1] Hille–Yosida Theorem). The linear operator A is the infinitesimal generator of a
C0 semigroup {T(a), a ≥ 0} in Banach space Y if and only if
(i ) A is closed and D (A) = Y,
(ii ) ρ(A) is the resolvent set of A contains R+ and, for every λ > 0, it holds that

1
R(λ, A) ≤ ,
λ
R∞
where R(λ, A) = (λI − A)−1 and R(λ)z = 0 e−λz T(z)zdz.

Lemma 3 ([11]). The HFDtial system (1) is identical to the integral equation
Z a
φ (a) 1
a(q−1)(1−h) + (a − s)h−1 Ax(s) + F s, xs ds,


x(a) = a ∈ I.
Γ (q(1 − h) + h) Γ (h) 0

Definition 1. A function x ∈ C (R, Y ) is a mild solution to the system (1), which satisfies
Z a
Ph (a − s)F s, xs ds, a ∈ (0, +∞),


x(a) = Sh,q (a)φ0 + (3)
0

h(1−q) R∞
Ph = ah−1 Qh , and Qh (a) = hθWh (θ )T ah θ dθ.


where Sh,q (a) = I0+ Ph (a), 0
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 4 of 12

Lemma 4 ([11]). If {T(a), a > 0} is a compact operator, then Sh,q (a) and Qh (a) are also compact
operators.

Lemma 5 ([11]). For any fixed a > 0, Qh (a), Ph (a) and Sh,q (a) are linear operators, i.e., for
every x ∈ Y,

L0 L0 h−1 L0
Qh ( a ) x ≤ x, Ph (a)x ≤ a x and Sh,q (a)x ≤ a(1−h)(q−1) x .
Γ (h) Γ (h) Γ (q(1 − h) + q)

Lemma 6 ([11]). Suppose {T(a), a > 0} is equicontinuous, then the operators Qh (a), Ph (a)
and Sh,q (a) are strongly continuous, i.e., for every x ∈ Y and a2 > a1 , it holds

Sh,q (a2 )x − Sh,q (a1 )x → 0,

Ph (a2 )x − Ph (a1 )x → 0, Qh (a2 )x − Qh (a1 )x → 0, as a2 → a1 .

Definition 2. The Hausdorff measure of noncompactness µ(·) is defined as µ(O) = inf θ > 0 :
O can be covered by a finite number of balls with radii θ , where O ⊂ Y.

∞
Theorem 1 ([19]). If {xk }+ k =1 is a set of Bochner integrable functions from I to Y with the estimate
property, kxk (a)k ≤ µ1 (a) for almost 1

all a ∈1 I and every k ≥ 1, where µ1 ∈ L (I, R), then the
function ϕ(a) = µ xk (a) : k ≥ 1 is in L (I, R) and satisfies
 Z a  Z a


µ xk (s ds : k ≥ 1 ≤2 ϕ(s)ds.
0 0

Lemma 7 ([20]). Suppose O is a closed convex subset of Y and 0 ∈ O. Suppose f : O → Y is

a continuous map which

fulfills Mönch0 s condition; that is, if O1 ⊂ O is countable and O1 ⊂
conv {0} ∪ F(O1 ) , then O1 is compact. Then, F has a fixed point in O.

Let us consider the following hypotheses:

( H1 ) {T(a), a > 0} is equicontinuous; that is, T(a) is continuous in the uniform operator
topology for a > 0 and there exists a constant L > 0 such that kT(a)k ≤ L.
( H2 ) Next, the function F fulfills following:
(a) F(a, ·) : I × Sλ → Y is Lebesgue measurable with respect to a on I, F(·, φ) is
continuous with respect to each φ on Sλ .
1
There exist λ1 ∈ (0, q), 0 < q < 1, the function MF ∈ L λ1 I, R+ , and a


(b)
positive integrable function ψ : R+ → R+ , such that

F(a, x) ≤ MF (a)ψ kφkΩ , for all φ ∈ Sλ , a ∈ (0, ∞)

ψ(n)
and ψ satisfies lim inf n = 0.
n→∞
1
There exist λ2 ∈ (0, q) and MF∗ ∈ L λ2 I, R+ , such that Sλ2 ⊂ Sλ is bounded:


(c)
   
MF∗ (a)


µ F a, Sλ2 ≤ sup µ(Sλ2 (φ))
− ∞ < φ ≤0

for almost all a ∈ I, where µ is the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness.

3. Extant
3.1. Semigroup is Noncompact
Here, we present the following generalized form of the Ascoli–Arzelà theorem.

Lemma 8 ([16]). The set G ⊂ Cea (I, Y ) is relatively compact if and only if the succeeding
conditions are satisfied:
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 5 of 12

the set W = k : k(a) = e−a x(a), x ∈ G is equicontinuous on [0, b] for any b > 0;

1.
2. for any a ∈ I, W (a) = e−a G(a) is relatively compact in Y;
3. lim e−a |x(a)| = 0 uniformly for x ∈ G.
a→ ∞

Let us consider the operator Φ : S0λ → S0λ defined as

(
Φ1 (a), (−∞, 0],
Φ(x(a)) = Ra (4)
Sh,q (a)φ0 + 0 (a − s)h−1 Qh (a − s)F s, xs ds, a ∈ (0, ∞).

For Φ1 ∈ Sλ , we define Φ
b by
(
Φ1 (a), a ∈ (−∞, 0],
Φ
b (a) =
Sh,q (a)φ0 , a ∈ I,

b ∈ S0 . Let xa = [wa + Φ
then Φ b a ], −∞ < a < +∞. It is simple to demonstrate that x fulfills
λ
Equation (3) if and only if w satisfies w0 = 0 and
Z a
(a − s)h−1 Qh (a − s)F s, ws + Φ
b s ds, a ∈ (0, +∞).


w(a) =
0

Let S00λ = {w ∈ S0λ : w0 ∈ Sλ }. For any w ∈ S0λ ,

kwk0Ω =kw0 kΩ + sup{kw(s)k : 0 ≤ s < +∞}

= sup{kw(s)k : 0 ≤ s < +∞}.

Thus, S00λ , k · k0Ω is a Banach space.

For r > 0, choose Sr = {w ∈ S00λ : kwk0Ω ≤ r}. Then, Sr ⊂ S00λ is uniformly bounded,
and for w ∈ Sr , by Lemma 1, it holds that

wa + Φ
ba
Ω
≤ wa Ω
+ Φ
ba
Ω
00 (1−h)(q−1)
≤ Ω r+L a φ0 + Φ1


Ω
= r0 , (5)

where L00 = L0 .
Γ(q(1−h)+q)
Let us consider the operator Φ : S00λ → S00λ defined by
(
0 0, a ∈ (−∞, 0],
Φ w(a) = Ra
a(1−h)(1−q) 0 (a − s)h−1 Qh (a − s)F s, ws + Φ


b s ds, a ∈ I.

We show that Φ has a fixed point. First, we prove

Lemma 9. Suppose that ( H1 ) − ( H2 ) are satisfied; then, W = {k : k(a) = e−a Φ0 x (a), x ∈

Sr } is equicontinuous on [0, b], where b > 0 and lim e−a |(Φ0 x)(a)| = 0 uniformly for x ∈ Sr .
a→ ∞

Proof. Step 1. We show that s is equicontinuous. For any a1 , a2 ∈ (0, ∞) where a1 < a2 ,
we obtain
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 6 of 12

e−a2 (Φ0 x)(a2 ) − e−a1 (Φ0 x)(a1 )

Z a2
(1−h)(1−q) −a2
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a2 − s)F s, ws + Φ


≤ a2 e b s ds
0
Z a
(1−h)(1−q) −a1 1
(a1 − s)h−1 Qh (a1 − s)F s, ws + Φ


− a1 e b s ds
0
Z a2
(1−h)(1−q) −a2
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a2 − s)F s, ws + Φ


≤ a2 e b s ds
a1
Z a
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a2 − s)F s, ws + Φ


+ a2 e b s ds
0
Z a
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a1 − s)F s, ws + Φ


− a2 e b s ds
0
Z a
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a1 − s)F s, ws + Φ


+ a2 e b s ds
0
Z a
(1−h)(1−q) −a1 1
(a1 − s)h−1 Qh (a1 − s)F s, ws + Φ


− a1 e b s ds
0
Z a2
(1−h)(1−q) −a2
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a2 − s)F s, ws + Φ


≤ a2 e b s ds
a1
Z a
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a2 − s) − Qh (a1 − s) F s, ws + Φ
 

+ a2 e b s ds
0
 Z a Z a 
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1 (1−h)(1−q) −a1 1
h−1 h−1
+ a2 e (a2 − s) ds − a1 e (a1 − s) ds
0 0

× Qh (a1 − s)F s, ws + Φ


bs

≤ I1 + I2 + I3 .

We observe that
Z a2
(1−h)(1−q) −a2
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a2 − s)F s, ws + Φ


I1 = a2 e b s ds
a1
L0 (1−h)(1−q) −a2 a2
Z
≤ a e (a2 − s)h−1 MF ψ(r0 )ds
Γ (h) 2 a1
L0 (1−h)(1−q) −a2
≤ a e MF ψ(r0 ) (a2 − a1 ) ,
Γ (h)h 2

and we obtain I1 → 0 when a2 → a1 . For arbitrary small e > 0 it holds

Z a
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a2 − s) − Qh (a1 − s) F s, ws + Φ
 

I2 = a2 e b s ds
0
Z a −e
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a2 − s) − Qh (a1 − s) F s, ws + Φ


≤ a2 e b s ds
0
Z a
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1
(a2 − s)h−1 Qh (a2 − s) − Qh (a1 − s) F s, ws + Φ


+ a2 e b s ds
a1 −e
Z a −e
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1
≤ a2 e (a2 − s)h−1 MF ψ(r0 )ds sup Qh (a2 − s) − Qh (a1 − s)
0 s∈[0,a1 −e]
L0
Z a
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1
+ a e (a2 − s)h−1 MF ψ(r0 )ds.
Γ (h)h 2 a1 − e
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 7 of 12

Based on Lemma 6, I2 → 0 when a2 → a1 .

 Z a Z a1

(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1 (1−h)(1−q) −a1
I3 = a2 e (a2 − s)h−1 − a1 e (a1 − s) h−1
0 0

× Qh (a1 − s)F s, ws + Φ


b s ds

L0
 Z a Z a 
(1−h)(1−q) −a2 1 (1−h)(1−q) −a1 1
≤ MF ψ(r0 ) a2 e (a2 − s)h−1 ds − a1 e (a1 − s)h−1 ds
Γ (h) 0 0

Clearly, I3 → 0 when a2 → a1 .
Therefore, W = {k : k(a) = e−a Φ0 x (a), x ∈ Sr } is equicontinuous.

Step 2. Now, we prove that lim e−a |(Φ0 x)(a)| = 0 uniformly for x ∈ Sr . For any x ∈ Sr ,
a→ ∞
from Lemma 5 and ( H2 ), we obtain
Z a
Φ0 x (a) ≤ a(1−h)(1−q) (a − s)h−1 ds Qh (a − s) F s, ws + Φ



bs
0
L0
Z a
≤ M ψ(r0 )a(1−h)(1−q) (a − s)h−1 ds
Γ (h) F 0
L0
≤ a1−q(1−h) MF ψ(r0 ),
hΓ(h)

thus
L0
lim e−a Φ0 x (a) ≤ lim e−a a1−q(1−h) MF ψ(r0 ) = 0.


a→ ∞ hΓ(h) a→∞

Therefore, lim e−a Φ0 x(a)

= 0 uniformly for x ∈ Sr .
a→ ∞

Lemma 10. Assume that the hypotheses ( H1 ) – ( H2 ) hold, then Φ0 (Sr ) ⊂ Sr and Φ0 is continuous.

Proof. First, we prove that Φ0 maps Sr into itself. For each r > 0, assume that this is not
true, i.e. there exists r∗ ∈ Sr such that Φ0 (r∗ ) ∈
/ Sr . Thus,

L0
Z a
r < e −a Φ 0 x (a ) M ψ(r0 )a(1−h)(1−q) (a − s)h−1 ds


≤
Γ (h) F 0
L0
≤ a1−q(1−h) MF ψ(r0 ).
hΓ(h)

Dividing both sides by r and
letting r → ∞, we obtain 1 < 0, which contradicts our
assumptions. Therefore, Φ0 Sr ⊂ Sr .
∞
Next, we prove that Φ0 is continuous. Let {xm }+
m=0 be the sequence in Sr , which is
convergent to x ∈ Sr . Then, it holds that

lim xm (a) = x(a) =⇒ lim a(1−h)(1−q) xm (a) = a(1−h)(1−q) x(a) for a ∈ (0, +∞).
m→∞ m→∞

Similarly,

lim Fm a, wam + Φ
b a = F a, wa + Φ
b a for a ∈ (0, +∞).



m→∞

From ( H2 ), we obtain

(a − s)h−1 Fm a, wam + Φ b a ≤ 2(a − s)h−1 MF ψ(r0 ), for all a ∈ (0, ∞).

b a − F a, wa + Φ



Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 8 of 12

Also, the function s → 2(a − s)h−1 MF ψ(r0 ) is integrable for s ∈ [0, a), a ∈ [0, ∞). Using
the Lebesgue-dominated convergent theorem, we obtain
Z a
(a − s)h−1 Fm a, wam + Φ
b a − F a, wa + Φ
b a ds → 0, m → ∞.



0

Therefore,

e −a Φ 0 xm (a ) − e −a Φ 0 x (a )

Z a
≤ a(1−h)(1−q) e−a Qh (a − s) Fm a, wam + Φ
b a − F a, wa + Φ



b a ds
0
Z a
L (1−h)(1−q) −a
Qh (a − s) Fm a, wam + Φ
b a − F a, wa + Φ



≤ a e b a ds
Γ (h) 0
→ 0, when m → ∞.

Hence, Φ0 is continuous. Thus, the proof is completed.

Theorem 2. Suppose that ( H1 ) − ( H2 ) hold. If Φ0 satisfies Mönch0 s condition, then the system
(1) has at least one mild solution.

Proof. Considering the set W = k : k(a) = e−a Φ0 x (a), x ∈ Sr , we show that W is



relatively compact.
According to Lemmas 5 and 6, the set W is equicontinuous and lim e−a |Φ0 x(a)| = 0
a→+∞
uniformly for x ∈ Sr . Thus, it remains to verify that the set W is relatively compact.
Suppose that O1∗ = wsm + Φ b s +∞ ⊆ Sr is countable and O∗ ⊆ conv {0} ∪ Φ0 (O∗ ) . We


m =0 1 1
must prove that µ(O1∗ ) = 0, where µ is the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness. Based
on Theorem 1 and ( H2 ), we obtain
 
+∞
+∞
O1∗ wsm +Φ b (a) ∪ wsm + Φ
= µ w0 + Φ



µ =µ bs
m =0
bs
m =0
 
 m +∞
= µ Φ(a) ∪ ws + Φs m=0 ,
b b

then,
∞
µ W (a) = µ {e−a Φ0 xm (a)}+



m =0
 Z a 
≤ µ a(1−h)(1−q) e−a b +∞ ds
(a − s)h−1 Qh (a − s)F s, wsm + Φ


0 m =0
Z a  
L (1−h)(1−q) −a h−1
 m +∞

≤ a e (a − s) µ F a, ws + Φs m=0 ds
Γ (h)
b
0
L (1−h)(1−q) −a a
 
+∞
Z
h−1 ∗ m
≤ a e (a − s) MF × sup µ {ws + Φs m=0 ds
Γ (h)
b
0 − ∞ <s≤0
L 0  
1−q(1−h) ∗ m +∞
≤ a MF × sup µ {ws + Φs m=0 b
hΓ(h) − ∞ <s≤0
L0
a1−q(1−h) MF∗ × sup µ O1∗ .



µ W (a) ≤
hΓ(h) − ∞ <s≤0


Thus, we obtain µ W (a) = 0, which implies that W (a) is relatively compact. Therefore,
based on Lemma 8, the set W is relatively compact. Hence, using Lemma 7, we conclude
that the fractional differential system (1) has at least one mild solution.
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 9 of 12

3.2. Semigroup is Compact

In this part we assume that for t > 0, the semigroup T (t) is compact on X. Hence, the
compactness of Qh (a) follows.

Theorem 3. If the assumptions ( H1 )–( H2 ) are true and T(a) is compact, the system (1) has a
mild solution.

Proof. Obviously, it is sufficient to show that Φ0 (x) has a fixed point in Sr . Here, we assume
that the semigroup T(a) is compact and fulfills ( H1 ). Then, based on Lemmas 5 and 6, the
set W is equicontinuous and lim e−a |Φ0 x(a)| = 0 uniformly for x ∈ Sr . Thus, it remains to
a→ ∞
verify that the set W is relatively compact. To achieve this, we introduce a new operator
Φ0e,δ , such that 0 < e < a and δ > 0. Take We,δ = ke,δ : ke,δ (a) = e−a Φ0e,δ x (a), x ∈ Sr .


Then, we consider
Z a− e
Φ0e,δ x (a) = a(1−h)(1−q) (a − s)h−1 Qh (a − s)F s, ws + Φ



b s ds
0
 Z a− e Z ∞ 
= a(1−h)(1−q) (a − s)h−1 hθT eα δ Wh (a − s)h θ dθF s, ws + Φ




b s ds
0 δ
 Z a− e Z ∞ 
= a(1−h)(1−q) T eh δ hθ (a − s)h−1 Wh (a − s)h θ dθF s, ws + Φ




b s ds .
0 δ

Lemma 4, T(a) is compact, this implies that Qh (a) is compact for a > 0.
Since, according to
Therefore, T eα δ is compact, so that We,δ is relatively compact. Furthermore, for x ∈ Sr ,
we obtain that:

e−a Φx (a) − e−a Φ0e,δ x (a)

a
Z aZ ∞
≤ a(1−h)(1−q)e T eh δ hθ (a − s)h−1 Wh (a − s)h θ dθF s, ws + Φ



b s ds
0 0

Z Z ∞a
+ a(1−h)(1−q) T eh δ hθ (a − s)h−1 Wh (a − s)h θ dθF s, ws + Φ



b s ds
a− e δ
Z a Z δ
≤ a(1−h)(1−q) Lhe−a (a − s)h−1 MF (a)ψ(r0 )ds θWh (a − s)h θ dθ


0 0
Z a Z δ 
h−1 0 h


+ (a − s) MF (a)ψ(r )ds θWh (a − s) θ dθ ,
a− e 0

=⇒ e−a Φx (a) − e−a Φ0e,δ x (a) → 0 when e, δ → 0.

Therefore, the set W is relatively compact in Y. Thus, using the Schauder fixed-point
theorem, we prove that Φ0 has a fixed point, so the system (1) has a mild solution. This
completes the proof.

4. Application
Let us consider the following HFDtial system with infinite delay on an infinite interval:
∂2

H h,q


Ra ∗


 D0+ Z(a, τ ) = ∂τ2 Z(a, τ ) + −∞ F a, τ, s − a H Z(s, d) ds, d ∈ [0, π ], a > 0,

Z(a, 0) = Z(a, π ) = 0, a ≥ 0, (6)

Z(a, τ ) = φ(a, τ ), a ∈ (−∞, 0], τ ∈ [0, π ].


Let us take Y = L2 [0, π ], R to satisfy the norm | · | and A : Y → Y defined by Au = u00 ,

such that the domain

D(A) = {u ∈ Y : u, u0 are absolutely continuous, u00 ∈ Y, u(0) = u(π ) = 0}

Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 10 of 12

contains the orthogonal set of eigenvectors uk of A and

∞
Au = ∑ k2 hu, uk iuk , u ∈ D( A),
k =1
√
where uk (s) = 2/π sin ks, k = 1, 2, · · · . Then, A generates a compact, analytic, self-adjoint
semigroup {T(a), a > 0}; that is, T(a)u = ∑∞ k =1 e
−k2 a hu, u iu , u ∈ Y. Therefore, there is a
k k
constant L > 0, such that kT(a)k ≤ L.
R0
Let λ(s) = e2s , s < 0, then Λ = −∞ λ(s)ds = 12 and define
Z 0
φ Ω
= λ(s) sup φ(θ ) L2
ds.
−∞ s ≤ θ ≤0

Let us take

Z(a)(τ ) = Z(a, τ ), a ∈ [0, ∞),

φ(θ )(τ ) = φ(θ, τ ), (θ, τ ) ∈ (−∞, 0] × [0, π ],

Z a ∗


F a, xa = F a, τ, s − a H Z(s)(τ ) ds.
−∞

Thus, the Equation (6) is represented in the abstract form of the Equation (1). Furthermore,
the system satisfies the following:
R0
1. F∗ (a, τ, θ ) is continuous in [0, ∞) × [0, π ] × (−∞, 0] and F∗ ≥ 0, −∞ F∗ (a, τ, θ )dθ =
M1 (a, d) < +∞.
H(·) is continuous and for (θ, τ ) ∈ (−∞, 0] × [0, π ] it holds that 0 ≤ H Z(θ )(d) ≤


2.
R0
Ξ −∞ e2s kZ(s, ·)k L2 ds , where Ξ : [0, +∞) → (0, +∞) is a continuous increasing

function.
We verify the following:
Z π
Z 0
2  12
F∗ a, τ, s − a H Z(s)(τ ) dθ



F(a, φ) L2
= dτ
0 −∞
Z π
Z 0
Z 0
 2  12
∗ 2s
F a, τ, s − a Ξ


≤ e kφ(s, ·)k L2 ds dθ dτ
0 −∞ −∞
Z π
Z 0
Z 0
 2  12
∗ 2s
F a, τ, s − a Ξ


≤ e sup kφ(s, ·)k L2 ds dθ dτ
0 −∞ −∞ θ ≤ s ≤0
Z π
Z 0
2  12
∗
Ξ kφkΩ



≤ F a, τ, s − a dθ dd
0 −∞
Z π
 12

2
Ξ kφkΩ


≤ M1 (a, τ ) dτ
0
≡ M∗ (a ) Ξ k φ k Ω ,


Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 11 of 12

Ξ(n)
such that lim n = 0. Furthermore, we can write
n→∞
Z a 
F∗ a, d, s − a H(Z(s)(τ ))ds



µ F (a, xa ) = µ
−∞
Z 0 Z 0  
∗ 2s
F a, τ, s − a Ξ


≤µ e kφ(s, ·)k L2 ds dτ
−∞ −∞
Z 0 Z 0  
∗ 2s
F a, τ, s − a Ξ


≤µ e sup kφ(s, ·)k L2 ds dτ
−∞ −∞ θ ≤ s ≤0
∗∗
O1∗∗ (φ) where O1∗∗ is


≤ M (a) sup µ , the subset of Sr .
− ∞ < φ ≤0

Therefore, ( H2 ) is satisfied, proving that the system (1) has a mild solution on the infinite
interval (0, +∞).

5. Conclusions
In this work, we studied the existence of a mild solution to the Hilfer fractional
differential system on an infinite interval via the generalized Ascoli–Arzelà theorem and
fixed-point method. First, we proved the existence of a mild solution to an infinite delay
system using the measure of noncompactness; after that, we established the compactness
of the semigroup via the Schauder fixed-point technique; and finally, an example was
provided. In the future, we will study the controllability of a Hilfer fractional differential
system on an infinite interval via the generalized Ascoli–Arzelà theorem and fixed-point
approach.

Author Contributions: Conceptualisation, C.S.V.B., M.S., A.D., V.T., S.R. and R.U.; methodology,
C.S.V.B.; validation, C.S.V.B. and R.U.; formal analysis, C.S.V.B.; investigation, M.S., A.D., V.T., S.R.
and R.U.; resources, C.S.V.B.; writing original draft preparation, C.S.V.B.; writing review and editing,
M.S., A.D., V.T., S.R. and R.U.; visualisation, M.S. and R.U.; supervision, M.S., A.D., V.T., S.R. and
R.U.; project administration, M.S. and R.U. All authors have read and agreed to the published version
of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: Research of the third author is partially supported by the Serbian Ministry of
Education, Science and Technological Development, under project 451-03-47/2023-01/200103. The
authors are grateful to the reviewers of this article who provided insightful comments and advices
that allowed us to revise and improve the content of the paper.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:

HFDve Hilfer Fractional Derivative

HFDtial Hilfer Fractional Differential
MNC Measure of Noncompactness.

References
1. Pazy, A. Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations; Applied Mathematical Sciences; Springer:
New York, NY, USA, 1983.
2. Podlubny, I. Fractional Differential Equations; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1999.
3. Miller, K.S.; Ross, B. An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Differential Equations; John Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1993.
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 724 12 of 12

4. Zhou, Y. Basic Theory of Fractional Differential Equations; World Scientific: Singapore, 2014.
5. Zhou, Y. Fractional Evolution Equations and Inclusions: Analysis and Control; Elsevier: New York, NY, USA, 2015.
6. Patel, U.D.; Radenović, S. An application to nonlinear fractional differential equation via α-ΓF-fuzzy contractive mappings in a
fuzzy metric space. Mathematics 2022, 10, 2831.
7. Agarwal, R.P.; Lakshmikantham. V.; Nieto, J.J. On the concept of solution for fractional differential equations with uncertainty.
Nonlinear Anal. 2010, 72, 2859–2862.
8. Ahmad, B.; Alsaedi, A.; Ntouyas, S.K.J.; Tariboon, J. Hadamard-Type Fractional Differential Equations, Inclusions and Inequalities;
Springer International Publishing AG: Cham, Switzerland, 2017.
9. Lakshmikantham, V.; Vatsala, A.S. Basic theory of fractional differential equations. Nonlinear Anal. Theory Methods Appl. 2008, 69,
2677–2682.
10. Hilfer, R. Application of Fractional Calculus in Physics; World Scientific: Singapore, 2000.
11. Gu, H.; Trujillo, J.J. Existence of integral solution for evolution equation with Hilfer fractional derivative. Appl. Math. Comput.
2015, 257, 344–354.
12. Dineshkumar, C.; Udhayakumar, R. New results concerning to approximate controllability of Hilfer fractional neutral stochastic
delay integro-differential system. Numer. Methods Partial Differ. Equ. 2020, 37, 1072–1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/num.22567.
13. Yang, M.; Wang, Q. Existence of mild solutions for a class of Hilfer fractional evolution equations with nonlocal conditions. Fract.
Calc. Appl. Anal. 2017, 20, 679–705.
14. Singh, V. Controllability of Hilfer fractional differential systems with non-dense domain. Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 2019, 40,
1572–1592.
15. Varun Bose, C.S.; Udhayakumar, R. A note on the existence of Hilfer fractional differential inclusions with almost sectorial
operators. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 2022, 45, 2530–2541.
16. Zhou, Y.; He, J.W. A Cauchy problem for fractional evolution equations with Hilfer’s fractional derivative on semi-infinite interval.
Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal. 2022, 25, 924–961.
17. Zhou, Y. Infinite interval problems for fractional differential evolution equations. Mathematics 2022, 10, 900.
18. Chang, Y.K. Controllability of impulsive differential systems with infinite delay in Banach spaces. Chaos Solitons Fractals 2007, 33,
1601–1609.
19. Wang, J.R.; Fan, Z.; Zhou, Y. Nonlocal controllability of semilinear dynamic systems with fractional derivative in Banach spaces. J.
Optim. Theory Appl. 2012, 154, 292–302.
20. Mönch, H. Boundary value problems for nonlinear ordinary differential equations of second order in Banach spaces. Nonlinear
Anal. Theory Methods Appl. 1980, 4, 985–999.

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual
author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.