STATISTICS

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1. Differentinte among the Binomial distribution and Poisson distribution

The Binomial Distribution and Poisson Distribution are both discrete probability distributions, but
they differ in their assumptions and applications:

1. Binomial Distribution:
Definition: Describes the number of successes in a fixed number of independent Bernoulli
trials (with two outcomes: success or failure), each with the same probability of success.
Parameters:
n: Number of trials.
p: Probability of success in a single trial.
Conditions:
Fixed number of trials.
Each trial is independent.
Probability of success is constant.
n
Formula: P (X = k) = (k )pk (1 − p)n−k
​

Example: Number of heads in 10 coin flips.

2. Poisson Distribution:
Definition: Describes the number of events that occur in a fixed interval of time or space,
given the average rate of occurrence.
Parameters:
λ (lambda): The average number of occurrences in a fixed interval.
Conditions:
Events are rare and occur independently.
Events happen at a constant average rate.
Time or space interval is fixed.
λk e−λ
Formula: P (X = k) = k!
​

Example: Number of emails received in an hour.

Key Differences:

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 Binomial Distribution is for a fixed number of trials with two outcomes, while Poisson
Distribution is used for events occurring in a continuous interval (time, space, etc.) with a fixed
rate.
Binomial is suitable when the probability of success is constant, while Poisson is for modeling rare
events over time or space, often when the number of trials is large and the probability of
occurrence is small.

Let me know if you'd like more details!

2. Explain about Bayes' theorem.

Bayes' Theorem is a fundamental concept in probability theory that describes how to update the
probability of a hypothesis based on new evidence. It provides a way to calculate the conditional
probability of an event, given prior knowledge or information.

Formula:

P (B∣A)P (A)
P (A∣B) =
P (B)
​

Where:

P (A∣B) = Posterior Probability: The probability of event A occurring given event B has occurred.
P (B∣A) = Likelihood: The probability of event B occurring given event A is true.
P (A) = Prior Probability: The initial probability of event A before observing the evidence.
P (B) = Marginal Probability: The total probability of event B occurring.

Explanation:

Prior (P(A)): Before observing new data, we have an initial belief about the probability of a
hypothesis (A).
Likelihood (P(B|A)): This is how likely the evidence (B) is, assuming the hypothesis (A) is true.
Posterior (P(A|B)): After observing evidence (B), Bayes' Theorem helps us update our belief about
the hypothesis (A).
Marginal (P(B)): This normalizes the equation to ensure the total probability of all possible
outcomes sums to 1.

Example:

Suppose we want to find the probability of a patient having a disease (A), given a positive test result (B).
We use Bayes' Theorem to update the probability based on:

The prior probability of the disease (how common the disease is),
The likelihood of getting a positive test result if the patient has the disease,
The overall probability of getting a positive test result (whether or not the person has the disease).

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Bayes' Theorem is widely used in areas such as medical diagnostics, machine learning, spam filtering,
and more.

Let me know if you'd like more clarification or an example!

3. Explain about Point estimation and interval estimation.

Point Estimation and Interval Estimation are two types of statistical methods used to estimate
population parameters (like the mean or variance) based on sample data.

1. Point Estimation:

Definition: A point estimate is a single value that serves as an estimate for an unknown population
parameter.
Purpose: To provide the best guess or approximation of a parameter using the available data.

ˉ) is a point estimate
Example: If we want to estimate the population mean (μ), the sample mean (x
of μ. Similarly, the sample proportion (p) is a point estimate for the population proportion.

Formula:
n
1
θ^ = ∑ xi
​ ​ ​

n
i=1

Where θ^ is the point estimate of the population parameter.

Limitation: A point estimate provides only a single value and does not give information about the
precision or uncertainty of the estimate.

2. Interval Estimation:

Definition: Interval estimation involves providing a range (or interval) of values within which the
true population parameter is expected to lie, with a certain level of confidence.
Purpose: To give a more comprehensive estimate by considering the variability of the data and
providing a range where the parameter is likely to fall.
Example: A confidence interval for the population mean might be μ ∈ [x
ˉ − E, x
ˉ + E], where x
ˉ is
the sample mean, and E is the margin of error.

Formula:
σ σ
μ ∈ [x
ˉ−Z ⋅ ,x
ˉ+Z ⋅
​ ] ​

n ​ n ​

Where:
Z is the Z-score based on the confidence level.
σ is the population standard deviation (or sample standard deviation for large samples).

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 n is the sample size.
Confidence Level: A confidence interval is often associated with a confidence level (e.g., 95%
confidence level), meaning that if we were to take many samples, 95% of the intervals would
contain the true population parameter.

Key Differences:

Point Estimation gives a single value estimate, while Interval Estimation provides a range of
possible values.
Point Estimation does not account for uncertainty, while Interval Estimation includes the
uncertainty or variability of the estimate.

Example:

Point Estimation: The sample mean x ˉ = 50 is the estimate for the population mean.
Interval Estimation: The 95% confidence interval is [48, 52], meaning we are 95% confident that
the true population mean lies between 48 and 52.

Let me know if you need further explanation!

4. Illustrate about Hypothesis Testing.

Hypothesis Testing is a statistical method used to make inferences or decisions about a population
parameter based on sample data. It involves testing an assumption (the hypothesis) about a population
using sample evidence.

Steps in Hypothesis Testing:

1. State the Hypotheses:

Null Hypothesis (H₀): The hypothesis that there is no effect or no difference, or that any
observed difference is due to random chance.
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Ha): The hypothesis that contradicts the null hypothesis,
stating that there is an effect or difference.
Example:
Null Hypothesis: H0 : μ = 50 (The population mean is 50)
​

Alternative Hypothesis: H1 : μ =
​  50 (The population mean is not 50)
2. Select the Significance Level (α):
The significance level, commonly denoted by α, represents the probability of rejecting the
null hypothesis when it is actually true (Type I error).
Common values for α are 0.05, 0.01, or 0.10.
3. Choose the Appropriate Test:
Depending on the nature of the data and the hypothesis, you select the appropriate statistical
test (e.g., t-test, z-test, chi-square test, etc.).

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 For example, a t-test is used for comparing means when the sample size is small, and a z-
test is used for large samples or when the population standard deviation is known.
4. Calculate the Test Statistic:
The test statistic (e.g., t, z, chi-square) is calculated based on the sample data. The formula for
the test statistic depends on the type of test being used.
For example, for a z-test comparing means:

ˉ − μ0
x
z=
​

σ ​

n
​

Where:
ˉ = Sample mean
x
μ0 = Hypothesized population mean
​

σ = Population standard deviation

n = Sample size
5. Make a Decision:
Based on the test statistic, you compare it to the critical value from the distribution (e.g., z-
distribution, t-distribution) corresponding to the chosen significance level α.
If the test statistic falls within the critical region (beyond the critical value), reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject the null hypothesis.
6. Conclusion:
If you reject the null hypothesis, conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
If you fail to reject the null hypothesis, conclude that there is insufficient evidence to support
the alternative hypothesis.

Types of Errors:

1. Type I Error (False Positive): Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.
Probability of Type I Error is denoted by α (significance level).
2. Type II Error (False Negative): Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false.
Probability of Type II Error is denoted by β .

Example:

Let's say a company claims that the average weight of their products is 500g. You want to test whether
this claim is true.

Null Hypothesis (H₀): The average weight is 500g (μ = 500).

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): The average weight is not 500g (μ  500).
=

You collect a sample, perform a t-test, calculate the test statistic, and compare it to the critical value.
Based on the results, you either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion:

Hypothesis testing helps make data-driven decisions by testing assumptions or claims about population
parameters based on sample data. It provides a structured approach to determine whether observed
effects are statistically significant or likely due to random chance.

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Let me know if you need further clarification!

5. Compare the Hierarchical and Non-hierarchical Methods

Hierarchical and Non-hierarchical methods are two common types of clustering techniques in data
analysis. These methods are used to group data points into clusters based on their similarity, but they
differ in their approach to clustering.

1. Hierarchical Clustering:

Definition: Hierarchical clustering creates a hierarchy of clusters, where each cluster is nested
within a larger cluster. It builds a tree-like structure called a dendrogram.
Types:
Agglomerative (Bottom-Up): Starts with each data point as its own cluster and iteratively
merges the closest clusters until all points are in one cluster.
Divisive (Top-Down): Starts with all data points in a single cluster and recursively splits it into
smaller clusters.
Procedure:
Calculate the distance between every pair of data points.
Merge or split clusters based on a distance metric (e.g., Euclidean distance).
The process continues until a stopping condition is met (like a desired number of clusters or a
threshold distance).
Advantages:
Produces a hierarchy that can be useful for understanding the relationships between clusters.
No need to specify the number of clusters in advance.
Disadvantages:
Computationally expensive, especially for large datasets.
Difficult to undo or correct a mistake in early merges/splits.

2. Non-hierarchical Clustering:

Definition: Non-hierarchical clustering does not create a hierarchy of clusters. Instead, it divides
the data into a predefined number of clusters based on a specific criterion.
Most common method: K-Means Clustering.
Procedure:
Choose a number of clusters (k) in advance.
Assign initial centroids (cluster centers) randomly or based on some heuristic.
Assign each data point to the closest centroid.
Recompute the centroids based on the mean of the assigned points.
Repeat the process until convergence (when cluster assignments no longer change).
Advantages:
Computationally efficient and faster than hierarchical methods for large datasets.
Easy to implement.
Disadvantages:
The number of clusters (k) must be specified beforehand, which can be challenging if the
optimal k is unknown.

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 Sensitive to the initial placement of centroids.
May struggle with non-spherical or irregularly shaped clusters.

Key Differences:

Feature Hierarchical Clustering Non-hierarchical Clustering

Cluster Structure Produces a tree-like structure (dendrogram) Produces flat, non-nested clusters
Agglomerative (bottom-up) or Divisive (top-
Method Type K-Means, K-Medoids, etc.
down)
Number of Not required in advance; determined by the Must specify the number of clusters (k)
Clusters tree beforehand
Scalability Less scalable; slow for large datasets More scalable; faster for large datasets

Sensitive to outliers, especially in

Sensitivity Sensitive to initial centroids (in K-Means)
agglomerative

Agglomerative Clustering, Divisive

Example K-Means, K-Medoids, DBSCAN
Clustering

Summary:

Hierarchical Clustering is ideal when you need to visualize the relationships between clusters or
do not know the number of clusters in advance. However, it is computationally expensive.
Non-hierarchical Clustering (e.g., K-Means) is efficient and suitable for large datasets but requires
specifying the number of clusters ahead of time and may be sensitive to the initial placement of
centroids.

Let me know if you'd like further examples or clarification!

6. Write about the Interpretation of Clusters,

Interpretation of Clusters is a crucial step in clustering analysis, where the aim is to make sense of the
results obtained from a clustering algorithm. After performing clustering, it's essential to interpret the
clusters in a meaningful way to draw useful conclusions.

Steps for Interpreting Clusters:

1. Examine Cluster Centers/Means:

In many clustering methods like K-Means, each cluster is represented by a centroid (or mean
vector). By analyzing the cluster center, you can gain insights into the general characteristics
of the data points within that cluster.
For example, if clustering customer data, a cluster center might indicate the average age,
income, and spending habits of the customers in that group.
2. Analyze Cluster Distribution:
Look at how data points are distributed within each cluster. Are they tightly packed or spread
out? A tight cluster suggests high similarity, while a dispersed cluster suggests greater

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 variability among the data points.
Visualizations like scatter plots or pairwise plots can help in understanding how data points
are distributed within clusters.
3. Review Cluster Profiles:
To interpret the meaning of each cluster, analyze the attributes or features of the data that
are most significant in defining the clusters.
For example, in a dataset of customers, you could analyze features like age, gender, income,
or purchase history to identify patterns or trends that define each cluster (e.g., "young high-
income customers", "elderly low-income customers").
4. Compare with External Information:
If you have external labels or domain knowledge, compare the clusters to see if they align
with known patterns or classifications. For instance, in a medical dataset, clusters might
correspond to known disease categories or patient groups.
If external labels are not available, the clusters should still be interpretable in terms of the
features that define them.
5. Cluster Validity and Relevance:
Evaluate the validity and relevance of the clusters. This can be done using various metrics like
Silhouette Score (for how well-separated the clusters are), Inertia (for how compact the
clusters are), or Davies-Bouldin Index (for cluster separation).
If the clusters do not provide useful or meaningful interpretations, it may indicate the need to
revise the clustering process (e.g., changing the number of clusters, using a different
algorithm, or scaling the data).
6. Visualization:
Visualization techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or t-SNE can be used
to reduce the dimensionality of the data and plot the clusters in two or three dimensions. This
allows for easier interpretation by visually examining the separation and characteristics of
each cluster.
A dendrogram from Hierarchical Clustering is another visual tool to interpret how the
clusters are formed and how similar the clusters are to each other.

Example:

Consider a customer segmentation analysis based on purchasing behavior:

Cluster 1: Customers with high spending on electronics, aged 25-40.

Cluster 2: Customers with moderate spending on clothing, aged 40-60.
Cluster 3: Customers with low spending, aged 60+, often buy groceries.

In this case, interpreting the clusters helps the company understand different customer segments,
which could guide marketing strategies or product recommendations.

Importance of Interpretation:

Actionable Insights: Clusters can reveal hidden patterns in the data, such as distinct user
behaviors or demographic trends, which can be used for targeted interventions (e.g., personalized
marketing, product recommendations).
Business Decisions: In business and industry, interpreting clusters allows organizations to tailor
their strategies to specific groups (e.g., targeting high-value customers or understanding
underserved markets).

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 Model Improvement: Understanding clusters can help improve the clustering algorithm or lead to
a deeper understanding of the dataset.

Challenges in Cluster Interpretation:

Overfitting/Underfitting: If the model generates too many clusters, it may overfit the data, and if
too few clusters are generated, it may underfit the data.
Ambiguity: Some clusters may be ambiguous or difficult to interpret, especially when clusters are
not well-separated or when the data lacks clear patterns.
Domain Knowledge: The ability to interpret clusters often relies on domain expertise, as the
meaning of the clusters may not always be immediately obvious from the raw data alone.

Conclusion:

The interpretation of clusters is essential to derive meaningful insights from clustering analysis. It
involves analyzing the defining features of each cluster, visualizing the data, and relating the findings to
real-world context. Effective interpretation allows for actionable insights that can guide decisions in
areas such as marketing, customer segmentation, and anomaly detection.

Let me know if you need further clarification or an example in a different context!

7. How the testing hypothesis done on a proportion

Testing hypotheses on a proportion involves comparing the sample proportion to a hypothesized

population proportion. This type of hypothesis test is commonly used in situations where you are
dealing with categorical data, such as the proportion of people who favor a certain candidate, the
proportion of defective items in a production batch, etc.

Steps for Hypothesis Testing on a Proportion:

1. State the Hypotheses:

Null Hypothesis (H₀): The population proportion is equal to the hypothesized proportion.
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Ha): The population proportion is different from (or greater
than, or less than) the hypothesized proportion.
Example:
Null Hypothesis: H0 : p = p0 (The population proportion is equal to p0 ).
​ ​ ​

Alternative Hypothesis: H1 : p =
​
 p0 (The population proportion is not equal to p0 ).
​ ​

For a one-sided test, the alternative hypothesis might be H1 : p > p0 or H1 : p < p0 .

​ ​ ​ ​

2. Choose the Significance Level (α):

The significance level (usually α = 0.05) is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis
when it is actually true.
3. Collect Data:
Collect sample data, which includes the sample size n and the number of successes x (e.g.,
the number of people who favor a candidate).

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 4. Calculate the Test Statistic:
The test statistic for a hypothesis test on a proportion is based on the z-test formula:

p^ − p0
z=
​ ​

p0 (1−p0 )
​ ​

n
​ ​

Where:
p^ = sample proportion = nx
​ ​

p0 = hypothesized population proportion

​

n = sample size
5. Determine the Critical Value or P-value:
Use a standard z-table or normal distribution to find the critical value corresponding to your
chosen significance level α.
Alternatively, calculate the p-value, which represents the probability of observing a test
statistic as extreme as the one calculated, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
For a two-tailed test, you check if the absolute value of the z-test statistic exceeds the critical
z-value.
For a one-tailed test, you check if the z-test statistic is either greater than or less than the
critical z-value, depending on the direction of the alternative hypothesis.
6. Make a Decision:
If the test statistic exceeds the critical value (or if the p-value is less than α), reject the null
hypothesis.
If the test statistic does not exceed the critical value (or if the p-value is greater than α), fail to
reject the null hypothesis.
7. Conclusion:
Based on the decision, you either accept or reject the null hypothesis and conclude whether
there is enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

Example:

Suppose you want to test whether more than 60% of voters support a candidate. You collect a sample of
100 voters, and 65 of them say they support the candidate.

1. State the Hypotheses:

Null Hypothesis: H0 : p = 0.60 (The proportion of voters supporting the candidate is 60%).
​

Alternative Hypothesis: H1 : p > 0.60 (The proportion of voters supporting the candidate is
​

greater than 60%).

2. Choose α = 0.05.

3. Collect Data:
Sample size n = 100, number of successes (supporters) x = 65, so p^ = 65/100 = 0.65. ​

4. Calculate the Test Statistic:

p0 = 0.60, p^ = 0.65, and n = 100.
​ ​

0.60(1−0.60) 0.60×0.40
The standard error is 100
​ ​ = 100
​ ​
= 0.049.
The z-score is:

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 0.65 − 0.60
z= = 1.02
0.049
​

5. Determine the Critical Value or P-value:

For a one-tailed test with α = 0.05, the critical z-value is approximately 1.645 (from the z-
table).
The calculated z-value (1.02) is less than the critical value (1.645), so we fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
6. Decision:
Since the z-value is not in the rejection region, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is
not enough evidence to conclude that the proportion of voters supporting the candidate is
greater than 60%.

Conclusion:

Hypothesis testing on proportions helps to assess whether the proportion of a population matches a
hypothesized value. The procedure involves calculating the test statistic (z-score), determining the
critical value or p-value, and making a decision based on the test results.

Let me know if you'd like more clarification or another example!

8. Describe about the F-distribution.

The F-distribution is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently in statistics, especially
in hypothesis testing and analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is used primarily to compare variances and
assess whether two or more sample variances are significantly different from each other.

Characteristics of the F-distribution:

1. Shape:
The F-distribution is positively skewed, meaning it has a long right tail. The distribution is
not symmetric.
It is always non-negative, as it cannot take negative values (since it’s based on the ratio of
variances, which are always positive).
2. Degrees of Freedom:
The F-distribution depends on two sets of degrees of freedom:
Numerator Degrees of Freedom (df₁): Corresponds to the variance of the first sample
or group.
Denominator Degrees of Freedom (df₂): Corresponds to the variance of the second
sample or group.
The shape of the F-distribution changes as the degrees of freedom vary.
3. Probability Density Function (PDF): The probability density function (PDF) of the F-distribution is
given by:

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 (df1 x)df1 ​
​

(df2 )df2 (df df +df2

1 x+df2 ) 1
​ ​

f (x; df1 , df2 ) = for x ≥ 0

​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​

Γ ( df21 ) Γ ( df22 )
​ ​ ​

​ ​

​ ​

Where:
Γ(⋅) is the Gamma function, which generalizes the factorial function.
4. Mean and Variance:
df
The mean of the F-distribution is df −2 2 , but this is valid only if df2 > 2.
​

​ ​

2 ​

2df22 (df1 +df2 −2)

The variance of the F-distribution is df (df , which is valid only if df2 > 4.
​ ​ ​

−2)2 (df −4)

​ ​

1 ​
2 ​
2 ​

Uses of the F-distribution:

1. Hypothesis Testing: The F-distribution is commonly used in variance ratio tests, where you
compare the variances of two or more populations. The most well-known use is in ANOVA
(Analysis of Variance), where it is used to test if there are any statistically significant differences
between the means of multiple groups based on their variances.
Example: In a one-way ANOVA, the null hypothesis is that the means of all groups are equal, and
the alternative hypothesis is that at least one group mean differs. The F-statistic is computed as:

Variance between groups

F =
Variance within groups
​

This statistic follows an F-distribution under the null hypothesis.

2. Comparing Two Variances: The F-distribution can be used to test if two samples have different
variances. For example, if you are comparing the variances of two populations (e.g., the variability
in exam scores between two classes), you can calculate the F-statistic as the ratio of the sample
variances:

s21
F = 2
​

s2 ​

Where s21 and s22 are the sample variances of the two populations.
​ ​

3. Regression Analysis: In regression analysis, the F-distribution is used to test the overall
significance of a model. It tests whether at least one of the predictors is significantly related to the
outcome variable. The F-statistic is calculated from the ratio of model variance to the residual
(error) variance.

Example:

Suppose you are conducting an ANOVA with three groups (Group 1, Group 2, Group 3). After performing
the analysis, you calculate the F-statistic and compare it to the critical value from the F-distribution
table (based on the degrees of freedom of the numerator and denominator). If the calculated F-statistic
exceeds the critical value, you reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant
difference in the means of the groups.

Properties of the F-distribution:

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 The F-distribution is asymmetric and skewed to the right, especially when the degrees of freedom
are small.
The shape of the F-distribution depends on both the numerator and denominator degrees of
freedom.
The F-distribution approaches normality as the degrees of freedom increase.
The distribution’s range is [0, ∞), meaning it cannot take negative values.

Summary:

The F-distribution is essential in statistical tests that involve comparing variances, such as ANOVA and
tests for the equality of variances. It is characterized by its two degrees of freedom, positive skewness,
and use in assessing the significance of variances across multiple groups or samples.

Let me know if you need further clarification!

From now onwards,dont give complicated answers.its all pieces pieces 🤨.Give neat answers ok

The F-distribution is used to compare variances between two or more groups. It's commonly used in
ANOVA and variance ratio tests.

Key Points:

1. Shape: It is skewed right and only takes positive values.

2. Degrees of Freedom: It has two sets: one for the numerator and one for the denominator.
3. Use:
ANOVA to compare group means.
Variance tests to compare sample variances.
4. Formula: The F-statistic is the ratio of two sample variances:

s21
F =
​

s22
​

5. Mean: dfdf−2 2 (valid when df2

​

​ ​ > 2).
2​

It's mainly used to test if variances are significantly different. Let me know if you need anything else!

9. Illustrate about a matrix approach to least squares

The matrix approach to least squares is used to solve linear regression problems efficiently, especially
when dealing with multiple variables. It helps in finding the best-fitting line (or hyperplane) for a set of
data points by minimizing the sum of squared differences between observed and predicted values.

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Steps:

1. Problem Setup:
You have a system of equations Y = Xβ + ϵ, where:
Y is the vector of observed values.
X is the matrix of independent variables (features).
β is the vector of unknown coefficients (parameters to be estimated).
ϵ is the error term.
2. Objective:
Minimize the sum of squared errors:

minimize ∥Y − Xβ∥2

This minimizes the difference between the observed values Y and the predicted values Xβ .

3. Solution: The optimal coefficients β are found by solving the following normal equation:

β = (X T X)−1 X T Y

Where:
X T is the transpose of matrix X .
(X T X)−1 is the inverse of X T X .
4. Interpretation:
β gives the estimated values of the coefficients that minimize the squared differences
between the observed and predicted values.
5. Assumptions:
X T X must be invertible, which requires that X has full rank.

Summary:

The matrix approach to least squares finds the best-fitting line (or hyperplane) by solving β =
−1
(X X) X Y , which minimizes the sum of squared errors between the observed and predicted
T T

values.
Let me know if you need more details!

10. Explain about Co-efficient of determination

The coefficient of determination (denoted as R2 ) is a measure used to evaluate the goodness of fit of
a regression model. It indicates how well the independent variables explain the variability of the
dependent variable.

Key Points:

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 1. Definition:
R2 is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the
independent variables.
2. Formula:

Sum of Squared Residuals (SSR)

R2 = 1 −
Total Sum of Squares (SST)
​

Where:
SSR (Sum of Squared Residuals) measures the unexplained variance.
SST (Total Sum of Squares) measures the total variance in the data.
3. Interpretation:
R2 = 0: The model does not explain any of the variance.
R2 = 1: The model explains all of the variance.
A higher R2 means a better fit of the model.
4. Limitations:
R2 always increases when more predictors are added, even if the predictors do not improve
the model.
It doesn't indicate whether the model is biased or whether the regression assumptions are
met.

Summary:

The coefficient of determination R2 tells you how much of the variation in the dependent variable is
explained by the independent variables in the model. A higher R2 value indicates a better fit.

Let me know if you need further explanation!

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