Lecture8
Lecture8
1
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Lecture 8: What we will learn The Ohio State University
2
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction
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hR
[ (t ,1)] Bi (t ,1)
r * ( t ,1) k
This means that the temperature gradient at the surface of the sphere is
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proportional to the Biot number.
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction
The Ohio State University
r* 1 r* r* 1 r*
hR
Note that Bi
k
Small Biot number may be caused by 3 scenarios: (1) thermal conductivity
is very high, (2) radius (size) is small, and (3) external heat transfer
coefficient is small.
If any/all of these three scenarios are existent, then the temperature
distribution inside the sphere will be fairly uniform, and one may assume
that its temperature is spatially independent:
T T (t , Xr ) T T (t ) Lumped Mass Approximation (LMA)5
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Lumped Mass Approximation (LMA)
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r* 1 r*
T
t t t
To summarize:
• When Bi << 1, the temperature within the body in question is fairly
uniform, and the lumped mass approximation (LMA) may be used.
• When LMA is used, temperature is a function of time only, i.e., T = T(t)
• Use of the LMA results in a first-order ODE that describes the
system’s temporal response as a function of time.
For more general analysis of systems using the LMA—such as including
heat generation and surface heating, please consult an UG text on heat
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transfer.
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (Bi
The Ohio >>University
State 1)
Qualitatively, for the case when T0 T
Recall, from our previous discussion
of quenching of a sphere that when
Bi 1 Bi >>1, there is strong non-
uniformity of T inside the sphere.
Thus, T T (t , r )
r 1 r
* *
t
Now define a new non-dimensional time: t
*
L2
Recall from UG heat transfer that this non-dimensional time is also
called the Fourier number.
BCs:
x *
( t ,0)
k h (t ,1)
*
Bi (t * ,1) H
L x* ( t * ,1)
x* ( t * ,1)
Separate Variables: (t , x) U (t ) X ( x)
Note: For simplicity of notation, we will drop the superscript “*” for now.
We will bring it back once we arrive at the final solution.
2 1 dU 1 d 2 X
GE: *2 2
constant
t *
x U dt X dx 12
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (Bi
The Ohio >>University
State 1)
We know that we need to set up an EV problem in X since the
inhomogeneity is in the initial condition. Therefore,
1 dU 1 d 2 X
2
U dt X dx 2
dU d2X
GE: 2U 2
2
X 0
dt dx
X (0) 0
BCs: Not applicable
X (1) Bi X (1)
n (t , x) U n (t ) X n ( x) Cn exp(n 2t ) D2 n cos(n x)
Combine coefficients and construct Fourier series:
(t , x) Bn exp(n 2t )cos(n x)
n0 14
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (Bi
The Ohio >>University
State 1)
Final step is to satisfy the non-homogeneous IC: (0, x* ) 1
Therefore, (0, x* ) Bn cos(n x* ) 1
n0
Once again, solution to this equation is the same as what we discussed
earlier in Lecture 7 (Slide 13).
cos ( x )dx
2 * *
n
0
Note that the above series converges rapidly because as n gets large,
the exponential in time dies rapidly. Also, at large t*, convergence is rapid.
Textbooks propose that if t* > 0.1, it is sufficient to use one term. 15