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Lecture8

The document covers the concepts of transient heat conduction, focusing on the lumped mass approximation and its applicability under certain conditions. It discusses the significance of Biot number in determining temperature distribution within a body and introduces methods for solving heat conduction problems using separation of variables. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding time-evolution of temperature in engineering applications to prevent thermal stress and failure.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views

Lecture8

The document covers the concepts of transient heat conduction, focusing on the lumped mass approximation and its applicability under certain conditions. It discusses the significance of Biot number in determining temperature distribution within a body and introduces methods for solving heat conduction problems using separation of variables. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding time-evolution of temperature in engineering applications to prevent thermal stress and failure.

Uploaded by

ackshaya1311
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Copyright © Sandip Mazumder

Lecture 7: What we learnt The Ohio State University

 Two-dimensional steady state heat conduction


o Cylindrical coordinates
o Other boundary conditions (transcendental equations).

1
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Lecture 8: What we will learn The Ohio State University

 Transient (unsteady) heat conduction


o Lumped mass approximation (0D)

 Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (large Bi)


o Separation of Variables

2
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction
The Ohio State University

In many engineering applications, it is very important to know the time-


evolution of the temperature and heat flux.
For example, in a manufacturing process, one might want to know (and
control) the rate and manner of temperature rise of a certain part, since
the spatio-temporal distribution of the temperature field is responsible for
thermal stress and failure.
Failure is often caused by peak temperatures (hot spots) rather than
steady state temperature. For example, the transient response of the
temperature of a battery in an electric vehicle dictates the battery’s life
cycle and failure.
Next we consider a transient heat conduction with constant thermo-
physical properties and no heat generation.
Consider a body at some initial temperature being quenched in a bath
of uniform and constant temperature.
T
T BC: qs  k  h(Ts  T )
GE:    2T n s
t
IC: T (t  0, r )  To (r ) 3
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction
The Ohio State University

Next, let us consider a spherical body (radius = R) and focus on the


boundary condition on the sphere’s surface:
T T
BC: 
qs   k  h(Ts  T ) k  h [T (t , R)  T ]
n s r (t , R )

Non-dimensionalize the radius and temperature (assuming uniform initial


temperature):
r T  T
r  ; 
*
dr  Rdr *
; dT (To  T )d
R To  T
(To  T ) 
k  (To  T )h  (t ,1)
R r ( t ,1)
*

 hR
  [ (t ,1)]   Bi  (t ,1)
r * ( t ,1) k
This means that the temperature gradient at the surface of the sphere is
4
proportional to the Biot number.
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction
The Ohio State University

Qualitatively, for the case when T0  T


 
Bi 1 Bi 1

r*  1 r* r*  1 r*
hR
Note that Bi 
k
Small Biot number may be caused by 3 scenarios: (1) thermal conductivity
is very high, (2) radius (size) is small, and (3) external heat transfer
coefficient is small.
If any/all of these three scenarios are existent, then the temperature
distribution inside the sphere will be fairly uniform, and one may assume
that its temperature is spatially independent:
T  T (t , Xr ) T  T (t ) Lumped Mass Approximation (LMA)5
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Lumped Mass Approximation (LMA)
The Ohio State University

Qualitatively, for the case when T0  T


 hR R / kA conduction resistance
Bi 1 Bi   
k 1 / hA convection resistance

r*  1 r*

Any time the convection resistance is large (convection is weak)


compared to the conductive resistance, we will have small Bi, and the
temperature distribution will be fairly uniform inside the body.

For engineering analysis, we use a cut-off value of 0.1. Thus

Bi  0.1 Lumped Mass Approximation (LMA) is valid.


T  T (t )
In practice a value close to 0.1 should be treated with caution. 6
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction:
The OhioBi <<University
State 1
T
GE:    2T
t
T
This equation came from a more general form c   q c
(see Lecture 3, Eq. 7ncT): t
Integrate this equation over an arbitrary volume (the body under
consideration): dA

T
V  c t dV  V  qc dV   S qc nˆ dA Volume = Vo
Surface area = AS
qc
0 0

From our BC, we have qs  q c nˆ  h(Ts  T )


T
Substitute in above equation:   c dV    h(Ts  T ) dA
V0
t As
We now invoke three of our assumptions:
dT
1. Constant thermophysical properties  cV0  h(T (t )  T ) As
2. Bi << 1 dt
7
3. Constant (and uniform) heat transfer coefficient.
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction:
The OhioBi <<University
State 1
Rearrange equation:
dT hAs dT hAs
 (T  T )  dt
dt  cV0 (T  T )  cV0
hAs
Integrate: ln(T  T )   t C
 cV0
Apply initial condition: T (0)  To ln(T0  T )  C
 T  T  hAs

hAs ln  t
Therefore, ln(T  T )   t  ln(T0  T )
 cV0  T0  T   cV0
 hAs 
Final solution: T (t )  T  (T0  T )exp   t
  cV0 
The quantity  cV0 / hAs is referred to as the time constant, t, of the system.
Thus, T (t )  T  (T0  T )exp  t / t  8
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction:
The OhioBi <<University
State 1
When t = t, we get T (t )  T  (T0  T )exp  1
T0 This type of system is often called a
First Order System.
An exponential decay in the
(T0  T )exp  1 response is typical of such systems.

T
t t t
To summarize:
• When Bi << 1, the temperature within the body in question is fairly
uniform, and the lumped mass approximation (LMA) may be used.
• When LMA is used, temperature is a function of time only, i.e., T = T(t)
• Use of the LMA results in a first-order ODE that describes the
system’s temporal response as a function of time.
For more general analysis of systems using the LMA—such as including
heat generation and surface heating, please consult an UG text on heat
9
transfer.
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (Bi
The Ohio >>University
State 1)
Qualitatively, for the case when T0  T
Recall, from our previous discussion
 of quenching of a sphere that when
Bi 1 Bi >>1, there is strong non-
uniformity of T inside the sphere.
Thus, T  T (t , r )
r 1 r
* *

To solve heat conduction problems in which the temperature is both


time and space dependent, we revert back to separation of variables.
Let us first consider a spatially 1D problem of a 1D slab being quenched
in a bath of uniform and fixed temperature.
Note: L is the half-width of the slab.
L T  2T T (0, x)  T0
Symmetry
h, T GE:  2 IC:
plane
t x
x T T
BCs: k  h[T (t , L)  T ], 0
x (t , L ) x ( t ,0)
10
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (Bi
The Ohio >>University
State 1)
There are two inhomogeneities in the system—on in the right BC, the
other in the IC. Thus, SoV is not directly applicable.
We can homogenize using either T0 or T
Using T0 does not give as an EV problem. Therefore, we choose the
other option. In addition, we non-dimensionalize all variables.
T  T *
 , x x/L
T0  T
    2   2
 2 *2  *2
GE:
t L x  ( t / L ) x
2

t
Now define a new non-dimensional time: t 
*

L2
Recall from UG heat transfer that this non-dimensional time is also
called the Fourier number.

Next, substitute non-dimensional variables into the GE and BCs.


11
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (Bi
The Ohio >>University
State 1)
  2  (0, x* )  1
GE:  *2 H IC: N-H
t *
x
 System meets all criteria of SoV!
0 H

BCs:
x *
( t ,0)

 
k  h (t ,1)
*
  Bi  (t * ,1) H
L x* ( t * ,1)
x* ( t * ,1)

Separate Variables:  (t , x)  U (t )  X ( x)
Note: For simplicity of notation, we will drop the superscript “*” for now.
We will bring it back once we arrive at the final solution.

   2 1 dU 1 d 2 X
GE:  *2  2
 constant
t *
x U dt X dx 12
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (Bi
The Ohio >>University
State 1)
We know that we need to set up an EV problem in X since the
inhomogeneity is in the initial condition. Therefore,
1 dU 1 d 2 X
    2

U dt X dx 2
dU d2X
GE:   2U 2
  2
X 0
dt dx
X (0)  0
BCs: Not applicable
X (1)   Bi X (1)

Solve U (t )  C exp( 2t ) X n ( x)  D1n sin(n x)  D2 n cos(n x)


n n n
GE:
Note: if we had chosen +2 X n ( x)  D1n n cos(n x)  D2 n n sin(n x)
instead, the solution would blow
13
up with time.
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (Bi
The Ohio >>University
State 1)
Apply the two BCs:
X n (0)  D1n n  0  D1n  0
X (1)   Bi X (1)  n sin(n )   Bi cos(n )
 n tan(n )  Bi
We have already encountered this particular Characteristic Equation,
and discussed a method to solve it to determine all the EVs.
Therefore, at this point, we will assume that the EVs are known.
Next, assemble the two parts:

 n (t , x)  U n (t )  X n ( x)  Cn exp(n 2t )  D2 n cos(n x)
Combine coefficients and construct Fourier series:

 (t , x)   Bn exp(n 2t )cos(n x)
n0 14
Copyright © Sandip Mazumder
Transient (unsteady) heat conduction (Bi
The Ohio >>University
State 1)
Final step is to satisfy the non-homogeneous IC:  (0, x* )  1

Therefore,  (0, x* )   Bn cos(n x* )  1
n0
Once again, solution to this equation is the same as what we discussed
earlier in Lecture 7 (Slide 13).

To summarize, final solution is given by:



 (t * , x* )   Bn exp(n 2t * )cos(n x* )
n0
1

 cos( x )dx and the EVs are determined using


* *
n
where, Bn  n tan(n )  Bi
0
1

 cos ( x )dx
2 * *
n
0

Note that the above series converges rapidly because as n gets large,
the exponential in time dies rapidly. Also, at large t*, convergence is rapid.
Textbooks propose that if t* > 0.1, it is sufficient to use one term. 15

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