John Dalton coined the term atom.

The atom is the fundamental particle of matter

and considered to be indivisible and indestructible.
In fact, the atom is electrically neutral as number of protons in it is equal to number
of electrons.

How small is an atom?

Atoms are very small – they are about 0.00000001 cm wide. Think about the thickness
of a crisp. The number of atoms you would need to stack up to make the thickness of
a crisp, is approximately the same number of crisps you would need to stack up to
make the height of Mount Everest!
That’s roughly 7 million crisps!
Electron, proton, neutron are the main fundamental particles of an atom.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Limitations of Dalton’s Theory

• It fails to explain why atoms of different kinds should differ in mass and valency etc.
• The discovery of isotopes and isobars showed that atoms of same elements may have different atomic masses
(isotopes) and atoms of different kinds may have same atomic masses (isobars).
• The discovery of various sub-aomic particles like X-rays, electrons, protons etc. during late 19th century lead to the
idea that the atom was no longer an indivisible and smallest particle of the matter.

DISCOVERY OF FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

The atom consists of several sub-atomic particles like electron, proton, neutron, positron, neutrino etc. Out of these
particles, the electron, proton and the neutron are called fundamental subatomic particles.
Discovery of electron – study of Cathode rays:
J.J. Thomson observed that, when a high voltage is applied between the electrodes fitted in discharge tube, at a very low
pressure, some invisible radiations are emitted from the cathode. At this stage wall of the discharge tube near cathode
starts glowing.

Glowing is due to the bombardment of glass wall by the cathode rays. It may be noted that when the gas pressure in the
tube is 1 atm, no electric current flows through the tube. This is because the gases are poor conductor of electricity.
Origin of Cathode rays:
Cathode rays are first produced in cathode due to bombardment of the gas molecules by the high-speed electrons emitted
first from the cathode.
Properties of Cathode rays
i. They travel in straight lines with high speed. Because they cast the shadow of an object on the ZnS screen placed in its
path.

ii. They are made up of material particles having both mass and velocity. Because they rotate a light paddle wheel placed
in its path.

iii. They carry negative charge, the negatively charged material particles constituting the cathode rays are called
electrons.
Cathode rays get deflected when they placed in an electric field & magnetic field. Direction of deflection shows that
they are negatively charged.
iv. They produce heating effect.
v. They cause ionization of the gas through which they pass.
vi. They produce X-rays when they strike against the surface of hard metals like tungsten, molybdenum etc.

vii. They produce green fluorescence on the glass walls of the discharge tube exp: ZnS.

viii. They affect the photographic plates.

ix. They possess penetrating effect (i.e., they can easily pass-through thin foils of metals).
x. The nature of the cathode rays does not depend upon the nature of the gas, taken in the discharge tube and the nature
of cathode material.
xi. For each cathode rays, the ratio of charge (e) to mass (m) is constant
 Discovery of proton – study of Anode rays:
Goldstein discovered the presence of positive rays. He performed discharge tube experiment in which he took perforated
cathode and a gas at low pressure was kept inside a discharge tube.
On applying high voltage between electrodes, new rays were coming from the side of anode and passing through the hole
in the cathode gives fluorescence on the opposite glass wall coated with zinc sulphide.
These rays were called anode rays or canal rays or positive rays.

Origin of anode or positive rays:

In the discharge tube the atoms of gas lose negatively charged electrons. These atoms, thus, acquire a positive charge.
The positively charged particle produced from hydrogen gas was called the proton.
H→ H+(proton) + e-
Properties of Anode rays:
i) They travel in straight lines. However, their speed is much less than that of the cathode rays.
ii) They are made up of material particles.
iii) They are positively charged, hence they called as canal rays or anode rays.
iv) The nature of anode rays depends on the gas taken in the discharge tube.
v) For different gases taken in discharge tube the charge to mass ratio (e/m) of the positive particles constituting the
positive rays is different.
Fundamental particles:
1) Electron: Electron is a universal constituent discovered by the J.J. Thomson.
 Charge: It was determined by Mullikan by oil drop experiment as -1.602x10-19coulombs or 4.803x10-10 e.s.u.
 Mass:9.11x10-28g (nearly equal to 1/1837th of mass of hydrogen atom).
 Specific charge:e/m ratio is called specific charge & is equal to 1.76x108 coulombs/gm.
 Mass of one mole of electrons: It is 0.55 mg.
 Charge on one mole of electron is 96500 coulombs or 1 faraday.
 Density: 2.17x1017 g/cc.
2) Proton: (+1p0 or 1H1)
 It was discovered by Goldstein.
 Charge:It carries positive charge i.e.1.602 x 10-19coulombs or 4.803x10-10 esu.
 Mass:1.672x10-24g or 1.672x10-27kg.It is 1837 times heavier than an electron.
 Specific charge (e/m):9.58x104coulomb/gm.
3) Neutron (0n1)
* It was discovered by Chadwick by bombarding Be atom with high speed -particles.
𝟒𝐁𝐞𝟗 + 𝟐 𝐇𝐞𝟒 → 𝟔𝐂
𝟏𝟐
+ 𝟎 𝐧𝟏
* Charge: Charge less or neutral particle.
* Mass:1.675x10-24 g or 1.675x10-27 kg.
* Density:1.5x1014 g/cm3 and is heavier than proton by 0.18%.
* Specific charge: It is zero.
* Among all the elementary particles neutron is the heaviest and least stable.

Summary 
Electron Proton Neutron
Discover J.J. Thomson Goldstein James Chadwick
Symbol e or e−1 P+ n0
Absolute charge −1.6022 × 10−19 +1.6022 × 10−19 0
Relative charge −1 +1 No charge
Mass in kg 9.109 × 10−31 1.673 × 10−27 1.675 × 10−27
Mass in amu 0.0005486 1.007 1.008
Relative mass (app) 1/1836 1 1
 Classical Models of Atom:

1) Thomson’s Atomic Model

According to Thomson, an atom is a sphere of positive charge having a number of embedded electrons in it and sufficient
enough to neutralize the positive charge. This model is compared with a water melon in which seeds are embedded or pudding
in which raisins are embedded. Therefore, this model, sometime called watermelon model or raisin or plum pudding model.
Important Features
• It shows the electrical neutrality of the atom.
• The mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom.
• The model was rejected as it was not consistent with the results of the alpha scattering experiment.
Limitation:
• It is failed explain the results of scattering experiment of Rutherford & the stability of atom.
• It is a static model. It does not reflect the movement of electrons.

2) Rutherford’s Atomic Model:

Rutherford performed -ray scattering experiment in which he bombarded thin foils of metals like gold, silver, platinum
or copper with a beam of fast-moving radioactive particles originated from a lead block. The presence of 𝛼 particles at
any point around the thin foil of gold after striking it was detected with the help of a circular zinc sulphide screen. The
point at which a𝛼 particle strikes this screen; a flash of light is given out.

Observations and Conclusions

i. Most of -particles passed through the gold foil without any deflection from their original path.
Because atom has largely empty space as most of the -particles passed through the foil undeflected.
ii. A few of alpha particles are deflected fairly at large angles while some are deflected through small angles.
Because there is heavy positive charge at the center of the atom which causes repulsions. The entire mass of the
atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
iii. A very few -particles are deflected back along their path.
According to Rutherford,
1. Atom is spherical & mostly hollow with lot of empty space in it.
2. It has a small +ly charged part at its center known as nucleus.
3. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons. Electrons revolve round the nucleus with very
high speeds in circular paths called orbits.
4. The number of extra nuclear electrons is equal to the number of units of positive
charge in the nucleus. Therefore, the atom is electrically neutral. Electrons and the
nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction.
5. Rutherford’s model has resemblances with solar system. Hence, it’s also known as planetary model of the atom.
6. There is an empty space around the nucleus called extra nuclear part. In this part electrons are present. As the
nucleus of the atom is responsible for the mass of the atom, the extra nuclear part is responsible for its volume.

Drawbacks:
1. According to the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell, when a
charged particle moves under the influence of attractive
force it loses energy continuously in the form of
electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, an electron in an
orbit will emit radiation.
As a result of this, the electron should lose energy at every turn
and move closer and closer to the nucleus following a spiral
path. Ultimate result is that it will fall into the nucleus thereby making the atom unstable.
i.e., Rutherford’s model cannot explain the stability of the atom.
2. If the electrons lose energy continuously, the spectrum is expected to be
continuous but the actual observed spectrum consists of well-defined lines of
definite frequencies. Here the loss of energy by the electrons is not
continuous in an atom.
Atomic number(Z): Atomic number denotes the number of protons or the number of electrons in the neutral atom.
Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom or ion
= Number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Each element has a different atomic number.
A The atomic number of sulfur (S) is 16.
B The atomic number of iron (Fe) is 26.
C The atomic number of silver (Ag) is 47.

Each element has a definite and fixed number of protons.

If the number of protons changes, then the atom becomes a different element.
Changes in the number of particles in the nucleus (protons or neutrons) are very rare. They
only take place in nuclear processes such as:
⚫ radioactive decay
⚫ nuclear bombs
⚫ nuclear reactors.

Remember!
In an atom… APE!
A= P= E
Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons

Mass number (A): The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom of
an element and indicated as A.
Protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom are collectively known as nucleons. Therefore, the mass number
is also known as nucleon number.
Mass number (A) = Number of protons (Z) + Number of neutrons (n)
The number of neutrons (n) in an atom is equal to the difference between the mass number and the atomic number.
n=A–Z

Mass Number
A A
Atomic Number Z X OR
Z X

Symbol of Element

Atomic number= Protons= Electrons

Mass number= Atomic number + number of Neutrons
 Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones:
Isotopes: The atoms of the same element which have the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called
isotopes.

Exp- 6 C12 , 6C13 , 6C14 , 8 O16 , 8 O17 , 8 O18 , 17 Cl35 , 17 Cl37

hydrogen deuterium tritium

1 proton 1 proton 1 proton

0 neutrons 1 neutrons 2 neutrons

1 electron 1 electron
1 electron

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons present in the nucleus. But they have the same number of protons
and electrons.
Because of same number of electrons, they show same chemical properties. They, have different number of neutrons, so
they will have different masses and hence different physical properties.

Isobars: The atoms of different elements which have the same mass number but different atomic numbers are called
isobars.
Exp: 18 Ar 40 , 19 K 40 , 20 Ca40

They have same number of nucleons. But they are differed chemically because the chemical characteristics depend upon
the number of electrons which is determined by the atomic number.
Isotones: Isotones are the atoms of different elements which have the same number of neutrons.
Eg: 6 C14 , 7 N15 , 8 O16 (n = 8)
14 Si30 , 15 P31, 16 S32 (n = 16)

Isotones show different physical and chemical properties.

CLASS EXERCISE
1. The number of neutrons present in 19K39 is:
a) 39 b) 19 c) 20 d) None of these
2. The nucleus of the atom (Z > 1) consists of:
a) Proton and neutron b) Proton and electron
c) Neutron and electron d) Proton, neutron and electrons
3. The number of electrons in a neutral atom of an element is equal to it’s:
a) Atomic weight b) Atomic number c) Equivalent weight d) Electron affinity
4. The specific charge of the canal rays:
a) Is not constant but changes with gas filled in discharge tube
b) Remains constant irrespective of the nature of gas in discharge tube
c) Is maximum when gas present in discharge tube is hydrogen
d) Is 9.58 x 104 coulombs/g
5. Proton is:
a) Nucleus of deuterium b) Ionized hydrogen molecule
c) Ionized hydrogen atom d) An α-particle
6. According to the Rutherford which statement is correct?
a) Electron revolves in fixed circular path around the nucleus
b) Electron revolves around the nucleus
c) Electron does not decrease its energy at the time of revolution
d) Electron obeys law of conservation of momentum at the time of revolution.
7. Rutherford's scattering experiments led to the discovery of
a) Nucleus b) Presence of neutrons in the nucleus
c) Both a and b d) Revolving nature of electrons around the nucleus
8. Deflection back of a few particles on hitting thin foil of gold shows that:
a) Nucleus is heavy b) Nucleus is small c) Both a and b
d) Electrons create hindrances in the movement of α –particles
9. α-particles are represented by
a) Lithium atoms b) Helium nuclei c) Hydrogen nucleus d) None of the above

HOME EXERCISE:
1. The species in which one of the fundamental particles is missing is
a) Helium b) Protium c) Deuterium d) Tritium
2. The discovery of neutron is late because neutron has
a) +ve charge b) –ve charge c) neutral charge d) lightest particle
3. Which of the following statements are correct?
a) Isotopes have same number of protons b) Isobars have same nucleon number.
c) Isobars have same number of protons d) Both a and b
4. The charge on electron is calculated by
a) Mullikan b) J J Thomson c) Ruther ford d) Newton
5. J J Thomson Model could able to explain the following?
a) Stability of Atom b) electrical neutrality of atom
c) Stability of nucleus d) all of these
6. The thickness of the gold foil used in Ruther Ford α ray scattering experiment
a) 0.0004 cm b) 0.0004 m c) 0.0004 mm d) 0.004 cm
7. What is the size of atom predicted by Ruther Ford?
a) 10-13cm b) 10-14cm c) 10-12cm d) 10-8cm
8. If Thomson Model is correct what should be the observation in α-ray scattering experiment
 a) All the α-rays should pass through the gold foil b) Only few α-rays should pass through the gold foil
c) 98% of α-rays should get reflected back d) Both b & c
9. Which part of atom is responsible for volume of atom?
a) Nucleus b) extra nuclear part c) protons d)unknown particle
CLASS EXERCISE:
1)c 2)d 3)b 4) a&c 5)c 6)b 7)c 8)b 9)b
HOME EXERCISE:
1)b 2)c 3)d 4)a 5)b 6)a 7)d 8)d 9)b

Nature of Light (Electromagnetic Radiation):

Electromagnetic radiation does not need any medium for propagation e.g visible, ultra violet, infrared, x-rays, -rays,
radio waves, radiant energy etc.
Two theories were proposed to explain the nature and the propagation of light
i. Corpuscular theory: This theory was proposed by Newton. According to this theory light is propagated in the form
of invisible small particles. i.e. light has particle nature.
The particle nature of light explained some of the experimental facts such as reflection and refraction of light but
it failed to explain the phenomenon of interference and diffraction. Therefore, was discarded and ignored.
ii. Wave theory of light (electromagnetic wave theory): was explained by James Clark Maxwell in 1864 to explain &
understand the nature of electromagnetic radiation.

Features of this theory are:

a) The light is a form of electromagnetic radiations.
b) Light radiations consist of electric & magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other.
c) Vertical component of wave, ‘E’ indicates the change in the strength of the electric field and the horizontal component
of the wave ‘H’ indicates the change in the strength of the magnetic field.
d) These radiations do not require any medium for propagation.
e) The radiations possess wave character and travel with the velocity of light
i.e. 3x108 m/sec because of the above characteristics, the radiation is called electromagnetic radiations or waves.

Electromagnetic radiation is explained by following characteristics:

1. Wave length:
The distance between two successive crests, troughs or between any two consecutive identical points in the same phase of
a wave is called wave length. It is denoted by the letter (lambda).
The wave length is measured in terms of meters (m), centimeters (cm), angstrom units (A0) nanometers (nm),
picometers (pm) and also in millimicrons (m).
The S.I. unit of wavelength is meter, m
0 –10 –8
1A = 10 m or 10 cm
–9 –7
1nm = 10 m or 10 cm = 10A0
–12 –10
1pm = 10 m or 10 cm =10−2 A0
2.Frequency:
The number of waves that pass-through a given point in one second is known as frequency of radiation. It is denoted by
the ‘v’ (nue).

SI unit of frequency is per second(s–1) or Hertz (Hz). A cycle is said to be completed when a wave consisting of a crest
and a trough passes through a point.
3.Velocity:
Distance travelled by the wave in one second is called velocity or speed of the wave (C).
SI unit is meters per second (ms-1).
C of electromagnetic radiation in vaccum is a constant commonly called the speed of light and is denoted by ‘c’. It is equal
to 3 × 108ms–1.
4.Wave number:
Number of waves that can be present at any time in unit length is called wave number.
It is denoted by  (nue bar).
It is the reciprocal of wave length.
1
Wave number =  =

It is expressed in per centimeter (cm–1) or per meter (m–1).
The SI unit of wave number is m–1.
.
Wave length, wave number𝝂̅ , frequency 𝝂 and velocity c are related as follows ⇒ 𝑪 = 𝜐𝜆
5.Amplitude:
The height of the crest or the depth of the trough of the wave is called amplitude of the wave. It is denoted by A.
The amplitude determines the strength or intensity or brightness of radiation.
6.Time period:
It is the time taken by the wave for one complete cycle or vibrations. It is denoted by T. It is expressed in second per cycle.
1 1
T= (Where  = frequency)
𝑉 
 Electromagnetic spectrum:
The arrangement of different types of electromagnetic radiations in the order of increasing wavelengths or decreasing
frequencies is known as electromagnetic spectrum.
 S.No. Name Wavelength(A0) Frequency(Hz) Source
1. Radio wave 3  10 – 3  10
14 7
1  10 – 1  10
5 9
Alternating current of high frequency
2. Microwave 3  107 – 6  106 1  109 – 5  1011 Klystron tube
3. Infrared (IR) 6  106 – 7600 5  1011 – 3.95  1016 Incandescent objects
4. Visible 7600–3800 3.95  1016 – 7.9  1014 Electric bulbs, sun rays
5. Ultraviolet(UV) 3800–150 7.9  1014 – 2  1016 Sun rays, arc lamps with mercury vapours
6. X-Rays 150–0.1 2  1016 – 3  1019 Cathode rays striking metal plate
7.  -Rays 0.1–0.01 3  1019 – 3  1020 Secondary effect of radioactive decay
8. Cosmic Rays 0.01–zero 3  1020 –Infinity Outer space
Limitations of Electromagnetic Wave Theory:
This theory was successful in explaining the properties of light such as interference, diffraction etc.
But it could not explain the following:
(i) The phenomenon of black body radiation.
(ii) The photoelectric effect.
(iii) The change heat capacity of solids as a function of T.
(iv) The line spectra of atoms with special reference to hydrogen.
These phenomena could be explained only if electromagnetic waves are supposed to have particle nature.

Black body radiation:

When a radiant energy falls on the surface of a body, a part of it is absorbed, a part of it is reflected and the remaining
energy is transmitted.
An ideal body is expected to absorb completely the radiant energy falling on it is known as a black body. A black body is
not only a perfect absorber but also a perfect emitter of radiant energy.
A hollow sphere coated inside with a platinum black, which has a small hole in its wall can act as a near black body.
The radiation emitted by a black body kept at high temperature is called black body radiation. A black body radiation is the
visible glow that the solid object gives off when heated.
A graph is obtained by plotting the intensity of radiation against wave length gives the following details.
1. The nature of radiation depends upon the T of the black body.
2. If the energy emitted is continuous the curve should be as shown by the dotted lines.
3. At a given temperature the intensity of radiation increases
with the wave length, reaches maximum and then decreases.
4. The intensity of radiation is greatest at the medium wave
lengths and least at highest and lowest wave lengths.
5. As the temperature increases the peak of maximum intensity
shifts towards the shorter wave lengths.
 MODERN APPROACH TO THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Planck’s quantum theory: To explain black body radiation, Max Planck proposed quantum theory of radiation.
Postulates
1. Emission of radiation from a body is due to vibrations of the charged particles in the body.
2. Energy is emitted or absorbed by a body discontinuously in the form of small packets of energy called quanta.

3. Energy of each quantum of light is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
E   or E = h 
Where ‘h’ is known as Planck’s constant.
The value of ‘h’, 6.6256 × 10–34 Jsec- or 6.6256 × 10–27ergs sec-
4. In case of light, the quantum of energy is called a photon.
Total amount of energy emitted or absorbed by a body is some whole number multiple of quantum,
E = nh  , where n is an integer such as 1,2,3 . . . . .
This means that a body can emit or absorb energy equal to hv, 2hv, 3hv . . . . . Or any other integral multiple of h. This is
called quantization of energy.
5. The emitted radiant energy is propagated in the form of waves.
Photoelectric Effect:
When radiations with certain minimum frequency (ν0 ) strike the surface of a metal, the electrons are ejected from the
surface of the metal. It is called photoelectric effect, electrons emitted are called photoelectron.

For each metal a certain minimum frequency is needed to eject the electrons called as threshold frequency ( o ) which
differs from metal to metal.
K.E. of photoelectron

K.E. of photoelectron

K.E. constant

o

Frequency of absorbed photon

Intensity of Incident radiation
K.E. as a function of frequency K.E. as a function of
intensity
It was explained by Einstein. When light of suitable frequency falls on a metal surface, the light photon gives its energy
to the electron of metal atom and the electron is ejected from metal surface by absorbing this energy. The minimum
energy of a photon required to eject an electron from a metal is called work function () of the metal. The remaining
part of the energy (h  - ) of photon is used to increase the kinetic energy of the ejected electron. If o is the threshold
frequency and  , the frequency of incident light then
Work function,  = h o .
 According to Einstein, E = h 
 Kinetic energy of photo electron Ek = E -  = h − ho
CLASS EXERCISE
1. The frequency of a radiation whose wave length is 600 nm is
a) 3 x 1014 sec-1 b) 4 x 1014 sec-1 c) 5 x 1014 sec-1 d) 3 x 1015 sec-1
2. The wavelength of light having wave number 4000 cm-1 is
a) 2.5  m b) 250  m c) 25  m d) 25 nm  m
3. What is energy of photons that corresponds to a wave number of 2.5 × 10-5 cm-1?
a) 2.5 × 10-20 erg b) 5.1 × 10-23 erg c) 5.0 × 10-22 erg d) 8.5 × 10-22 erg
4. The frequency of radiation having wave number 10m-1 is:
a) 10s-1 b) 3×107s-1c) 3×1010s-1 d) 3×109s-1
5. The wavelengths of two photons are 2000Å and 4000Å respectively. What is the ratio of their energies?
a) 1/4 b) 4 c) 1/2 d) 2
6. In photo electric effect the number of photo electrons emitted is proportional to
a) Intensity of incident beam b) Frequency of incident beam
c) Velocity of incident beam d) Work function of photo cathode
7. The kinetic energy of the photo electrons does not depend upon
a) Intensity of incident radiation b) frequency of incident radiation
c) Wavelength of incident radiation d) wave number of incident radiation
8. The work function of a metal is 3.1 x 10-19 J. Which frequency of photons will not cause the ejection of electrons?
a) 5 x 1014 s-1 b) 5 x 1015 kHz c) 6 x 1014 s-1 d) 5 x 1012 Hz
9. The work function of a metal is 4.2 eV. If radiation of 2000 falls on the metal, then the kinetic energy of the fastest
photo electrons is
a) 1.6 × 10-19 J b) 16 × 1010 J c) 3.2 × 10-19 J d) 6.4 × 10-10 J
10. A photo electric emitter has a threshold frequency v0. When light of frequency 2v0 is incident, the speed of photo
electrons is V. When light of frequency 5v0 is incident, the speed of photo electrons will be
a) 4V b) 2V c) 2.5V d) 2.5V
HOME EXERCISE
1. Wave theory failed to explain the following properties
a) diffraction b) interference c) black body radiation d) all the above
2. Plank’s quantum theory is explained which of the following properties
a) quantization b) black body radiation c) diffraction d) both a &b
3. The electromagnetic radiation with high energy
a) radio waves b) X-rays c) Infra-red radiation d) visible light
4. The atomic transition gives rise to radiation of frequency 104 Hz. The change in energy per mole of atoms taking
place would be:
a) 3.99 × 10–6J b) 3.99J c) 6.62×10––24J d) 6.62× 10–30J
5. Two electromagnetic radiations having energy ratio 3:2 is falling on metal surface and producing metallic luster
what is the ratio of wave numbers of those radiation?
 a) 1:2 b) 2:3 c) 3:2 d) 9:4
6. The energy of the photons which corresponds to light of frequency 3 1015 sec-1 is
a) 1.9876×10-15 ergs b) 2.9876×10-8 ergs
c) 1.9876×10-10 ergs d) 1.9876×10-11 ergs
7. Find the frequency of light that correspond to photons energy 5.0 x 10-5 erg
a) 2.2 x 1011 sec-1 b) 7.5 x 1021 sec-1c) 4.0 x 10-5 sec-1 d) 4.0 x 104 sec-1
8. Photoelectric effect shows:
a) Particle-like behavior of light b) Wave like behavior of light
c) Both wave like and particle-like behavior of light behavior of light d) none
9. When frequency of light incident on a metallic plate is doubled, the KE of the emitted photoelectrons will be:
a) Doubled b) Halved
c) Increased but more than doubles of previous KE d) Unchanged

CLASS EXERCISE:
1)c 2)a 3)c4)d 5)d 6)a 7)a 8)d 9)c 10)b

HOME EXERCISE:
1)c 2)d 3)b 4)b 5)c 6)d 7)b 8)a 9)c

ATOMIC SPECTRA
Spectrum is the impression produced on a screen when radiations of a particular wavelengths are analyzed through a prism
or diffraction grating.
Spectra are broadly classified into two types.

1. Emission Spectrum: When the radiation emitted from some source, e.g., from the sun or by-passing electric
discharge through a gas at low pressure or by heating some substance to high temperature etc. is passed directly through
the prism and then received on the photographic plate, the spectrum obtained is called ‘Emission spectrum’.
Spectrum of radiation emitted by a substance in its excited state is an emission spectrum.

Emission Spectrum is of two types:

a. Continuous Spectrum: When white light from any source such as sun, a bulb or any hot glowing body is analyzed by
passing through a prism, it is observed that it splits up into seven different colors from violet to red, (like rainbow),
as shown in fig.

These colors are so continuous that each of them merges into the next. Hence, the spectrum is called continuous spectrum.
It may be noted that on passing through the prism, red colour with the longest wavelength is dedicated least while violet
colour with shortest wavelength is deviated the most.
b. Discontinuous Spectrum: When gases or vapours of a chemical substance are heated in an electric Arc or in a Bunsen
flame, light is emitted. If the ray of this light is passed through a prism, a line spectrum is produced.
• A discontinuous spectrum consisting of distinct and well-defined lines with dark areas in between is called line
spectrum. It is also called atomic spectrum.
• The emission spectrum consisting of a series of very closely spaced lines is called band spectrum.

Band spectrum is the characteristic of molecules. Hence it is also known as molecular spectrum. The band spectrum is
due to vibrations and rotations of atoms present in a molecule.
Differences between line and band spectrum
Line spectrum Band spectrum
1. The line spectrum has sharp, distinct well-defined 1. The band spectrum has many closed lines.
lines.
2. The line spectrum is the characteristic of atoms and 2. The band spectrum is characteristic of molecules
is also called atomic spectrum. and is also called molecular spectrum.
3. The line spectrum is due to transition of electrons 3. The band spectrum is due to vibrations and rotations
in an atom. of atoms in a molecule
4. The line spectrum is given by inert gases, metal 4. The band spectrum is given by hot metals and
vapors and atomized nonmetals. molecular nonmetals.

2. Absorption spectra: When white light from any source is first passed through the solution or vapours of a chemical
substance and then analyzed by the spectroscope, it is observed that some dark lines are obtained. Further, it is observed
that the dark lines are at the same place where coloured lines are obtained in the emission spectra for the same substance.

Difference between emission spectra and absorption spectra

EMISSION SPECTRA ABSORPTION SPECTRA
1. Emission spectrum is obtained when the 1. Absorption spectrum is obtained when the white
radiation from the source are directly analyses light is first passed through the substance and
in the spectroscope. the transmitted light is analyzed in the
spectroscope.
 2. It consists of bright coloured lines separated by 2. It consists of dark lines in the otherwise
dark spaces. continuous spectrum.
3. Emission spectrum can be continuous spectrum 3. Absorption spectrum is always discontinuous
(if source emits white light) or discontinuous, spectrum of dark lines.
i.e., line spectrum if source emits some
coloured radiation.

Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen:

When hydrogen gas at low pressure is taken in the discharge tube and the light emitted on passing electric discharge is
examined with a spectroscope, the spectrum obtained is called the emission spectrum of hydrogen which contain large
number of lines which are grouped into different 5 different series,
• Lyman series,
• Balmer series
• Paschen series
• Brackett series
• Pfund series.
• Humphrey series

Wave numbers of all the lines in all the series can be calculated by the Rydberg equation.
1 1 1
ν̅ = = RZ2 ( 2 − 2 )
λ n1 n2
Where n1 and n2 are whole numbers, n2> n1.
For one electron species like He+, Li2+ and Be3+, the value of R is 109677cm–1× Z2, where Z is the atomic number of the
species.
 n=7 Humphrey series
n=6
n1=5, n2=6,7,8----
n=5 Pfund series
TRANSITI
ELECTRO

ONS

n1=4, n2=5,6,7,8---- Infra-red region

NIC

n=4
Brakett series
n1=3, n2=4,5,6----
n=3 Near
Paschen series Infra-red region

n1=2, n2=3,4,5,6----
υ
n=2
Balmer series Visible region

n1=1, n2=2,3,4,5----
n=1 Lyman series U.V region
Different series of spectral lines in hydrogen emission spectrum

The wave number for any single electron species like He+, Li2+ and Be3+ can be calculated from the equation ν̅ =
1 1
Z 2 R H (n 2 − n 2 )
1 2

CLASS EXERCISE
1. Number of spectral lines possible when an electron falls from fifth orbit to ground state in hydrogen atom is
a) 4 b) 15 c) 10 d) 21
2. Which of the following electronic transitions require the largest amount of energy?
a) n = 1 to n = 2 b) n = 2 to n = 3 c) n = 3 to n = 4d) n = 4 to n = 5
3. Which of the following spectral line is associated with a minimum wavelength?
a) n = 5 to n = 1 b) n = 4 to n = 1 c) n = 3 to n = 1 d) n = 2 to n = 1
4. Of the following transitions in hydrogen atom the one which gives an absorption line is lowest frequency is
a) n = 1 to n= 2 b) n = 3 to n = 5 c) n = 2 to n = 1d) n = 5 to n = 3
5. The first emission line of Balmer series in H spectrum has wave number equal to
9𝑅𝐻 7𝑅 3𝑅𝐻 5𝑅
a) 𝑐𝑚−1 b) 144𝐻 𝑐𝑚−1 c) 𝑐𝑚−1 d) 36𝐻 𝑐𝑚−1
400 4
0
6. If the series limit of wave length of the Lyman series for hydrogen atoms is 912 A .then the series limit of wave
length for the Balmer series of hydrogen atom is
912
a) 912𝐴𝑜 b) 2 × 912𝐴° c) 4×912A° d) 2 𝐴°

HOMEEXERCISE
1. There are three energy levels in an atom. How many spectral lines are possible in its emission spectra?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
2. The wave length of second line in the Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum is equal to (R=Rydberg constant)
a) 36/5R b) 5R/36 c) 3R/16 d) 16/3R
3. When an electron falls from higher orbit to third orbit in hydrogen atom, the spectral time observed
a) Balmer series b) Lyman series c) Brackett series d) Paschen series
4. Which of the following electronic transitions require the largest amount of energy?
a) n = 1 → n =2 b) n = 2 → n = 3 c) n = 3 → n = 4 d) n = 4 → n = 5
5. The wave number of the series limiting line for the Lyman series for hydrogen atom is
(R = 109678 cm-1).
a) 82259 cm-1 b) 109678 cm-1 c) 1.2157 x 10-5 cm d) 9.1176 x 10-6 cm
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) c 2)a 3)a 4)b 5)d 6)c
HOME EXERCISE:
1)c 2)d 3)d 4)a 5)b

Bohr’s and Sommerfeld’s Atomic models

To overcome the objections of Rutherford model and to explain the hydrogen spectrum, Bohr proposed a quantum
mechanical model.

POSTULATES OF BOHR’S THEORY

• The electrons revolve round the nucleus with definite velocity in certain fixed closed
circular paths called orbits (or) shells (or) stationary state. These shells are
numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4 or termed as K, L, M, N from the nucleus.
• Each orbit is associated with a definite amount of energy. As long as an electron is
revolving in an orbit it neither loses nor gains energy. Hence these orbits are called
stationary states or stable orbits.
• The centrifugal force of the revolving electron in a stationary orbit is balanced by the electrostatic attraction between
the electron and the nucleus.
• Electron can revolve only in orbits whose angular momentum are an integral multiple of the factor h/2 π.

• The energy of an electron changes only when it moves from one orbit to another. Outer orbits have higher energies
while inner orbits have lower energies.
The energy is absorbed when an electron moves from inner orbit to outer orbit. The energy is emitted when the
electron jumps from outer orbit to inner orbit.
n=2 n=2
+energy −energy

energy is absorbed energy is released

+ +

Absorption of energy during excitation Release of energy during de-excitatior

• Energy emitted or absorbed in a transition is equal to the difference between the energies of the 2 orbits (E2 – E1).
Energy emitted or absorbed is in the form of quanta.
E = E2 – E1 = hv
Here E1 and E2 are the lower and higher allowed energy states.
• Expressions for radius of orbit: Hydrogen atom contains one proton in the nucleus
and one electron revolving around the nucleus in a circular orbit of radius r.
The electron maintains the same circular motion in given orbit as centripetal and
centrifugal forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Centripetal force = centrifugal force (columbic forces of attraction provides necessary
centripetal force)
− e2 mv 2 e2
i.e. =− ; = mv 2
r2 r r
nh nh
According to Bohr's quantum condition; mvr = ; v= ;
2 2mr
n 2h 2 e2 m  n 2h 2 n 2h 2 n 2h 2
v2 = ; = ; e2 = ; r=
4 2 m 2 r 2 r 4 2 m 2 r 2 4 2 mr 4 2 me 2
 h2
The radius of the nth orbit is given by, rn = n 2   = 0.529 x 10–8 n2cm
 2  2
 4 me 
Where h = Planck's constant; m = mass of electron; e = charge of electron; rn = radius of nth orbit
The radius of the first orbit of hydrogen atom is called Bohr's radius which is denoted by r 0.
r0 = 0.529 x 10–8 cm = 0.529 A0
• Expression for Energy of electron: The total energy of the electron in a stationary orbit is equal to sum of its kinetic
and potential energies.
Total energy of electron E = K.E + P.E.
K.E. is always positive and P.E is always negative.
1 e 1 e2 e2 e2 1 e2
K.E. is half to that of P.E. in magnitude. mv 2 − = − ( mv 2 = )= −
2 r 2 r r r 2 r
2 2 e 4 m z2
Energy of electron for single electron species is En = – x .
h2 n2
1 e 2 4 2 me 2 2 2 e 4 m
By substituting the value of r. En = – ; En=– ;
2 n 2h 2 n 2h 2
k 2 2 e 4 m
En = − (k is constant ; k = );
n2 h2
13.6 2.18 x10 −11 2.18x10 −18 313.6 1312
En = − eV/atom (or) − ergs/atom (or) − J/atom (or) − kcal/mole or −
n2 n 2
n 2
n2 n2
kJ/mole
The energy of electron is negative in the atom. As the value of n increases energy increases. When n is infinity the value
of E is zero. When n value decreases the energy of electron also decreases.
• Derivation of Rydberg equation:
When an electron jumps from outer energy level (n2) to inner energy level (n1), energy is released.
i.e. E2 – E1 = E = h
E2 = energy of electron in higher orbit (n2)
E1 = energy of electron in lower orbit (n1)
− 2 2 e 4 m 2 2 e 4 m
E2 – E1 = + ;
n 22 h 2 n12 h 2

2 2 e 4 m  1 1 
E = − ;
h2 n2 n2 
 1 2
 2 2 e 4 m  1 1 
h = − ;
h2 n2 n2 
 1 2

2 2 e 4 m  1 1 
= − ;
h3 n2 n2 
 1 2
1 v
Wave number  = =
 c
2 2 e 4 m  1 1  2 2 e 4 m  1 1  1  1 1 
 = c ; c = − ; = − ; = = R − 
h3 n2 n2  ch 3  n12 n 22   n2 n2 
 1 2  1 2

2 2 e 4 m
R= 3
= 1,09,681 cm–1.
ch
This value Rydberg constant (R) calculated by Bohr as above is in good agreement with experimental value.
• Expression for velocity of electron:
h nh
• As per Bohr’s quantum condition, mvr = n ; Vn = ;
2 2 mr
2e 2 2e 2 z
Substituting ‘r’; Vn = (for ‘H’ atoms for any other single electron species; Vn = x
nh h n
• Sub situating the values of constants,
2.188 z
Vn = x cm/sec.
10 −8 n
velocity v
• Number of revolutions per second, made by electron in circular orbit is = =
circumference 2r

Explanation of Hydrogen Spectrum by Bohr’s Theory:

Bohr’s theory successfully explains the origin of lines in hydrogen emission spectrum. Hydrogen atom has only one
electron. It is present in K shell of the atom (n = 1). When hydrogen gas is subjected to electric discharge, energy is
supplied. The molecules absorb energy and split into atoms. The electrons in different atoms absorb different amounts
of energies. By the absorption of energy, the electrons are excited to different higher energy levels.
Atoms in the excited state are unstable. Therefore, the electrons jump back into different lower energy states in one or
several steps. In each step the energy is emitted in the form of radiation and is indicated by a line.
Each line has a definite frequency and thus the emission spectrum of hydrogen has many spectral lines.
• Lyman series are obtained in UV region, when electron returns to the ground state from higher energy levels 2, 3, 4,
5 ......... and so on.
• Balmer series are obtained in visible region when electron returns to second energy level from higher energy levels
3, 4, 5, 6 and so on.
• Paschen series are obtained in near infrared region, when electron returns to third energy level from higher energy
levels 4, 5, 6.... And so on.
• Brackett series are obtained in mid infrared region when electron returns to fourth energy level from higher energy
levels 5, 6, 7 . . . and so on.
• Pfund series are obtained in far infrared region when electron returns to the fifth energy level from higher energy
levels 6, 7…….
• No.of possible spectral lines = n(n + 1) ; n = n2 – n1
2
Where, n2 = higher energy level.
n1 = lower energy level.
n = difference in the two energy levels.
• As the value of 'n' increases
i) the total energy of electron increases
ii) the energy difference between the successive orbits decreases
iii) P.E increases and K.E. decreases
iv) radius of orbits increases
v) velocity of electron decreases

Merits and demerits of Bohr’s Atomic model:

1. Bohr’s model explains the stability of the atom. The electron revolving in a stationary orbit does not lose energy and
hence it remains in the orbit forever.
2. Bohr’s theory successfully explains the atomic spectrum of hydrogen.
3. This theory not only explains hydrogen spectrum but also explains the spectra of one electron species such as He +,
2+ 3+
Li and Be etc.
4. The experimentally determined frequencies of spectral lines are in close agreement with those calculated by Bohr’s
theory.
5. The value of Rydberg constant for hydrogen calculated from Bohr’s equation tallies with the value determined
experimentally.

Limitations of Bohr’s model:

1. Bohr’s theory applicable for single electron species and fails to explain the spectra of multielectron atoms.

2. It could not explain the fine structure of atomic spectrum.

3. It does not explain the splitting of spectral lines into a group of finer lines under the influence of magnetic field
(Zeeman Effect) and electric field (Stark effect).
4. Bohr’s theory predicts definite orbits for revolving electron. It is against the wave nature of electron.
5. Bohr’s theory is not in agreement with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
6. He couldn't give a theoretical reason for most of his assumption, for example, he couldn't justify why angular
momentum of the electron should be quantized.
7. Spectrum of isotopes of hydrogen were expected to be same according to the Bohr's model but found different
experimentally.

Sommerfeld’s Atomic Model:

It is an extension of Bohr’s model. In this model, the electrons in an atom revolve Radial Velocity
around the nuclei in elliptical orbit. The circular path is a special case of ellipse. Tar velocity
•
Association of elliptical orbits with circular orbits explains the fine line spectrum of
Avg Velocity
atoms.
• major axis
The main postulates are: focus

i) The motion of electron in closed circular orbits is influenced by its own nucleus
and is set up into closed elliptical paths of definite energy levels. Minor axis

ii) The nucleus is one of the foci for all these orbits. n=4,k=4
n=4,k=3
n=4,k=2

•
iii) The angular momentum of electron in closed elliptical paths is also quantized
i.e. k (h/2), where k is another integer except zero.
n length of major axis
iv) The ratio = length of suggests for the possible number of
k min or axis
subshells in a shell. Possible values of k for n = 4 are 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. For
any given value of n, k cannot be zero as in that case, the ellipse would degenerate
into a straight line passing through the nucleus. When n = k, path becomes circular.

CLASS EXERCISE
1. The ratio of radius of 2nd and 3rd Bohr orbit is
a) 3 : 2 b) 9 : 4 c) 2 : 3 d) 4 : 9
2. According to Bohr’s model, the angular momentum of an electron in 4th orbit is
a) h/3 b)h/2 c) 2h/ d) 3h/2
3. The radius of Bohr’s first orbit in hydrogen atom is 0.053 nm. The radius of second orbit
of He+ would be
a) 0.0265 nm b) 0.053 nm c) 0.116 nm d) 0.212 nm
4. The minimum energy required to excite a hydrogen atom from its ground state
a) 13.6 eV b) -13.eV c) 3.4 eV d) 10.2 eV
5. The ratio of kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is
a) 1:2 b) -1:2 c) 1:1 d) -1:1
6. The ratio of potential energy and total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is
a) 2:1 b)-1:2 c) 1:1 d) -1:2
7. The ratio of kinetic energy and total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is
a) 1:-1 b) -2:1 c) 1:1 d) -1:2
8. In a certain Bohr orbit the total energy is - 4.9 eV for this orbit, the kinetic energy and potential energy are
respectively.
a) 9.8 eV, - 4.9 eVb) 4.9 eV, - 98 eV c) 4.9 eV, - 4.9 eV d) 9.8 eV, - 9.8 eV
9. If speed of electron in first Bohr orbit of hydrogen be ‘x’, then speed of the electron in second orbit of He+ is:
a) x/2 b) 2x c) x d) 4x
10. The ratio of the difference in energy between the first and second Bohr orbits to that between the second and third
Bohr orbit is
a) 1/2 b) 1/3 c) 4/9 d) 27/5
HOME EXERCISE
1. Calculate the ratio of the radius of in 3rd energy level of Li+2ion of 2nd energy level of He+ ion
a) 3:2 b)1:2 c)2:3 d)1:1
2. Of the following, which of the statement(s) regarding Bohr’s theory is wrong?
a) Kinetic energy of an electron is half of the magnitude of its potential energy
b) Kinetic energy of an electron is negative of total energy of electron
c) Energy of electron decreases with increase in the value of the principal quantum number
d) The ionization energy of H-atom in the first excited state is negative of one fourth of the energy of an electron
in the ground state.
3. If first ionization energy of hydrogen is E, then the ionization energy of He+ would be:
a) E b) 2E c) 0.5E d) 4E
4. The ratio of radii of first orbits of H, He and Li is:
+ 2

a) 1:2:3 b) 6:3:2 c) 1:4:9 d) 9:4:1

5. The angular momentum of an electron in the M shell of hydrogen atom is
a) 3h /2  b) h/ 2  c) h /  d) 2h / 
6. If ionization potential of H-atom is 13.6 eV, the ionization potential of He+ is
a) 54.4 eV b) 6.8eV c)13.6eV d) 27.2eV
7. The ionization energy of H-atom is its ground state is 2.17 x 10-18J. The ionization energy of Li +2 in the ground
state will be
a) 1.953 x 10-15 J b) 1.953 x 10-16 J c) 1.953 x 10-17J d) 1.953 x 10-18 J
8. If the value of E = - 78.5 K.cal /mole. The order of the orbit in hydrogen atom is
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1
9. The ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The energy required to remove an electron in the n = 2 state
of the hydrogen atom is
a) 3.4 eV b) 6.8 eV c) 13.6 eV d) 27.2 eV
10. The minimum energy (numerical value) required to be supplied to H-atom to push its electron from 2nd orbit to the
3rd orbit
a) 1.9 eV b) 2.2 eV c) 2.7 eV d) 7.0 eV
CLASS EXERCISE:
1)d 2)c 3)c 4) d 5) b 6) a 7) a 8) b 9)c 10)d
HOME EXERCISE:
1)a 2)c 3)d 4)b 5)a 6)a 7)c 8)c 9)a 10)a

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER (de-BROGLIE’S WAVE THEORY)

Light exhibits different properties such as diffraction, interference, photoelectric effect, Compton
effect, reflection and refraction. The phenomenon of diffraction and interference can be explained
by the wave nature of the light. But the phenomenon of photoelectric effect and Compton Effect
can be explained by the particle nature of the light. Thus, light has dual nature. De-Broglie proposed
that matter like radiation, should also exhibit dual behavior.

hc
Einstein’s generalization of Planck’s theory is given as, E = hν = λ
2
Einstein’s mass energy relationship is E = mc
 hc 2 h h
Equating above two equations, we get, = mc or λ= mc or λ = mc
λ
h
Where ‘c’ is the velocity of light. If the velocity of micro particle is ‘v’ then, λ = mV
This is de Broglie’s equation,
Where ‘λ’ is the de Broglie’s wave length, ‘m’ is the mass of the moving particle and ‘h’ is
Planck’s constant.
h
P = mv or λ = P
Here 𝜆 signifies wave nature and P signifies particle nature.
It is applicable to microparticles like electron, proton, etc., and not applicable for macro-
bodies like cricket ball, bullet etc.
The electron moving with high speed possesses both the particle nature and the wave nature. The waves associated with
material particles are known as matter waves or particle waves.

The Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:

“It is impossible to determine simultaneously and accurately the exact position and momentum or velocity of a sub-atomic
particle like electron in an atom”.
One can determine the position of a particle very accurately, and then the determination of its velocity becomes less
accurate. Similarly, one can determine the velocity of a particle very accurately, and then the determination of its position
becomes less accurate. The certainty in one factor introduces the uncertainty in another factor.
If the uncertainty in the determination of the position of a small particle is given by Δx and uncertainty in its momentum
is Δp, then
ℎ
(Δx) (Δp) ≥ 𝑛𝜋, Where n = 1,2,3,4.........
For an electron revolving around the nucleus in an atom the value of n is nearly 4.
Thus Heisenberg’s principle can also be stated as the product of uncertainty in position and momentum of an electron
like micro particle moving with high speed cannot be less than h/4.
Where m is the mass of the particle and Δv is uncertainty in velocity.

Where,
If the position of the particle is known exactly (Δx = 0), Δv becomes infinity (∞) and vice versa. Heisenberg's uncertainty
principle is not applicable to those objects which cannot change their position by themselves when a light falls on them. It
is applicable for micro particles like electrons.

EXPLANATION OF HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

Suppose we attempt to measure both the position and momentum of an electron, to pin point
the position of the electron we have to use light so that the photon of light strikes the electron
and the reflected photon is seen in the microscope. As a result of the hitting, the position as
well as the velocity of the electron is distributed. The accuracy with which the position of the
particle can be measured depends upon the wavelength of the light used. The uncertainty in
position is +  . The shorter the wavelength, the greater is the accuracy. But shorter wavelength
means higher frequency and hence higher energy. This high energy photon on striking the
electron changes its speed as well as direction. But this is not true for macroscopic moving
particle. Hence Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is not applicable to macroscopic particles.

Significance of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:

Like de Broglie equation, although Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle holds good for all objects but it is significance only
for microscopic particles. The reason for this is quite obvious. The energy of the photon is insufficient to change the
position and velocity of bigger bodies when it collides with them. For example, the light from a torch falling on a running
rat in a dark room, neither change the speed of the rat nor its direction, i.e., position.
This may be further illustrated with the following examples:
For a particle of mass 1 mg, we have
ℎ 6.625×10−34 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −1
Δx.Δ𝜐 = 4𝜋𝑚 = = 10−28 𝑚2 𝑠 −1
4×3.1416×(10−6 𝑘𝑔)
Thus, the product of Δx and Δ𝜐 is extremely small. For particles of mass greater than 1 mg, the product will still smaller.
Hence, these values are negligible.
For a microscopic particle like an electron, we have
ℎ 6.625×10−34 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠−1
Δx.Δ𝜐 = 4𝜋𝑚 = 4×3.1416×(9×10−31 𝑘𝑔) ≈ 10−4 𝑚2 𝑠 −1

POINTS OF DISTINCTION BETWEEN A PARTICLE AND A WAVE

PARTICLE WAVE
1. A particle occupies a well-defined position 1. A wave is spread out in space, e.g., on throwing
in space, i.e., a particle is localized in space, a stone in a pond of water, the waves start moving out
e.g., a grain of sand, a cricket ball, etc. in the form of concentric circles. Similarly, the
sound of the speaker reaches everybody in the
audience. Thus, a wave is delocalized in space.
2. When a particular space is occupied by 2. Two or more waves can coexist in the same region of
one particle, the same space cannot be space and hence interfere.
occupied simultaneously by any other particle.
In other words, particles do not interfere.
3. When a number of particles are present in 3. When, a number of waves are present in a
a given region of space, their total value is given region of space, due to interference,
equal to their sum, i.e., it is neither less the resultant wave can be larger or smaller
nor more. than the individual waves, i.e.,
interference may be constructive or
destructifve.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND MATTER WAVES
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES MATTER WAVES
1. The electromagnetic waves are associated 1. Matter waves are not associated with
with electric and magnetic fields, electric and magnetic fields.
perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of propagation.
2. They do not require any medium for 2. They require medium for their
propagation, i.e., they can pass through propagation, i.e., they cannot pass
vacuum. through vacuum.
3. They travel with the same speed as that of 3. They travel with lower speeds.
light. Moreover, it is not constant for all matter
waves.
4. They leave the source, i.e., they are 4. They do not leave the moving particle, i.e.,
emitted by the source. they are not emitted by the particle.
c h
5. Their wavelength is given by  = 5. Their wavelength is given by  =
v mv
CLASS EXERCISE
1. A ball of 100 g mass is thrown with a velocity of 100 ms–1. The wavelength of the de Broglie wave associated with the
ball is about
a) 6.63 × 10–35 m b) 6.63 × 10–30 m c) 6.63 × 10–35 cm d) 6.63 × 10–33 m
2. If kinetic energy of a proton is increased nine times the wavelength of the de-Broglie wave associated with it would
become
a) 3 times b) 9 times c) 1/3 times d) 1/9 times
3. Number of waves made by a Bohr electron in one complete revolution in the 3rd orbit
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
4. The uncertainty in position and velocity of a particle are 10 m and 5.27 x 10 ms-1 respectively. Calculate the mass
-10 -24

of mass of the particle.(h=6.625 10-34 J-s)

0
5. Calculate the uncertainty in velocity a cricket ball of mass 150g. if the uncertainty in its positionis the order of 1 A
(h=6.6 x 10-34kg m2 s-1)
6. In an atom, an electron is moving with a speed of 600 m sec-1 with an accuracy of 0.005% certainty
with the position of the electron can be located is:(h=6.6 x 10 kg m s , mass of electron=9.1 x 10 kg)
-34 2 -1 -31

a) 1.52 x 10-4 m b) 5.1 x 10-3 m c) 1.92 x 10-3 m d) 3.84 x 10-3

HOME EXERCISE
1. The de Broglie wavelength of 1 mg grain of sand blown by a 20ms-1 wind is:
a) 3.3 x 10-29 b) 3.3 x 10-21 m c) 3.3  10-49 M d) 3.3  10-42 m
2. If the kinetic energy of an electron is increased 4 times, the wavelength of the Broglie wave associated
with it would become:
1 1
a) 4times b) 2times c) times d) times
2 4
3. The momentum of the particle having the wave length of 1Å is
a) 6.6 x 10-19 gram cm/sec b) 6.6 x 1019 gram cm/sec
c) 6.6 x 1034 gram cm/sec d) 6.6 x 10-34 gram cm/sec
4. If the uncertainty in the position of an electron is 10-8cm, the uncertainty in its velocity is
a) 3×108 cm/sec b) 5.8×107 cm/sec
 c) 6.625×109 cm/sec d) 7.35 × 10-8 cm/sec
5. The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1 x 10-5 kg-m/s. The uncertainty in its position will be (h = 6.6 x 10-
34 Joule-sec)
a) 1.05 x 10-28m b) 1.05 x 10-26 m c) 5.27 x 10-30 m d) 5.25 x 10-28 m
6. Uncertainty in the momentum of an electron is 10-5kg.m/sec. The uncertainty in its position will be
a) 1.05 x 10-28 m b) 1.05 x 10-26m c) 5.27 x 10-30m d) 5.25 x 10-25m
CLASS EXERCISE:
1)a 2)c 3)c 4)0.099kg 5)3.499×10–24 m/s–1 6)c
HOME EXERCISE:
1)a 2)c 3)a 4)b 5)c 6)c

Classical mechanics, based on Newton’s laws of motion, was successful in explaining the motion of macroscopic
bodies like falling stones or motion of planets around the sun etc. But it failed when applied to microscopic particles like
electrons, atoms, molecules etc. Hence, new branch introduced called as ‘Quantum mechanics.
Schrodinger Wave Equation:
Quantum mechanics, as developed by Erwin Schrodinger is based on the wave motion associated with the particles. The
Schrodinger differential wave equation is given by
∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ 8π2 m
+ + + (E − V)ψ
∂x2 ∂z2 ∂y2 h2
Here x, y, z are Cartesian coordinates of the electron
m = mass of electron
h = Planck’s constant
E = total energy of the electron (KE + PE)
V = potential energy of the electron (PE)
ψ= wave function of the electron.
Significance of 𝛙: ψ is the wave function. It gives the amplitude of the electron wave.

The intensity of light is proportional to the square of amplitude (ψ2). Just as 𝛙2 indicates the density of photons in
space, 𝛙2 in case of electron wave denotes the probability of finding an electron in the space or probability of finding
the electron is also maximum.\
QUANTUM NUMBERS
The behavior of an electron in an atom is described mathematically by a wave function or orbital. They are principal
quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic quantum number and spin
quantum number.
‘Set of numbers used to describe energy, size, shape of orbitals in an atom’ called
as quantum numbers.
1. Principal quantum number(n):
• ‘n’ can be any whole number value such as 1,2,3,4, etc. The energy shells corresponding to
these numbers are K, L, M, N, etc.
• Principal Quantum no. indicates the main energy level to which the electron belongs. It also
indicates the average distance of an electron from nucleus and also the speed of the atomic
electron.

• As the ‘n’ value increases the distance of electron from the nucleus increases and its energy also increases.
• The maximum no. of electrons that can be present in an orbit is given by 2𝑛2 . The maximum no. of electron in K, L, M,
and N shells are 2,8,18 and 32 respectively.
0.529×𝑛2 o
• The radius of the orbit is given by the expression: rn = A.
𝑍
−13.6×𝑍 2
• The energy of the electron/orbit is given by the expression. En = cm/sec
𝑛
2.18×108 ×𝑍
• The velocity of the electron is given by the expression. Vn = cm /sec.
𝑛

2. Azimuthal Quantum Number:

• Azimuthal Quantum number was introduced by Sommerfeld’s to explain the fine spectrum.
• It is also called as secondary quantum no. or orbital angular momentum quantum number or subsidiary quantum number.
• It is denoted by l.
• ‘l’ can have the values from 0 to (n-1), a total of ‘n’ values. ‘l’ values 0,1,2,3 indicates s,p,d,f. s,p,d and f are spectroscope
terms which indicates sharp. Principle, diffuse and fundamental respectively.
• Azimuthal Quantum number indicates the sub-shell to which the electron belongs. It also determines the shapes of the
orbital in which the electron is present.
n l
1 0 (1s)
2 0 (2s), 1 (2p)
3 0 (3s), 1 (3p), 2(3d)
4 0 (4s), 1(4p), 2(4d), 3(4f)
• Each main energy shell can have ‘n’ number of sub-shells.
• The orbital angular momentum (L) of an electron is given by
ℎ
the expression: L = √𝑙(𝑙 + 1) 2𝜋
• As the value of 'n' increases
i) the total energy of electron increases
ii) the energy difference between the successive orbits decreases
iii) P.E increases and K.E. decreases
iv) radius of orbits increases
v) velocity of electron decreases
Orbital Value of n Value of l Value of (n + l)
1s 1 0 1+0=1
2s 2 0 2+0=2
2p (n = 2)
2p 2 1 2+1=3
Has lower energy than 3s (n = 3)
3s 3 0 3+0=3 3p (n = 3)
Has lower energy than 4s (n = 4)
3p 3 1 3+1=4
3d (n = 3)
4s 4 0 4+0=4 Has lower energy than 4p (n = 4)
3d 3 2 3+2=5
4p 4 1 4+1=5

Name of the
Principal Azimuthal
sub-
Shell Quantum Quantum Notation
stationary
number (n) number (l)
state
K 1 0 S 1s
L 2 0 S 2s
1 P 2p
M 3 0 s 3s
1 p 3p
2 d 3d
N 4 0 s 4s
1 p 4p
2 d 4d
3 f 4f
3. Magnetic Quantum number:
• Magnetic quantum number was introduced by Lande to explain Zeeman Effect.
• It is denoted by m or ml.

• This quantum number refers to different orientations of electron could in a particular subshell. These orientations
are called the orbitals.
• An electron due to its orbital motion around the nucleus generates an electric .This electric field in turn produces a
magnetic field which can interact with the external magnetic field. Thus, under the influence of the external magnetic
field, the electrons of a subshell can orient themselves in certain preferred regions of space around the nucleus called
orbitals. The magnetic quantum number determines the number of preferred orientations of the electron present in
a subshell.
Since each orientation corresponds to an orbital, therefore, the magnetic quantum number determines the number
of orbitals present in any subshell.
• ‘m’ can have values from – 𝑙 to +𝑙 including zero, a total (2 𝑙+1) values.
Subshell 𝒍 m values No. of orientations (Orbitals)
s 0 0 1
p 1 -1, 0, +1 3
d 2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5
F 3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7
• When l = 0, m has only one value, m = 0. The sub-level‘s’ has one orbital called s orbital.
• When l =1, m can have 3 values m = –1, 0, +1. The sub-level ‘p’ has three space orientations or three orbitals. The
three orbitals are designated as px, py and pz.
• When l = 2, m can have 5 values m = –2,–1, 0, +1, +2. The sub-level ‘d’ has five space orientations or five orbitals. The
five orbitals are designated as dxy, dyz, dzx, dx2−y2 and dz2 .
• When l = 3, m can have 7 values m = –3,–2,–1,0,+1,+2,+3. The sub-level ‘f’ has seven space orientations or seven
orbitals.
The magnetic quantum number gives orientation of orbitals in space. All the orbitals present in a sublevel have same
energy and shape. They are called ‘degenerate orbitals’, which differ in their spatial orientation.
• Each value of ‘m’ constitutes an orbital in the sublevel.
• Maximum no. of electrons in subshell: 2(2𝑙+1) or (4 𝑙+2).

4. Spin Quantum Number:

• Spin Quantum number was proposed by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmith.
• It is denoted by ‘s’ or ‘ms’.
• It indicates the direction of spinning of electron present in any orbital.
• Since the electron in an orbital can spin either in the clockwise direction or in anti-clockwise direction, hence for a
given value of m, s can have only two values, i.e., +1/2 and -1/2 or these are very often represented by two arrows
pointing in the opposite direction, i.e.,↑and ↓.
If an orbital contains 2 electrons, the two magnetic moments oppose and cancel each other.
Thus, in an atom, if all the orbitals are fully filled, net magnetic moment is zero and the substance is diamagnetic (i.e.,
repelled by the external magnetic field). However, if some half-filled orbitals are present, the substance has a net
magnetic moment and is paramagnetic (i.e., attracted by the external magnetic field).
• The spin angular momentum (𝜇 s) of an electron is given by
h
μs = √s(s + 1) 2π

What will be the values of other quantum numbers of an electron for which the principal quantum number is 2?
n l m Srms
2 0(s) 0 +1 / 2, −1 / 2
1(p) +1 +1 / 2, −1 / 2
0 +1 / 2, −1 / 2
+1 / 2, −1 / 2
 Summary 
Type of Principal Quantum Azimuthual Quantum Spin Quantum No.(s or
Magnetic Quantum No.(m or ml)
information No.(n) No.(l) m s)
To explain the fine To explain the magnetic
1. Why is it To explain the main To explain the splitting of lines
structure of the line properties of
required ? lines of a spectrum in a magnetic field
spectrum substances
(i) No. of subshells No. of orbitals present in any Direction of electron
2. What does it (i) Main shell in which
present in any main subshell or the number of spin, i.e., clockwise or
tell ? the electron resides
shell orientations of each subshell anti-clockwise
(ii) Approx. distance
(ii) Relative energies
of the electron from
of the subshells
the nucleus
(iii) Energy of the
shell
(iii) Shapes of
(iv) Max. no. of
orbitals
electrons present in
the shell (2n2)
Type of Principal Quantum Azimuthual Quantum Spin Quantum No.(s or
Magnetic Quantum No.(m or ml)
information No.(n) No.(l) m s)
3. What are the
N l m or ml s or ms
symbols?
For a particular value of
4. What are the 1, 2, 3, 4 etc., i.e., any For a particular value For a particular value of l, m = –
m,
values? integer of n, l = 0 to n – 1 l to + l including zero
S = + ½, –½
l = 0,s – subshell;
Two arrows pointing in
5. Other l = 1,p – subshell; For p-subshell m = – 1, 0 + 1
K, L, M, N etc. opposite directions, i.e.,
designations ? l = 2,d – subshell; dsignated as px, py and pz
 and 
l = 3,f – subshell;
Atomic Orbital:
The three-dimensional space around the nucleus where the probability of finding the electron is maximum is called an
atomic orbital.

Differences between orbit and orbital:

Orbit Orbital
1. n orbit is a well-defined circular path 1. An 1. An orbital is the region of space around the
orbital is the region of space around the around around the nucleus where the probability of
the nucleus in which the electron revolves. finding the electron is maximum (95%)
2. An orbit represents the movement of electron 2. An orbital represents the movement of
in one plane. electron in three dimensional spaces.
3. An orbit means the position as well as the 3. In an orbital it is not possible to find the position
velocity of the electron can be known with as well as velocity of the electron can be known
Certainty. with certainty.
4. Orbits are circular or elliptical shaped. 4. They have different shapes like spherical,
dumbbell etc
Orbitals have different shapes. s-orbital is
Spherical and p orbital is dumb bell shaped.
5. Orbits do not have directional characteristics. 5. Except ‘s’ orbitals, all other orbitals have
directional characteristics
6. An orbit can have a maximum number of2n 6. An orbital can accommodate a maximum of
2

electrons. only two electrons.

Node- The three-dimensional space around the nucleus where the probability of finding the electron is minimum or zero.

Types of Nodes: Nodes are of two types: a) Radial Node b) Angular Node
A radial node is the spherical region around then nucleus, where the probability if finding the electron is zero (Ψ2 = 0).

Similarly, nodal plane (angular plane) has zero probability of finding electron.

Calculation of no. of nodes:

 Exp: In a 3p -orbital
No. of Radial nodes = 3-1-1 = 1
No. of angular nodes = 1
Total no. of nodes = 2.
 NUMBER OF NODAL PLANES
Orbitals Number of nodal planes Nodal
s 0 Nil
px 1 YZ
py 1 ZX
pz 1 XY
dxy 2 YZ, ZX
dyz 2 ZX, XY
dzx 2 XY, YZ
d x2 - y2 2 YZ, ZX
Shapes of Orbitals:

• s –Orbitals: s- Orbital can accommodate electrons with l = 0 and these orbitals are present in every orbit starting
from 1st orbit.

Orbital in which e-s with n=1 , l = 0 are present is called 1s - orbital.

All s-orbitals are spherical in shape and the size of sphere increases with ‘n’ value. s - Orbitals are spherically symmetrical
because the probability of finding the electron around the nucleus is same in all directions.

• p – Orbitals:
p- Sublevel begins from 2nd orbit. For p - sublevel l = 1, indicates that each p
- sub level contains three orbitals with ‘m’ values –1, 0, +1. These are designated
as px, py and pz, depending on the axis in which electron density is present.
In px-orbital, electron density is concentrated along the x-axis.
p-Orbitals have dumb-bell shape. Each p -orbital has two lobes separated by one nodal plane. The probability density
function is zero on the plane where the two lobes touch each other. The nodal planes for px, py and pz - orbitals are YZ,
ZX and XY - planes, respectively.
The three orbitals present in each p - sublevel will have same shape, size and energy but different orientations (differ in
m value). These three orbitals are perpendicular to each other and the angle between any two p - orbitals is 90o.
For 2p orbital, number of nodes calculated as below

For 3p orbital, number of nodes calculated as below

• d - Orbitals: begins from 3rd orbit (n = 3). For d- sub level l= 2, indicates that each d - sublevel contains five orbitals
with ‘m’ values –2, –1, 0, +1, +2. These are designated as dxy,dyz,dzx, 𝑑𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 and d𝑧 2 .
All d-orbitals (except d𝑧 2 ) have double dumb-bell shape. Each d-orbital has 4 lobes separated by two nodal planes.
In case of dxy, dyz and dzxorbitals, lobes are present in between the corresponding axes. i.e., between x and y axis in case
of dxy orbital. Where as in d𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 and d𝑧 2 orbitals lobes are present along the axes. dxy Orbital contains yz and zx as
nodal planes. dyz and dzx contain (xy, zx) and (xy, yz) planes respectively. d𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 orbital contains two nodal planes
perpendicular to each other and which make an angle of 45o with respect to x and y axes. 𝑑 2 orbital does not contain nodal
𝑧
planes.

For 3d orbital, number of nodes calculated as below

5d orbitals present in a given d- sublevel will have same energy in the ground state.
CLASS EXERCISE
1. If the above radial probability curve indicates ‘2s’ orbital, the distance between the peak points X.Y is:

a) 2.07Å b) 1.59Å c) 0.53Å d) 1.1Å

2. The wave function curve which crosses ‘x’ axis maximum number of times in the graph drawn between distance
from nucleus r(on x axis) and radial wave function R(ψr).
a)4d b)4p c)4s d)4f
3. The number of nodal planes is greatest for the orbital:
a) 4s b) 2p c) 3d d) 2s
4. The radial distribution curve of the orbital with double dumbbell shape in the 4th principle shell consists of ‘n’ nodes,
n is
a) 2 b) 0 c)1 d) 3
5. Which one of the following sets of quantum numbers represents as impossible arrangements?
n 1 m s
a) 3 2 –2 ½
b) 4 0 0 ½
c) 3 2 –3 ½
d) 5 3 0 –1/2.
6. Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence (outermost) electron of rubidium (Z = 37) is
1 1 1 1
a) 5, 0, 0, + b) 5, 1, 0, + c) 5, 1, 1, + d) 6, 0, 0, +
2 2 2 2
7. The maximum number of electrons in an orbital having same spin quantum number will be:
a) l + 2 b) 2l + 1 c) l(l + 1) d) l (l + 1)
1
8. The four quantum number of last electron of an atom are 4, 0, 0, + then atomic number of that element could be
2
a) 19 b) 55 c) 36 d) 37
9. The number of atomic orbitals with quantum numbers n = 3, l = 1, m = 0
a) 1 b) 6 c) 3 d) 5
10. The number of electrons that can have n = 4 andl = 3 is
a) 10 b) 14 c) 6 d) 5
HOME EXERCISE
1. Which of the following can be negative?
a) 4πr2ψ2 b) 4πr2ψ2dr c) ψ d) ψ2
2. The quantum number not obtained from the Schrodinger’s wave equation is
a) n b) l c) m d) s
3. Maxima’s in Radial probability distribution curve of 2s is
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
4. In which of following case would the probability of finding an electron in dxyorbital be zero?
a) Xy and yz plane b) xy and planes
c) xz and yz planes d) z-direction, yz and xz planes
5. The principal quantum number of an atom is related to the
 a) Size of the orbital b) spin angular momentum
c) Orbital angular momentum d) orientation of the orbital in space
6. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is:
1 h h h
a) . b) zero c) d) 2.
2 2 2 2
7. What will be all 4-Sets of Quantum Number for last electron of sodium?
a) n = 3 1=0 m=0 s = +1/2
b) n = 3 1=1 m=1 s = +1/2
c) n = 2 1=0 m=0 s = +1/2
d) n = 2 1=1 m=1 s = +1/2
8. p-orbitals of an atom in presence of magnetic field are:
a) Three fold degenerate b) Two fold degenerate c) Non-degenerate d) none of these
9. The quantum number that is no way related to an orbital
a) principal b) azimuthal c) magnetic d) spin
10. Which one of the following set of quantum number is not possible for a 4pelectron?
1 1
a) n = 4 l = 1, m = +1 s = + b) n = 4 l = 1 m = 0 s = +
2 2
1 1
c) n= 4, l = 0, m = 2, s = + d) n = 4, l = 1, m = 1, ms = -
2 2
CLASS EXERCISE:
1)a 2)c 3)c 4)c 5)c 6)a 7)b 8)a 9)a 10)b
HOME EXERCISE:
1)c 2)d 3)b 4)c 5)a 6)b 7)a 8)a 9)d 10)c

ENERGY OF ORBITALS
The energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is determined only by the principal quantum number. Within a shell, all
hydrogen orbitals have the same energy, independent of the other quantum numbers.
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f
Although the shapes of 2s and 2p orbitals are different, an electron has the same energy when it is in 2s orbital or 2p
orbital. The energy of an electron in a multielectron atom depends, not only on its principal quantum number, but also on
its azimuthal quantum number. The s, p, d and f orbitals within a given shell have slightly different energies in a multi
electron atom.
Electronic configuration of multi electron atoms:
The distribution and arrangement of electrons in the main shells, subshells and orbitals of an atom is called electronic
configuration of the element.
• Aufbau Principle:
“In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies”.
In other words, electrons first occupy the lowest energy orbital available to them and enter into higher energy orbitals
only after the lower energy orbitals are filled.
The relative energy of an orbital is given by
(n + l ) rule or Bohr-Burry’s rule. As (n + l) value increases, the energy of orbital increases.
• The orbital with the lowest (n + l) value is filled first.

• When two or more orbitals have the same (n +l) value, the one with the lowest ‘n’ value (or) highest l value is preferred
in filling.

Exp- Consider two orbitals 3d and 4s.

n+l value of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5 and of 4s = 4 + 0 = 4. Since 4s has lowest (n + l)
value, it is filled first before filling taking place in 3d.
Consider the orbitals 3d, 4p and 5s
The (n + l) value of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5
The (n +l) value of 4p = 4 + 1 = 5
The (n +l) value of 5s = 5 + 0 = 5
These three values are same. Since the ‘n’ value is lower to 3d orbitals, the
electrons prefer to enter in 3d, then 4p and 5s.
The order of increasing energy of atomic orbitals is:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s and so on.
The sequence in which the electrons occupy various orbitals can be easily remembered with the help of Moeller’s diagram
as shown in above Fig.
 Sub-shell n l (n+l)
1s 1 0 1
2s 2 0 2
2p 2 1 3 Lowest value of n
3s 3 0 3
3p 3 1 4 Lowest value of n
4s 4 0 4
3d 3 2 5 Lowest value of n
4p 4 1 5
5s 5 0 5
4d 4 2 6 Lowest value of n
5p 5 1 6
6s 6 0 6
4f 4 3 7 Lowest value of n
5d 5 2 7
6p 6 1 7
7s 7 0 7
5f 5 3 8 Lowest value of n
6d 6 2 8
7p 7 1 8

• Pauli’s Exclusion principle: stated as “No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of values for all the
four quantum numbers”. This means that two electrons in an orbital may have the same n, same l and same m but
differ in spin quantum number. In an orbital if one electron has clockwise spin, the other has anticlockwise spin. It
follows that an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
Exp- helium atom has two electrons in its 1s orbital. Quantum numbers for first electron are n =1, l = 0, m = 0 and s =
+1/2. Quantum numbers for second electron are: n =1, l = 0, m =0, s = –1/2.
The two electrons have the same value for n, same value for l and same value for m but differ in s.
• Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity:
According to this rule, when electrons are filled in degenerate orbitals of a subshell, pairing of an electron takes place
only when each orbital of the subshell is filled with one electron each. It can be also stated that, in ground state of an
atom, the configuration which has more number of unpaired electrons is most stable.

Thus in s, p, d and f subshells, pairing starts from 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th electrons respectively.
Ex: Electronic configuration of N (7) is 1s2 2s2 2p3.
The electrons in 2p subshell are occupied sing ally. i.e., 1s2 2s2 2𝑝𝑥1 2𝑝𝑦1 2𝑝𝑧1

Electronic configuration of elements from 1 to 30 (up to Zinc)

Electronic configuration
Element Atomic number Valence Electronic configuration
In terms of Orbitals In terms of inert gases
H 1 1s1 1s1 1s1
He 2 2s2 1s2 1s2
Li 3 1s22s1 [He]2s1 2s1
Be 4 1s22s2 [He]2s2 2s2
B 5 1s22s23p1 [He]2s22p1 2s22p1
C 6 1s22s22p2 [He]2s22p2 2s22p2
N 7 1s22s22p3 [He]2s22p3 2s22p3
O 8 1s22s22p4 [He]2s22p4 2s22p4
F 9 1s22s22p5 [He]2s22p5 2s22p5
Ne 10 1s22s22p6 [He]2s22p6 2s22p6
Na 11 1s22s22p63s1 [Ne]3s1 3s1
Mg 12 1s22s22p63s2 [Ne]3s2 3s2
Al 13 1s22s22p63s23p1 [Ne]3s23p1 3s23p1
Si 14 1s22s22p63s23p2 [Ne]3s23p2 3s23p2
P 15 1s22s22p63s23p3 [Ne]3s23p3 3s23p3
S 16 1s22s22p63s23p4 [Ne]3s23p4 3s23p4
Cl 17 1s22s22p63s23p5 [Ne]3s23p5 3s23p5
Ar 18 1s22s22p63s23p6 [Ne]3s23p6 3s23p6
 K 19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 [Ar]4s1 4s1
Ca 20 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 [Ar]4s2 4s2
Sc 21 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1 [Ar]4s23d1 4s23d1
Ti 22 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2 [Ar]4s23d2 4s23d2
V 23 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3 [Ar]4s23d3 4s23d3
Cr 24 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 [Ar]4s13d5 4s13d5
Mn 25 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d5 [Ar]4s23d5 4s23d5
Fe 26 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 [Ar]4s23d6 4s23d6
Co 27 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7 [Ar]4s23d7 4s23d7
Ni 28 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8 [Ar]4s23d8 4s23d8
Cu 29 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 [Ar]4s13d10 4s13d10
Zn 30 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10 [Ar]4s23d10 4s23d10

Stability of atoms
Extra stability is associated with atoms in which degenerate orbitals are either half-filled or completely filled due to

(1) Symmetrical distribution of electrons

(2) Exchange energy. Greater the exchange energy greater is the stability.
The presence of half-filled and completely filled degenerate orbitals gives greater stability to atoms.
 1 5 1 10
It is for this reason the electronic configurations of Cr and Cu are represented as [Ar] 4s 3d and [Ar] 4s 3d respectively.

CLASS EXERCISE
1. When 3d-orbital is complete, the newly entering electron goes into:
a) 4f b) 4s c) 4p d) 4d
2. An electron will have the highest energy in the set:
a) 3, 2, 1, 1/2 b) 4, 2, –1, 1/2 c) 4, 1, 0, –1/2 d) 5, 0, 0, ½
3. Which has minimum number of unpaired d-electrons?
a) Fe 3+ b) Co 3+ c) Co 2+
3+
d) Mn
4. Which of the following is violation of Pauli’s exclusion principle?
2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p

a) b) c) d)
5. The number of electrons in the M shell of an element with atomic number 24 is
a) 24 b) 12 c) 13 d) 8
HOME EXERCISE
1. The maximum number of unpaired electrons present in 4f -energy level is:
a) 5 b) 7 c) 10 d) 6
2. The number of unpaired electrons in fluorine atom is:
a) 7 b) 5 c) 1 d) 2
3. Which set has the same number of unpaired electrons in their ground state?
a) N, P, V b) Na, P, Cl c) Na + , Mg 2+ , Al d) Cl – , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+
4. In which of the following electron distributions in ground state, only the Hund’s rule is violated
 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p

a) b) c) d)
5. Electronic configuration of Ni is [Ar] 3d 8 , 4s 2 . The electronic configuration of next element is:
a) [Ar] 3d 10 , 4s 1 b) [Ar] 3d 9 , 4s 2
c) [Ar] 3d 8 , 4s 2 , 4p 1 d) none of these
CLASS EXERCISE:
1)c 2)b 3)a 4)b 5)c
HOME EXERCISE:
1)b 2)c 3)a 4)a 5)a
2 Structure of Atom
C O NCEPT B UILDERS CH 2
1. What is the optimum conditions required to study the conduction of electricity through gases?
2. Which experiment is responsible for an insight of the structure of atom?
3.In cathode ray experiment, the tube behind anode was coated with phosphorescent material, i.e. zinc
sulphide. [𝑇/𝐹]
4. The characteristics of cathode rays do not depend upon the size, material of electrodes and _____________
5. Greater the magnitude of the charge on the particles _________(greater/lower) is the interaction with the
electrical or magnetic field.
6. Lighter the particles, greater will be its deflection in electric/magnetic field. [T/F]
7. R.A. Millikan devised a method known as oil drop experiment to determine___________
8. According to Millikan's experiment, the magnitude of electrical charge on droplets is always an even
number multiple of electrical charge. [T/F]
9. The behaviour of positively charged particles in electrical or magnetic field is________ (same
as/opposite to) electron on cathode rays.
10. Which type of forces in an atom are responsible for arrangement and stability of electrons according to
J.J. Thomson?
11. Write the name of the phenomenon of the spontaneous emission of radiations from an element.
12. The correct order of penetrating power of the rays is 𝛾rays > 𝑋rays > 𝛽rays > 𝛼rays . [𝑇/𝐹]
13. The radius of an atom is about 10−10 m while radius of nucleus is 10−20 m. [T/F]
14. Who introduced the terms. ‘nucleus' and 'orbits'?
15. The least abundant isotope of hydrogen is__________
16. The number of neutrons have large effect on the chemical properties of an elements. [T/F]
17. Thermal radiations consist of electromagnetic waves of various frequencies. [T/F]
18. Who give the explanations about the event as, 'light waves are associated with oscillating electric and
magnetic character?
19. Electromagnetic waves do not require medium and can move in vacuum. [T/F]
20. The wavelength (𝜆) of visible spectrum ranges from ____nm to ____ nm.
21. Which parameter is responsible for the dependency of the intensities of radiations of different
wavelengths emitted by hot body?
22. An ideal body which emits and absorbs radiations of all frequencies uniformly is called a black body.
[T/F]
23. The number of electrons ejected in photoelectric effect is directly proportional to the____________
(velocity/intensity) of light.
24. Kinetic energy of the electrons increases with increase in frequency of light used. [T/F]
25. Name the spectrum of radiation emitted by a substance that has absorbed energy.
26. Write the name of the spectra which is used for the study of electronic structure.
27. An electron can move only in those orbits for which its angular momentum is integral multiple of ℎ/2𝜋.
[𝑇/𝐹]
28. What is the values of radius and the energy associated with the first orbit of He+ ?
29. According to the dual behaviour of matter concept, just like photon, electrons should also have _____as
well as________
30. Spin angular momentum of the electron is a scalar quantity. [𝑇/𝐹]
T O PICA L Q UEST IO NS CH 2
Discovery of Subatomic Particles
1. Michael Faraday showed that, if electricity is passed through a solution of an electrolyte, chemical
reactions occurred at the electrodes which resulted in NCERT Pg 30
(a) liberation of rays at the electrodes
(b) liberation and deposition of matter at the electrodes
(c) emission of energy at the electrodes
(d) release of O2 at electrode
2. The electrical discharge through the gases could be observed only at NCERT Pg 30
(a) very low pressure and very low voltage
(b) very high pressure and very high voltage
(c) very high pressure and very low voltage
(d) very low pressure and very high voltage
3. Which of the following substance, shows the properties of phosphorescent? NCERT Pg 30
(a) Zinc sulphide (b) Zinc sulphate (c) Zinc nitrate (d) Zinc chloride
4. Which of the following statements are correct about cathode rays. NCERT Pg 30
I. These moves from cathode to anode.
II. These are visible rays.
III. Television picture tubes are cathode rays tubes.
IV. In the absence of electrical or magnetic field, these rays travel in a straight line.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV (c) I, III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
5. According to Thomson, the amount of deviation of the particles from their path in the presence of
electrical or magnetic field does not depend upon NCERT Pg 31
(a) the magnitude of the negative charge on the particle
(b) the mass of the particle
(c) the strength of the electrical or magnetic field
(d) temperature
6. Cathode rays have same charge to mass (𝑒/𝑚𝑒 ) ratio as 𝛽-rays, which is equal to NCERT Pg 31
(a) 1.758820 × 1010 Ckg −1 (b) 17.58820 × 1012 Ckg −1
(c) 17.58820 × 1011 Ckg −1 (d) 1.758820 × 1011 Ckg−1
7. Consider the following image. NCERT Pg 31

Which of the following statements regarding above image is incorrect?

(a) Electric and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other.
(b) When magnetic field is applied, the electrons deviate from their path and hit the cathode ray tube at 𝐴.
(c) When electric field is applied, electron strikes the cathode ray tube at point 𝐴.
(d) In equilibrium state, of magnetic and electrical field strength, electron hit the screen at 𝐵.
8. Increasing order for the values of 𝑒/𝑚𝑒 for electron (e), proton ( 𝑝 ), neutron ( 𝑛 ) and 𝛼-particles is
NCERT Pg 32
(a) 𝑒 < 𝑝 < 𝑛 < 𝛼 (b) 𝑛 < 𝛼 < 𝑝 < 𝑒 (c) 𝑛 < 𝑝 < 𝑒 < 𝛼 (d) 𝑛 < 𝑝 < 𝛼 < 𝑒
 9. Which role did the electric field play in Millikan's oil drop experiment? NCERT Pg 32
(a) To suspend the droplets.
(b) To accelerate the droplets.
(c) To change the direction of the droplets.
(d) To break the droplets into smaller particles.
10. Which of the following statement regarding the characteristics of positively charged particle canal rays is
incorrect? NCERT Pg 32
(a) Unlike cathode rays, mass of positively charged particles depends upon the nature of gas present in
the cathode ray tube.
(b) The charge to mass ratio of these particles depends on the gas from which these originate.
(c) The behaviour of these particles in electric or magnetic field is same as that observed for electron or
cathode rays.
(d) Some of the positively charged particles carry a multiple of the fundamental unit of fundamental
charge.
11. Which of the following statement is incorrect regarding the oil droplets experiment? NCERT Pg 32
(a) Oil droplets in the form of mist, produced by the atomiser were allowed to enter through tiny hole in
the upper plate of electrical condenser.
(b) The air inside the chamber was ionised by passing a beam of X-ray through it.
(c) The fall of these charged oil droplets can be retarted accelerated or made stationary.
(d) Magnitude of electric charge, ' 𝑞 ' on the droplets is always fractional multiple of the electrical charge
(e).
Atomic Models
12 Which of the following statements about thomson model of atom is incorrect? NCERT Pg 33
(a) An atom possesses an spherical shape in which the positive charge is uniformly distributed
(b) The electrons are embedded into it in such a manner as to give the most stable electrostatic
arrangement.
(c) Mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom.
(d) This model was unable to explain the overall neutrality of the atom.
13 Consider the following statements regarding the Thomson's model of atom. NCERT Pg 33
I. The electrons are embedded in the nucleus, so as to give the most stable electrostatic arrangement.
II. The model was able to explain the overall neutrality of the atom.
III. The other name of this model are plum pudding model, raisin pudding model or watermelon models.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I, II and III (d) I and III
14 Wilhelm Roentgen showed that when electrons strike a material in the cathode ray tubes, some rays are
produced. NCERT Pg 33
Consider the following statements regarding these rays.
I. These can cause fluorescence in the fluorescene materials placed outside the cathode ray tubes.
II. These rays are named as X-rays.
III. These rays are deflected by both, electric and magnetic fields.
IV. These are used to study interior of the objects.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
(a) I and III (b) Only III (c) Only IV (d) I, II and IV
15 According to Rutherford's scattering experiment, it can be concluded that NCERT Pg 34
(a) most of the 𝛼-particles passed through the gold foil deflected
(b) a small fraction of the 𝛼-particles was deflected by small angles
(c) a very large number of 𝛼-particles were bounced back
(d) every ( 1 in 20000) at 𝛼-particles were deflected
16 On bombarding a beam of 𝛼-particles on the atom of the gold sheet, few particles get deflected, whereas
 most of them go straight and remains undeflected. This is due to NCERT Pg 34
(a) the nucleus occupy much smaller volume as compared to the volume of atom
(b) the force of repulsion on fast moving 𝛼-particles is very small
(c) the neutrons in the nucleus do not have any effect on 𝛼-particles
(d) the force of attraction on 𝛼-particles by the oppositely charged electron is not sufficient
17 An element 𝐸 loses one 𝛼 and two 𝛽-particles in three successive stages. The resulting element will be
NCERT Pg 35
(a) an isobar of 𝐸 (b) an isotope of 𝐸 (c) an isotone of 𝐸 (d) 𝐸 itself
18 Which of the following pairs will have same chemical properties? NCERT Pg 35
(a) 146 C and 15
7 N (b) O 2−
and F −
(c) 40
18 Ar and 40
19 K (d) 35
17 Cl 37
and 17 Cl
19 Which of the following atoms contains the least number of neutrons? NCERT Pg 35
(a) 235
92 U (b) 238
92 U (c) 239
93 Np (d) 240
93 Np
80
20 The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in 35 Br. NCERT Pg 35
(a) Protons = 80, electrons = 80, neutrons = 35
(b) Protons = 35, electrons = 55, neutrons = 80
(c) Protons = 35, electrons = 35, neutrons = 80
(d) Protons = 35, electrons = 35, neutrons = 45
21 An element with a mass number of 150 contains 42% more neutrons compared to protons. Determine
the symbol of the atom is NCERT Pg 35
(a) 150
60 Nd (b) 150
62 Sm (c) 150
64 Gd (d) 150
61 Pm
22 Which of the following statements are not correct? NCERT Pg 35
I. The presence of positive charge on the nucleus is due to the presence of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus.
II. The number of protons present in the nucleus is equal to the atomic number.
III. In order to keep the electrical neutrality, the number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of
proton in an atom.
IV. Protons, neutrons and electrons present in the atom are collectively called nucleons.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
(a) II and III (b) I, II and III (c) I and IV (d) III and IV
23 Rutherford's nuclear model of an atom is like a small scale solar system. Further, coulombic force
between electron and the nucleus is mathematically similar to the NCERT Pg 36
𝐺𝑟 2
(a) gravity ( )
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐺𝑚 ⋅𝑚
(b) gravity ( 1𝑟 2 )
𝐺𝑚1 ⋅𝑚2
(c) gravitational force ( 𝑟2
)
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
(d) gravitational force 𝑟
24 Rutherford model could explain NCERT Pg 36
(a) electronic structure of an atom
(b) stability of an atom
(c) that most of the space in atom is empty
(d) spectrum of hydrogen atom
25 According to the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell, which one is correct? NCERT Pg 36
(a) Charged particles when accelerated should emit electromagnetic radiation.
(b) Charged particles when accelerated should absorb electromagnetic radiation.
(c) Charged particles when retarted should emit EMR.
(d) Charged particles when retarted should absorb EMR.
Development Leading to the Bohr’s Model of Atom
26 Which of the following statement is incorrect about the graph given below? NCERT Pg 38

(a) Electric and magnetic field are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the EM wave.
(b) Electromagnetic waves do require medium to travel.
(c) The constitute of different wavelength or frequency electromagnetic radiations is called
electromagnetic spectrum.
(d) Different units are used to represent electromagnetic radiation
27 Major developments responsible for the formulation of Bohr's model of atom was NCERT Pg 37
(a) dual character of the electromagnetic radiation
(b) experimental results regarding atomic spectra
(c) electronic structure of atom
(d) particle nature of electromagnetic radiation
28 Many types of electromagnetic radiations, differ from one another in wavelength (or frequency)
constitute a spectrum known as NCERT Pg 38
(a) electromagnetic spectrum
(b) line spectrum
(c) continous spectrum
(d) atomic spectrum
29 Wave number which corresponds to electromagnetic radiations of 600 nm is equal to NCERT Pg 38
(a) 1.66 × 104 cm−1 (b) 0.16 × 104 cm−1 (c) 16 × 104 cm−1 (d) 160 × 104 cm−1
30 Consider the following graph. NCERT Pg 40

Select the incorrect statement from the following.

I. As the temperature increases, maxima of the curve shift to short wavelength.
II. The amount of light emitted (i.e. intensity of radiation from a black body and its spectral distribution
depends only on its temperature.
III. For the given graph 𝑇1 is greater than 𝑇2 .
IV. At a given temperature, intensity of radiation emitted increases with the increase of wavelength,
reaches a maximum value at a given wavelength and then starts decreasing with further increase of
wavelength.
31 Which of the following figure represents a black body? NCERT Pg 40
 (a) (b)

(d)
(c)

32 The energies 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 of two radiations are 25eV, and 50eV, respectively. The relation between their
wavelengths, i.e. 𝜆1 and 𝜆2 will be NCERT Pg 40
1
(a) 𝜆1 = 2 𝜆2 (b) 𝜆1 = 𝜆2 (c) 𝜆1 = 2𝜆2 (d) 𝜆1 = 4𝜆2
33 Which of the following statement is incorrect? NCERT Pg 41
(a) The energy of a quantum of radiation is proportional to its frequency (𝑣) is expressed by equation,
𝐸 = ℎ𝜈.
(b) With the help of quantum theory, Planck explained the distribution of intensity in the radiation from
black body as a function of frequency or wavelength at different temperatures.
(c) In photoelectric effect, there is no time lag between the striking of light beam and the ejection of
electrons from metal surface.
(d) The energy of a quantum of radiation is proportional to its frequency and is expressed by equation
𝐸 = 3ℎ𝜈.
34 The value of Planck's constant is 6.63 × 10−34 Js. The speed of light is 3 × 1017 nm s−1. Which value is
closest to the wavelength (in nm ) of a quantum of light with frequency of 6 × 1015 s−1 ? NCERT Pg 41
(a) 10 (b) 25 (c) 50 (d) 75
35 Number of photons emitted by a 100 W(Js−1 ) yellow lamp in 1.0 s is ( 𝜆 of yellow light is 560 nm )
NCERT Pg 41
(a) 1.6 × 1018 (b) 1.4 × 1018 (c) 2.8 × 1020 (d) 2.1 × 1020
−1
36 The energy required to break one mole of Cl − Cl bonds in Cl2 is 242 kJ mol . The largest wavelength of
light capable of breaking a single Cl − Cl bond is NCERT Pg 41
(a) 700 nm (b) 494 nm (c) 596 nm (d) 640 nm
37 The work function of a metal is 4.2eV. If radiation of 2000Å fall on the metal then the kinetic energy of the
fastest photoelectron is NCERT Pg42
(a) 1.6 × 10−19 J (b) 16 × 10−10 J (c) 3.2 × 10−19 J (d) 6.4 × 10−10 J
38 Kinetic energy of the ejected electron is NCERT Pg 42
(a) equal to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation
(b) proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation
(c) more than the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation
(d) inversely proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation
39 What is the work function of the metal, if a light of wavelength 4000Å generates photoelectrons of
velocity 6 × 105 ms −1 from it? NCERT Pg 42
(a) 4.0eV (b) 2.1eV (c) 0.9eV (d) 3.1eV
40 In a photoelectric effect experiment the Threshold wavelength of light is 380 nm. If the wavelength of
incident light is 260 nm, the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons will be
1237
[Given : 𝐸 (in eV ) = 𝜆 (in nm) ] NCERT Pg 43
(a) 15.1eV (b) 4.5eV (c) 1.5eV (d) 3.0eV
41 The emission spectra of atoms in the gaseous phase do not show a continuous spread of wavelength
 from red to violet, rather they emit light only at specific wavelengths with dark spaces between them.
Such spectra is called NCERT Pg 44
(a) line spectra (b) continuous spectra (c) absorption spectra (d) emission spectra
42 The type of spectrum which is illustrated by the following figure is NCERT Pg 45

(a) Atomic emission spectra (b) Continuous spectra

(c) Atomic absorption spectra (d) Discontinuous spectra
43 The ratio of the shortest wavelength of two spectral series of hydrogen spectrum is found to be about 9 .
The spectral series are NCERT Pg 45
(a) Lyman and Paschen (b) Brackett and Pfund
(c) Paschen and Pfund (d) Balmer and Brackett
44 Which of the following relation correctly described all the lines in the hydrogen spectrum?NCERT Pg 45
1 1 1 1 1
(a) 𝑣‾ = 109677 [𝑛2 − 𝑛2 ] cm−1 (b) 𝑣‾ = 109677 [𝑛2 − 𝑛2 ] cm−1
1 2 2 1
(c) 𝑣‾ = 109677[𝑛12 − 𝑛22 ]cm−1 (d) 𝑣‾ = 109677[𝑛22 − 𝑛12 ]cm−1
45 The electronic transition from 𝑛 = 2 to 𝑛 = 1 will produce the shortest wavelength in (where, 𝑛 =
principal quantum number) NCERT Pg 45
(a) He+ (b) H (c) H + (d) Li2+
46 Consider the given figure.

How man spectral lines will have frequency of same order?

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 2
Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom
47 Which of the following statement is not correctly described in Bohr's model for hydrogen atom?
NCERT. Pg 46
(a) Electron moves around the nucleus in a fixed orbit.
(b) Electron will move from a higher state to a lower state when required amount of energy is absorbed.
(c) Electron can move only in those orbits for which its angular momentum is integral multiple of ℎ/2𝜋.
Δ𝐸
(d) The energy difference when transition of 𝑒 − occurs between two stationary states is 𝑛 = ℎ
48 The expression for Bohr's frequency rule is NCERT Pg 46
𝑣 𝑣
(a) ℎ = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 (b) 𝑣 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 ⋅ ℎ (c) ℎ = (𝐸2 − 𝐸1 ) + ℎ (d) 𝑣 ⋅ ℎ = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2
49 An electron can move only in those orbits for which its angular momentum is integral multiple of
NCERT Pg 46
 ℎ ℎ ℎ
(a) 4𝜋 (b) 2𝜋 (c) (d) ℎ ⋅ 2𝜋
√2𝜋
2+
50 The radius of the second Bohr orbit in terms of the Bohr radius, 𝑎0 , in Li is NCERT Pg 47
2𝑎0 4𝑎0 4𝑎0 2𝑎0
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 9
2
51 The Bohr's radius expression for stationary states given by 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎0 . What is the radius in third
stationary state? NCERT Pg 47
(a) 238.2pm (b) 388pm (c) 476.1pm (d) 506pm
𝑧2
52 Energy of an electron is given by 𝐸 = −2.178 × 10−18 J (𝑛2 ) NCERT Pg 48
Wavelength of light required to excite an electron in an hydrogen atom from level 𝑛 = 1 to 𝑛 = 2 will be
(ℎ = 6.62 × 10−34 Js and 𝑐 = 3.0 × 108 ms −1 )
(a) 1.214 × 10−7 m (b) 2.816 × 10−7 m (c) 6.500 × 10−7 m (d) 8.500 × 10−7 m
6 −1
53 The ionisation enthalpy of hydrogen atom is 1.312 × 10 J mol . The energy required to excite the
electron in the atoms from 𝑛1 = 1 to 𝑛2 = 2 is NCERT Pg 48
(a) 6.56 × 105 J mol−1 (b) 9.84 × 105 J mol−1
(c) 7.56 × 105 J mol−1 (d) 8.51 × 105 J mol−1
54 The kinetic energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is [ 𝑎0 is Bohr radius]
NCERT Pg 48
ℎ2 ℎ2 ℎ2 ℎ2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4𝜋 𝑚𝑎02
2 16𝜋2 𝑚𝑎02 32𝜋2 𝑚𝑎02 64𝜋2 𝑚𝑎02
55 The energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom has a negative sign for hydrogen atom because
NCERT Pg 48
(a) the energy of the electron in the atom is lower than the energy of a free electron at rest
(b) a free electron at rest is an electron that is infinitely far away from the nucleus
(c) the energy value assigned to free electron at rest is zero
(d) the electron will be tightly bound to the nucleus.
56 The radius of the second Bohr orbit for hydrogen atom is (Planck's constant (ℎ) = 6.6262 × 10−34 Js;
mass of electron = 9.1091 × 10−31 kg; charge of electron(e) = 1.60210 × 10−19 C; permitivity of vacuum
(𝜖0 ) = 8.854185 × 10−12 kg −1 m−3 A2 ) NCERT Pg 48
(a) 1.65Å (b) 4.76Å (c) 0.529Å (d) 2.12Å
57 The energy of an electron in first Bohr orbit of H-atom is −13.6eV. Which of the following energy value(s)
of excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of hydrogen is correct? NCERT Pg 48
(a) −3.4eV (b) −4.2eV (c) −6.8eV (d) +6.8eV
58 The frequency (𝑣) associated with the absorption and emission of the photon can be evaluated by
equation NCERT Pg 48
Δ𝐸 𝑅𝐻 Δ𝐸 1 1
(a) 𝑣 = ℎ
= ℎ
(𝑛𝑖2 − 𝑛𝑓2 ) (b) 𝑣 = ℎ
= 𝑅𝐻 ⋅ ℎ (𝑛2 − 𝑛2 )
𝑖 𝑓
Δ𝐸 𝑅𝐻 1 1 Δ𝐸
(c) 𝑣 = ℎ
= ℎ
⋅ (𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑓2
) (d) 𝑣 = ℎ
= 𝑅𝐻 ⋅ ℎ(𝑛𝑖2 − 𝑛𝑓2 )
𝑖
59 The first line in the Balmer series in the H-atom will have the frequency NCERT Pg 48
(a) 3.29 × 1015 s −1 (b) 4.57 × 1014 s −1 (c) 8.22 × 1015 s−1 (d) 8.02 × 1014 s −1
1
60 For emission line of atomic hydrogen from 𝑛𝑖 = 8 to 𝑛𝑓 = 𝑛, the plot of wave number (𝑣) against (𝑛2 ) will
be
(The Rydberg constant, 𝑅𝐻 is in wave number unit) NCERT Pg 48
(a) non-linear (b) non-linear with slope (c) linear with slope 𝑅𝐻 (d) linear with intercept −𝑅𝐻
61 Which of the following is not correctly matched? NCERT Pg 48
−3.18×10−18 J×𝑍2
(a) Energy associated with Bohr's orbit, 𝐸 = 𝑛2
1 1
(b) Energy gap between two orbits, Δ𝐸 = 𝑅𝐻 [𝑛2 − 𝑛2 ]
1 2
 1
(c) Kinetic energy of the ejected electron, ℎ𝑣 = ℎ𝑣0 + 2 𝑚𝑣 2
ℎ𝑐
(d) Energy of one mole of photons, 𝐸 = 𝑁𝐴 𝜆
62 The emission spectrum of hydrogen is found to satisfy the expression for the change in energy is Δ𝐸 =
1 1
2.18 × 10−18 (𝑛2 − 𝑛2 ) J. The spectral lines corresponds to bracket series if: NCERT Pg 48
1 2
(a) 𝑛1 = 4 and 𝑛2 = 5,6,7 … (b) 𝑛1 = 3 and 𝑛2 = 4,5,6 …
(c) 𝑛1 = 1 and 𝑛2 = 2,3,4 … (d) 𝑛1 = 2 and 𝑛2 = 3,4,5 …
63 The colour corresponding to the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom
undergoes transition from 𝑛 = 5 to 𝑛 = 2 is NCERT Pg 49
(a) red (b) green (c) blue (d) yellow
64 The phenomenon of splitting of spectral lines under the influence of the electric field is called
NCERT Pg 49
(a) Stark effect (b) photoelectric effect (c) Zeeman effect (d) electromagnetic effect
65 Zeeman effect is due to NCERT Pg 49
(a) splitting up the lines in an emission spectrum in the presence of an external electrostatic field
(b) random scattering of light by colloidal particles
(c) splitting up of the spectral lines in an emission spectrum in the presence of magnetic field
(d) emission of electrons from metals when light falls upon them
66 Which of the following is not the limitation of Bohr model ? NCERT Pg 49
(a) It fails to account for the finer details of the hydrogen atom spectrum observed by using sophisticated
spectroscopic techniques.
(b) It is unable to explain the spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen.
(c) It is unable to explain the ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.
(d) It is unable to explain continuous atomic spectra.

Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

67 If a 300 g cricket ball is thrown with a speed of 2 × 104 cms−1 then its de-Broglie's wavelength is
( ℎ = 6.6 × 10−27 g cm2 s−1) NCERT Pg 50
−24
(a) 1.1 × 10 cm (b) 1.1 × 10−33 cm (c) 0.55 × 10−36 cm (d) 11.0 × 10−35 cm
68 A body of mass 𝑥 kg is moving with velocity of 100 m s−1. Its de-Broglie wavelength is 6.62 × 10−35 m.
Hence, 𝑥 is NCERT Pg 50
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.15 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.1
69 Which of the following statement is incorrect regarding Bohr's model of hydrogen atom? NCERT Pg 48
(a) Energy of the electrons in the orbit is quantised.
(b) The electron in the orbit nearest to the nucleus has the lowest energy.
(c) Electrons revolve in different orbits around the nucleus.
(d) The position and velocity of the electrons in the orbit cannot be determined simultaneously.
70 The mass of a photon with wavelength 3.6Å is NCERT Pg 51
(a) 6.135 × 10−27 kg (b) 6.135 × 10−28 kg (c) 6.135 × 10−33 kg (d) 6.135 × 10−30 kg
71 The effect of Heisenberg uncertainty principle is significant NCERT Pg 51
(a) only for motion of microscopic objects
(b) only for motion of macroscopic objects
(c) for motion of both microscopic and macroscopic objects
(d) only when the objects are stationary
72 In atom, an electron is moving with a speed of 600 m/s with an accuracy of 0.005%. Certainty with which
the position of the electron can be located is
( ℎ = 6.6 × 10−34 kg m2 s−1, mass of electron, 𝑒𝑚 = 6.6 × 10−31 kg ) NCERT Pg 51
(a) 1.52 × 10−4 m (b) 5.10 × 10−3 m (c) 1.92 × 10−3 m (d) 3.84 × 10−3 m
 73 The uncertainties in the velocities of two particles 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 0.05 and 0.02 ms −1 respectively. The
mass of 𝐵 is five times to that of mass 𝐴. What is the ratio of uncertainties (Δ𝑥𝐴 /Δ𝑥𝐵 ) in their positions?
NCERT Pg 51
(a) 2 (b) 0.25 (c) 4 (d) 1
74 Uncertainty in the position of an electron (mass = 9.1 × 10−31 kg ) moving with a velocity 300 ms−1
accurate upon 0.001% will be (ℎ = 6.63 × 10−34 J − s) NCERT Pg 51
(a) 19.2 × 10−2 m (b) 5.76 × 10−2 m (c) 1.93 × 10−2 m (d) 3.84 × 10−2 m
75 If 𝐸𝐴 , 𝐸𝐵 and 𝐸𝐶 represent kinetic energies of an electron, alpha particle and proton respectively and each
moving with same de-Broglie wavelength, then choose the correct increasing representation.
NCERT Pg 51
(a) 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶 (b) 𝐸𝐴 > 𝐸𝐵 > 𝐸𝐶 (c) 𝐸𝐵 > 𝐸𝐶 > 𝐸𝐴 (d) 𝐸𝐴 < 𝐸𝐶 < 𝐸𝐵

Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

76 The effect of Heisenberg uncertainty principle is not significant for macroscopic objects because
NCERT Pg 52
(a) Δ𝑣Δ𝑥 is extremely small (b) Δ𝑣 is extremely large
(c) Δ𝑥 is infinite (d) Δ𝑣Δ𝑥 is extremely large
77 A car with a mass of 1000 kg is moving at a speed of 30 m/s. Given that the speed can be measured
with an accuracy of 5%, then the uncertainty in speed and position respectively are NCERT Pg 52
(a) 1.5 m/s and 3 × 10−20 m (b) 1.5 m/s and 3.51 × 10−34 m
(c) 15 m/s and 5 × 10−34 m (d) 150 m/s and 1 × 10−34 m
78 What was the primary reason that the Bohr's model couldn't account for the atomic structure?
NCERT Pg 52
(a) Lack of experimental evidence (b) Inconsistency with dual behaviour of matter
(c) Theoritical limitations of orbits (d) Absence of nuclear force
79 In the Schrodinger equation, 𝐻ˆ is NCERT Pg 53
(a) a mathematical operator called Schrodinger Laplacian operator
(b) introduced by Schrodinger from the expression for the total energy of the system
(c) introduced by Schrodinger from the expression for the kinetic energy of the system
(d) introduced by Schrodinger from the expression for the momentum of the system
80 Consider the following statements about wave function. NCERT Pg 53, 54, 55, 56
I. When an electron is in energy state, the wave function corresponds to that energy state, which
contains all information about the electron.
II. It is a mathematical function whose value depends upon the coordinates of the electron in the atom
and does not carry any physical meaning.
III. Wave functions of hydrogen or hydrogen like species with one electron are called atomic orbitals.
IV. Wave functions pertaining to one-electron species are called one-electron systems.
V. It is denoted by |𝜓|2 .
The correct statements are
(a) I, II and III (b) III and IV (c) I and II (d) I, II, III and IV
81 Which of the statement about quantum numbers is wrong? NCERT Pg 55
(a) If the value of 𝑙 = 0, the electron distribution is spherical.
(b) The shape of the orbital is given by subsidiary quantum number.
(c) The Zeeman's effect is explained by magnetic quantum number.
(d) The spin quantum number gives the orientation of electron cloud
82 The number of 𝑑-electrons in Fe2+ (𝑍 = 26) is not equal to the number of electrons in which one of the
following? NCERT Pg 55
(a) 𝑠-electrons in Mg(𝑍 = 12) (b) 𝑝-electrons in Cl(𝑍 = 17)
(c) 𝑑-electrons in Fe(𝑍 = 26) (d) 𝑝-electrons in Ne(𝑍 = 10)
83 Which of the following sets of quantum numbers represents the highest energy of an atom?
NCERT Pg 55
1 1
(a) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 0, 𝑚 = 0, 𝑠 = +2 (b) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚 = 1, 𝑠 = +2
1 1
(c) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚 = 1, 𝑠 =+ (d) 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 0, 𝑚 = 0, 𝑠 = +
2 2
84 Consider the following statements concerning the quantum numbers, NCERT Pg 55, 56
I. Angular quantum number determines the three dimensional shape of the orbital.
II. The principal quantum number determines the orientation and energy of the orbital.
III. Magnetic quantum number determines the size of the orbital.
IV. Spin quantum number of an electron determines the orientation of the spin of electron relative to the
chosen axis.
The correct set of statements are
(a) I and II (b) I and IV (c) III and IV (d) II, III and IV
85 Which of the following statements are correct? NCERT Pg 55,56
I. The shape of the orbitals is given by magnetic quantum number.
II. In an atom, all electrons travel with the same velocity.
III. If the value of 𝑙 = 0, the electron distribution is spherical.
IV. Angular momentum of 1𝑠, 2𝑠, 3 s electrons are equal.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
(a) II and IV (b) I and III (c) I and II (d) III and IV
86 The correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence electrons of rubidium atom (𝑍 = 37) is
NCERT Pg 56
1 1 1 1
(a) 5,0,0, + 2 (b) 5,1,0, + 2 (c) 5,1,1, + 2 (d) 5,0,1, + 2
2
87 The graph between |𝜓| and 𝑟 (radial distance) is shown below. NCERT Pg 57

This represents
(a) 1𝑠-orbital (b) 2𝑝-orbital (c) 3𝑠-orbital (d) 2𝑠-orbital
1
88 The number of orbitals associated with quantum numbers 𝑛 = 5, 𝑚𝑠 = + is
2
NCERT Pg 58
(a) 25 (b) 50 (c) 15 (d) 11
89 Given below are some boundary surface diagram of the 3𝑑 orbitals. NCERT Pg 59

Boundary surface diagrams of the three 3𝑑-orbitals

Choose the correct answer from the option given below
(a) I-d 𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑦2 , 𝐼𝐼 − 𝑑𝑦𝑧 , III- 𝑑𝑥𝑧 (b) I-d 𝑑𝑥𝑦 , II- 𝑑𝑥𝑧 , III- 𝑑𝑦𝑧
(c) 1 − 𝑑𝑥𝑧 , II- 𝑑𝑥𝑦 , III- 𝑑𝑦𝑧 (d) 1 − 𝑑𝑦𝑧 , II- 𝑑𝑥𝑧 , III- 𝑑𝑥𝑦
90 Out of the following pairs of electrons, identify the pairs of electrons present in degenerate orbitals.
NCERT Pg 57, 60
 1
(a) (i) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑙 = −1, 𝑚𝑠 = − 2
1
(ii) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚𝑙 = −1, 𝑚𝑠 = − 2
1
(b) (i) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑠 = + 2
1
(ii). 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑠 = +
2
1
(c) (i) 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑠 = +
2
1
(ii) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑠 = +
2
1
(d) (i) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚𝑙 = +2, 𝑚𝑠 = −
2
1
(ii) 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚𝑙 = +2, 𝑚𝑠 = +
2
91 Identify the correct order of increase in the energy of the orbitals for hydrogen atom. NCERT Pg 60
(a) 1𝑠 < 2𝑠 = 2𝑝 < 3𝑠 = 3𝑝 = 3𝑑 < 4𝑠 = 4𝑝 = 4𝑑 = 4𝑓
(b) 1𝑠 > 2𝑠 = 2𝑝 > 3𝑠 = 3𝑝 = 3𝑑 > 4𝑠 = 4𝑝 = 4𝑑 = 4𝑓
(c) 1𝑠 = 2𝑠 = 3𝑠 = 4𝑠 > 2𝑝 = 3𝑝 = 4𝑝 > 3𝑑 = 4𝑑 > 4𝑓
(d) 1𝑠 = 2𝑠 = 3𝑠 = 4𝑠 < 2𝑝 = 3𝑝 = 4𝑝 < 3𝑑 = 4𝑑 < 4𝑓
92 Consider the following statements. NCERT Pg 60,61
I. The attractive interactions of an electron increases with increase of positive charge (𝑍𝑒 ) on the
nucleus.
II. Due to the presence of electrons in the inner shells, the electrons in the outer shell will not
experience the full positive charge of the nucleus (𝑍𝑒 ).
III. The effect will be lowered due to the partial screening of positive charge on the nucleus by the inner
shell electrons.
IV. The net negative charge experienced by the other electrons is known as effective nuclear charge
( 𝑍eff ).
The correct statements are
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV (c) I, III and IV (d) I and IV
93 Which of the following does not represent ground state electronic configuration of Cu atom?
NCERT Pg 64
2 2 6 2 6 8 2 2 2 6 2 6 9 2
(a) 1𝑠 2𝑠 2𝑝 3𝑠 3𝑝 3𝑑 4𝑠 (b) 1𝑠 2𝑠 2𝑝 3𝑠 3𝑝 3𝑑 4𝑠
(c) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑10 4𝑠1 (d) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑5 4𝑠1
94 Aufbau principle does not give the correct arrangement of filling up of the atomic orbitals in
NCERT Pg 64
(a) Cu and Zn (b) Co and Zn (c) Mn and Cr (d) Cu and Cr
95 The electronic configuration with maximum exchange energy will be NCERT Pg 65
1
(a) 3𝑑𝑥𝑦 1
3𝑑𝑦𝑧 1
3𝑑𝑧𝑥 4𝑠1 1
(b) 3𝑑𝑥𝑦 1
3𝑑𝑦𝑧 1
3𝑑𝑧𝑥 3𝑑𝑥1 2 −𝑦2 3𝑑𝑧22 4𝑠 2
2 2 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
2
(c) 3𝑑𝑥𝑦 2
3𝑑𝑦𝑧 2
3𝑑𝑧𝑥 3𝑑𝑥𝑥2 −𝑦2 3𝑑𝑧𝑧2 4𝑠1 2
(d) 3𝑑𝑥𝑦 2
3𝑑𝑦𝑧 2
3𝑑𝑧𝑥 3𝑑𝑥 2 −𝑦2 3𝑑𝑧22 4𝑠1
96 With the saturation of 3𝑑-orbitals, the filling of the 4𝑝-orbitals start at 𝐴 and is completed at 𝐵. Here, 𝐴
and 𝐵 refer to
(a) 𝐴 → Ga; 𝐵 → Kr (b) 𝐴 → Ga; 𝐵 → Xe (c) 𝐴 → Zn; 𝐵 → Br (d) 𝐴 → Zn; 𝐵 → Kr
97 The atomic numbers of elements 𝑋, 𝑌 and 𝑍 are 19, 21 and 25 respectively. The number of electrons
present in the 𝑀-shell of these elements follow the order NCERT Pg 66
(a) 𝑍 > 𝑋 > 𝑌 (b) 𝑋 > 𝑌 > 𝑍 (c) 𝑍 > 𝑌 > 𝑋 (d) 𝑌 > 𝑍 > 𝑋
98 What is the atomic number of an element which has 3𝑑5 as its outermost configuration? NCERT Pg 66
(a) 25 (b) 23 (c) 11 (d) 36
 A S S E RT I O N AND R EA S O N Q U EST I O N S CH 1
Assertion-Reason Questions
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-10) In the following question Assertion (A) followed by Reason (R) is given below.
Choose the correct option out of the choices given below.
(a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
(b) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true but 𝑅 is not the correct explanation of 𝐴.
(c) 𝐴 is true but 𝑅 is false
(d) 𝐴 is false but 𝑅 is true.
1 Assertion (A) X-rays are used to study the interior of the objects. NCERT Pg 33
Reason (R) X-rays are not deflected by the electric and magnetic fields and have very high penetrating
power through the matter.
2 Assertion (A) In the Rutherford experiment most of the space in the atoms is empty. NCERT Pg 38
Reason (R) Most of the 𝛼-particles passed through the foil remain undeflected.
3 Assertion (A) Electromagnetic waves can move in vacuum. NCERT Pg 38
Reason (𝑅) They do not require medium to propagate.
4 Assertion (A) Iron rod, heated in a furnace, first turns to dull red, intense red, white and then become
blue as the temperature becomes high. NCERT Pg 40
Reason ( 𝑅 ) The frequency of emitted radiation goes from a higher frequency to a lower frequency as the
temperature increases.
5 Assertion (A) Greater the energy possessed by the photon, lesser will be transfer of energy to the
electron and the kinetic energy of the ejected electron. NCERT Pg 41
Reason (R) The kinetic energy of the ejected electron is proportional to the frequency of the
electromagnetic radiation.
6 Assertion (A) Classical mechanics fails to explain the behaviour of microscopic particles. NCERT Pg 42
Reason (R) It ignores the concept of dual behaviour of matter.
7 Assertion (A) Red light of any brightness may shine on a piece of potassium-metal for hours but no
photoelectrons are ejected. But as soon as even a very weak yellow light shines on the potassium-metal,
the photoelectric effect is observed. NCERT Pg 42
Reason (R) The number of electrons ejected depends upon the brightness of light and not on the kinetic
energy of the ejected electrons.
8 Assertion (A) 𝑠-orbital electron will be more tightly bound to the nucleus than 𝑝-orbital electron.
NCERT Pg 59,60
Reason (R) 𝑍eff experienced by the electron decreases with increase of azimuthal quantum number ( 𝑙 ).
9 Assertion (A) In a multi-electron atom, the electrons in different subshell have different energies.
NCERT Pg 61
Reason (R) Energy of an orbital depends upon ( 𝑛 + 𝑙 ) value.
10 Assertion (A) Energy of the orbital increases with increase of principal quantum number.NCERT Pg 60
Reason (R) Energy is required in shifting away the negatively charged electron from the positively
charged nucleus.

S TATEMENT B ASED Q UESTIONS CH 2

Direction (Q. Nos. 1-6) In the following questions, two statements (I & II) are given. In the light of the given
statements, choose the correct option given below.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
 (b) Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
(c) Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
1 Statement I Emitted radiation will fall in visible range when an electron jump from 𝑛 = 4 to 𝑛 = 2 in H-
atom. NCERT Pg 45
Statement II Balmer series radiations belong to the visible range for hydrogen atoms only.
2 Statement I Energies of the orbitals in hydrogen or hydrogen like species depend only on the quantum
number ' 𝑛 '. NCERT Pg 46
Statement II Energies of the orbitals in multielectron atoms depend on quantum numbers ' 𝑛 ' and ' 𝑙 '.
3 Statement 𝑰𝜓 is constant over the boundary surface. NCERT Pg 58
2
Statement II The boundary surface for |𝜓| and |𝜓| are different.
4 Statement I Orbital having 𝑥𝑧 plane as node may be 3𝑑𝑥𝑦 .
Statement II 3𝑑𝑥𝑦 has two radial nodes. NCERT Pg 59
5 Statement I The effective nuclear charge experienced by an electron within a multi-electron atom
increases as the principle quantum number ( 𝑛 ) decreases. NCERT Pg 61
Statement II Electrons with the same principle quantum number (𝑛) but different azimuthal quantum
numbers ( 𝑙 ) experience the same effective nuclear charge within an atom.
6 Statement I Fe2+ ion has 24 electrons and its electronic configuration represents that of Cr.
NCERT Pg 62
Statement II All the five unpaired electrons, in the 3rd subshell give stability to the ion.
7 Which of the following statements is/are correct? NCERT Pg 37, 38, 39
I. The speed of light does not depends upon the nature of the medium through which it passes.
II. The beam of light is deviated or refracted from its original path as it passes from one medium to
another.
III. When a ray of white light is passed through a prism, the wave with shorter wavelength bends more
than the one with a longer wavelength.
IV. Qualitatively, the magnitude of velocity of electron increases with increase of positive charge on the
nucleus.
V. Magnitude of velocity of electron decreases with increase of principal quantum number.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) I, II, III and V (b) II, III, IV and V (c) I and III (d) II and 𝑉
8 Which of the following statements are correct? NCERT Pg 38, 46, 51, 55, 57
I. Angular quantum number signifies the size of the orbital.
II. Total number of nodes for 3𝑠-orbital is three.
III. The radius of the first orbit of He+ is half that of the first orbit of hydrogen atom.
IV. X-rays have larger wave number than microwaves.
V. The exact position and exact momentum of an electron cannot be determined simultaneously.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) ∣ and II (b) II, III and IV (c) III, IV and V (d) I and V
9 Which of the following statements is/are incorrect? NCERT Pg 35, 40, 61, 62
I. Photon have easiest access to the surface of a caesium metal.
II. All isotopes of a given element show same type of chemical behaviour.
III. Black body is an ideal body that emits and absorbs radiations of all frequencies.
IV. The two electrons in an orbital create opposite magnetic fields.
V. Energy of 4𝑠 < 3𝑑 is decided by Aufbau principle.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) I and IV (b) II and III (c) II, III, IV and V (d) IV and V
10 Which of the following statements is/are incorrect? NCERT Pg 48, 49, 50, 51
I. Bohr's theory can also be applied to species He+ , Li2+ Be3+ and energy of stationary states associated
 with these kind of ions is given as, 𝐸𝑛 = 2.18 × 10−18 (𝑍 2 /𝑛2 )J
II. In case of absorption spectrum, 𝑛𝑖 > 𝑛𝑓 and in case of emission spectrum 𝑛𝑓 > 𝑛𝑖 .
III. de-Broglie suggested that like matter, radiation should also exhibit dual behaviour.
IV. Heisenberg uncertainty principle rules out existence of definite path or trajectories of electrons.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) I and I (b) II and III (c) Only IV (d) Only II

M ATCHI NG TYPE QUESTI ON S CH 2

1 Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct options from the codes given below.
NCERT Pg 33
Column I Column II
(Type of rays) (Characteristics)
1. Negatively charged particles
A. 𝛼-ray
similar to electrons.
B. 𝛽-ray 2. X-ray, neutral in nature.
3. Two units of positive charge
C. 𝛾-ray
and four units of atomic mass

Codes
A B C A B C
(a) 3 2 1 (b) 1 2 3
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 3 1 2

2 Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct options from the codes given below.
NCERT Pg 38
Column I Column II
A. 106 Hz 1. Satellite, radar
B. 1010 Hz 2. Broadcasting
C. 1013 Hz 3. Solar radiation
D. 1016 Hz 4. Heat, remote
Codes
A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 2 1 4 3
(d) 4 3 1 2

3 Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct options from the codes given below.
NCERT Pg 56
 Column I Column II
(𝒏) (Subshell notation)
A. 𝑛 = 1, 𝑙 = 0 1. 4𝑓
B. 𝑛 = 2, 𝑙 = 0 2. 4𝑠
C. 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 1 3. 3𝑝
D. 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2 4. 3𝑑
E. 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 3 5. 1𝑠
F. 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 0 6. 2𝑠
Codes
A B C D E F
(a) 5 6 3 4 1 2
(b) 6 5 4 3 2 1
(c) 1 2 3 4 5 6
(d) 3 6 4 2 1 5

4. Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct options from the codes given below.
NCERT Pg 56, 57
Column I Column II

A. Number of sub-shells in a shell. 1. 2(2𝑙 + 1)

Maximum number of electrons in

B. a 2. 𝑛−𝑙−1
sub-shell.
C. Number of spherical nodes. 3. 𝑛
Number of spectral lines in Lyman
D. series for a gas (for 𝑛 to 1 4. (𝑛 − 1)
transition):

Codes
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 1 4 2 2

5 Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct options from the codes given below.
NCERT Pg 59
 Column I Column II
(Boundary surface diagram) (d-orbital)
A.

1. 𝑑𝑧2

B.

2.dxy

C.

3. 𝑑𝑥 2 −𝑦2
D.

4. 𝑑𝑦𝑧
Codes
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 2 2 1 3 (d) 4 3 1 2

N UMERICAL T YPE Q UESTIONS CH 1

1 The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is −13.6eV. The energy of second excited state of He+ ion in
eV is −𝑥eV. The value of 𝑥 is_____________ (Nearest integer) NCERT Pg 48
2 In a hydrogen atom the wavelength of the radiation emitted, when electron falls from infinity to stationary
state 1, would be (Rydberg constant = 1.097 × 107 m−2 )________ nm. NCERT Pg 48
3 The total number of orbitals associated with the principal quantum number 5 is________ NCERT Pg 55
4 The number of atomic orbitals from the following having 5 radial nodes is ___________
6𝑝, 7𝑠, 7𝑝, 8𝑝, 8𝑑 NCERT Pg 59
5 The number of radial nodes in 5𝑑-orbital is__________ NCERT Pg 59

NC E RT E XE MPLAR QUESTIO NS CH 1
1 Which of the following statements about the electron is incorrect?
(a) It is a negatively charged particle.
(b) The mass of electron is equal to the mass of neutron.
(c) It is a basic constituent of all atoms.
 (d) It is a constituent of cathode rays.
2 Which of the following statement is incorrect about the characteristics of cathode rays?
(a) They start from the cathode and move towards the anode.
(b) They travel in a straight line in the absence of an external electrical or magnetic field.
(c) Characteristics of cathode rays do not depend upon the material of electrodes in cathode ray tube.
(d) Characteristics of cathode rays depend upon the nature of gas present in the cathode ray tube.
3 Which of the following conclusions could not be derived from Rutherford's 𝛼-particle scattering
experiment?
(a) Most of the space in the atom is empty.
(b) The radius of the atom is about 10−10 m while that of nucleus is 10−15 m.
(c) Electrons move in a circular path of fixed energy called orbits.
(d) Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction.
4 Which of the following properties of an atom could be explained correctly by Thomson's model of atom?
(a) Overall neutrality of atom
(b) Spectra of hydrogen atom
(c) Position of electrons, protons and neutrons in atom
(d) Stability of atom
5 Two atoms are said to be isobars, if NCERT Pg 55
(a) they have same atomic number but different mass number
(b) they have same number of electrons but different number of neutrons
(c) they have same number of neutrons but different number of electrons
(d). sum of the number of protons and neutrons is same but the number of protons is different
6 Which of the following is responsible to rule out the existence of definite paths or trajectories of electrons?
(a) Pauli's exclusion principle
(b) Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
(c) Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity
(d) Aufbau principle
7 If travelling at same speeds, which of the following matter waves have the shortest wavelength?
(a) Electron
(b) Alpha particle (He2+ )
(c) Neutron
(d) Proton
8 Which of the following options does not represent ground state electronic configuration of an atom?
(a) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑8 4𝑠 2
(b) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑9 4𝑠 2
(c) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑10 4𝑠1
(d) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑5 4𝑠1
9 The pair of ions having same electronic configuration is
(a) Cr 3+ , Fe3+ (b) Fe3+ , Mn2+ (c) Fe3+ , Co3+ (d) Sc 3+ , Cr 3+
10 Total number of orbitals associated with third shell will be
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 3
11 Orbital angular momentum depends on
(a) 𝑙 (b) 𝑛 and 𝑙 (c) 𝑛 and 𝑚 (d) 𝑚 and 𝑠
12 The number of radial nodes for 3𝑝-orbital is .
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
13 Number of angular nodes for 4𝑑 orbital is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
P AST E XAM Q UESTIONS CH 1
NEET Archive
1 Select the correct statements from the following.
I. Atoms of all elements are composed of two fundamental particles.
II. The mass of the electrons is 9.10939 × 10−31 kg.
III. All the isotopes of a given element show same chemical properties.
IV. Protons and electrons are collectively known as nucleons.
V. Dalton's atomic theory, regarded the atom as an ultimate particle of matter.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below. NCERT Pg 29, 31, 35, NEET 2023
(a) III, IV and V (b) I and 𝑉 (c) II, III and V (d) I, II and III
2. The relation between 𝑛𝑚 ( 𝑛𝑚 = the number of permissible values of magnetic quantum number (𝑚) )
for a given value of azimuthal quantum number ( 𝑙 ), is NCERT Pg 55, NEET 2023
2 𝑛 −1
(a) 𝑙 = 2𝑛𝑚 + 1 (b) 𝑛𝑚 = 2𝑙 + 𝑙 (c) 𝑛𝑚 = 1 + 2 (d) 𝑙 = 𝑚2
3 If radius of second Bohr orbit of the He+ ion is 105.8pm, what is the radius of third Bohr orbit of Li2+ ion?
NCERT Pg 48, NEET 2022
(a) 15.87pm (b) 1.587pm (c) 158.7Å (d) 158.7pm
4 Identify the incorrect statement from the following. NCERT Pg 59, NEET 2022
(a) All the five 5𝑑-orbitals are different in size when compared to the respective 4𝑑-orbitals.
(b) All the five 4𝑑-orbitals have shapes similar to the respective 3𝑑-orbitals.
(c) In an atom, all the five 3𝑑-orbitals are equal in energy in free state.
(d) The shapes of 𝑑𝑥𝑦 , 𝑑𝑦𝑧 and 𝑑𝑧𝑥 -orbitals similar to each other; and 𝑑𝑥 2 −𝑦2 and 𝑑𝑧2 are similar to each
other.
5 A particular station of All India Radio, New Delhi, broadcasts on a frequency of 1,368kHz (kilohertz). The
wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the transmitter is
[Speed of light, 𝑐 = 3.0 × 103 ms −1 ] NCERT Pg 39, NEET 2021
(a) 219.3 m (b) 219.2 m (c) 2192 m (d) 21.92 cm
6 From the following pairs of ions which one is not an isoelectronic pair? NCERT Pg 35, NEET 2021
(a) Fe2+ , Mn2+ (b) O2− , F − (c) Na+ , Mg 2+ (d) Mn2+ , Fe3+
175
7 The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in 71 Lu, respectively are NCERT Pg 35, NEET 2020
(a) 71,104 and 71 (b) 104,71 and 71 (c) 71,71 and 104 (d) 175, 104 and 71
8 The number of angular nodes and radial nodes in 3𝑠-orbital are NCERT Pg 59, NEET (Oct.) 2020
(a) 0 and 2 respectively (b) 1 and 0 respectively (c) 3 and 0 respectively (d) 0 and 1 respectively
9 Which of the following series of transitions in the spectrum of hydrogen atom falls in visible region?
NCERT Pg 46, AIPMT 2019
(a) Brackett series (b) Lyman series (c) Balmer series (d) Paschen series
𝟏𝟎 4𝑑, 5𝑝, 5𝑓 and 6𝑝-orbitals are arranged in the order of decreasing energy. The correct option is
NCERT Pg 60, NEET (National) 2019
(a) 6𝑝 > 5𝑓 > 5𝑝 > 4𝑑 (b) 5𝑝 > 5𝑓 > 4𝑑 > 5𝑝
(c) 5𝑓 > 6𝑝 > 4𝑑 > 5𝑝 (d) 5𝑓 > 6𝑝 > 5𝑝 > 4𝑑
11 Which one is a wrong statement? NCERT Pg 63, NEET 2018
(a) The electronic configuration of N-atom is

(b) An orbital is designated by three quantum numbers while an electron in an atom is designated by
four quantum numbers.
 (c) Total orbital angular momentum of electron in ' 𝑠 ' orbital is equal to zero.
(d) The value of 𝑚 for 𝑑𝑧 2 is zero.
12 Which one is the wrong statement? NCERT Pg 60, NEET 2017
ℎ
(a) The uncertainty principle is Δ𝐸 × Δ𝑡 ≥ 4𝜋
(b) Half-filled and fully-filled orbitals have greater stability due to greater exchange energy, greater
symmetry and more balanced arrangement.
(c) The energy of 2𝑠-orbital is less than the energy of 2𝑝-orbital in case of hydrogen like atoms.
ℎ
(d) de-Broglie's wavelength is given by 𝜆 = , where, 𝑚 = mass of the particle, 𝑣 = group velocity of
𝑚𝑣
the particle.
13 Two electrons occupying the same orbital are distinguished by NCERT Pg 56, NEET (Phase I) 2016
(a) magnetic quantum number
(b) azimuthal quantum number
(c) spin quantum number
(d) principal quantum number

JEE Main Archive

14 Given below are two statements.
Statement I According to Bohr's model of hydrogen atom, the angular momentum of an electron in a
given stationary state is quantised.
Statement II The concept of electron in Bohr's orbit, violates the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
NCERT Pg 46, JEE Main 2023
(a) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
(c) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
15 The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom is −2.18 × 10−18 J. Its energy in the
third Bohr orbit is NCERT Pg 48, JEE Main 2023
1
(a) three times of this value (b) 9 th of this value
1
(c) one third of this value (d) 27 of this value
16 If the radius of the first orbit of hydrogen atom is 𝑎0 , then de-Broglie's wavelength of electron in 3 rd orbit
is NCERT Pg 47, JEE Main 2023
𝜋𝑎 𝜋𝑎
(a) 3𝜋𝑎0 (b) 3 0 (c) 6𝜋𝑎0 (d) 6 0
17 Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason
(R).
Assertion (A) In the photoelectric effect, the electrons are ejected from the metal surface as soon as the
beam of light of frequency greater than threshold frequency strikes the surface.
NCERT Pg 41, JEE Main 2023
Reason (R) When the photon of any energy strikes an electron in the atom, transfer of energy from the
photon to the electron takes place.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
(a) 𝐴 is true but 𝑅 is false.
(b) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
(c) 𝐴 is false but 𝑅 is true.
(d) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true but 𝑅 is not the correct explanation of 𝐴.
18 Arrange the following orbitals in decreasing order of energy. NCERT Pg 61, JEE Main 2023
 A. 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 0, 𝑚 = 0 B. 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 0, 𝑚 = 0
C. 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚 = 0 D. 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚 = 1
The correct option for the order is
(a) 𝐷 > 𝐵 > 𝐴 > 𝐶 (b) A > C > B > D (c) B > D > C > A (d) D > B > C > A
19 The minimum energy that must be possessed by photons in order to produce the photoelectric effect
with platinum metal is [Given, the threshold frequency of platinum is 1.3 × 1015 s−1 and ℎ = 6.6 × 10−34 Js ]
NCERT Pg 41, JEE Main 2022
(a) 3.21 × 10−14 J (b) 6.24 × 10−16 J (c) 8.58 × 10−19 J (d) 9.76 × 10−20 J
20 Given below are two statements. One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason
(R).
Assertion (A) Energy of 2𝑠-orbital of hydrogen atom is greater than that of 2𝑠-orbital of lithium.
Reason (R) Energies of the orbitals in the same subshell decrease with increase in the atomic number.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
NCERT Pg 61, JEE Main 2022
(a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
(b) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true but 𝑅 is not the correct explanation of 𝐴.
(c) 𝐴 is true but 𝑅 is false
(d) 𝐴 is false but 𝑅 is true
21 If the radius of the 3 rd Bohr's orbit of hydrogen atom is 𝑟3 and the radius of 4th Bohr's orbit is 𝑟4 . Then
NCERT Pg 48, JEE Main 2022
9 16 3 4
(a) 𝑟4 = 𝑟
16 3
(b) 𝑟4 = 𝑟
9 3
(c) 𝑟4 = 𝑟
4 3
(d) 𝑟4 = 3 𝑟3
22 Consider the following statements.
I. The principal quantum number ' 𝑛 ' is a positive integer with values of ' 𝑛 ' = 1,2,3, ….
II. The azimuthal quantum number ' 𝑙 ' for a given ' 𝑛 ' (principal quantum number) can have values as ′ 𝑙'
= 0,1,2, … 𝑛.
III. Magnetic orbital quantum number ' 𝑚 ' for a particular 'l' (azimuthal quantum number) has ( 2𝑙 + 1 )
values.
IV. ±1/2 are the two possible orientations of electron spin.
V. For 𝑙 = 5, there will be a total of 9 orbital.
Which of the above statements are correct? NCERT Pg 55, 56, JEE Main 2022
(a) I, II and III (b) I, III, IV and V (c) I, III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
23 Which of the following is the correct plot for the probability density 𝜓 2 (𝑟) as a function of distance ' 𝑟 ' of
the electron from the nucleus for 2𝑠-orbital? NCERT Pg 57, JEE Main 2022

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

24 Given below are two statements.

Statement I Rutherford's gold foil experiment cannot explain the line spectrum of hydrogen atom.
Statement II Bohr's model of hydrogen atom contradicts Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
 In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
NCERT Pg 49, JEE Main 2021
(a) Both statements I and II are false.
(b) Statement I is false but statement II is true.
(c) Both Statements I and II are true.
(d) Statement I is true but statement II is false.

S KILL B O O STERS CH 1
1 Raman had just finished studying the chapter named 'structure of atom'. Right after that he saw a car
moving in a straight road. The possible reason behind the car not travelling in a wave fashion on the road
is
(a) wavelength is very large (b) velocity is very high
(c) mass is very large (d) angle with road is very large
2 A student had learnt a concept based on Bohr's model of hydrogen atom. He thought about the findings of
the time taken for an electron to complete one revolution in Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom and the velocity
of electron present in first Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom, respectively are
2𝜋𝑚𝑟 ℎ
(a) 𝑛2 ℎ2 , 2.18 × 10−4 m/s (b) 2𝜋𝑚𝑟 , 2.18 × 10−5 m/s
4𝜋2 𝑚𝑟 2 𝑛ℎ
(c) 𝑛ℎ , 2.18 × 106 m/s (d) 4𝜋2 𝑚𝑟 , 2.18 × 10−8 m/s
3 Samar was playing the tennis ball game and he thought about the concept of the structure of atom so, he
consider the tennis ball as a moving particle. He asked himself as what will be de-Broglie wavelength of a
tennis ball of mass 60 g moving with a velocity of 10 meters per second (approximately)?
(a) 10−16 meters (b) 10−25 meters (c) 10−33 meters (d) 10−31 meters
4 Three bodies of different characteristics are as follows
Body A It is not a perfect radiator of radiant energy.
Body B The energy absorbed from its surrounding is the same amount of energy radiates per unit area.
Body C At a fixed temperature, intensity of radiation emitted decreases with increase of wavelength.
Choose the 'Black body' among the given bodies.
(a) Body A (b) Body B (c) Body C (d) A, B and C
5 A student had studied the Thomson atomic model and found it incomplete or wrong after the learning of
Rutherford's gold foil experiment. Suppose that if the Thomson model was correct, then the result of
Rutherford's model would have been
(a) all of the 𝛼-particle pass through the gold foil without decrease in speed.
(b) all 𝛼-particles get bounced back by 180∘ .
(c) 𝛼-particles are deflected over a wide range of angles.
(d) 𝛼-particles pass through the gold foil deflected by small angles and with reduced speed.
6 A hydrogen atom is having ground state energy is −13.6eV. Consider an electronic state 𝜓 of He+ whose
energy and azimuthal quantum number are −3.4eV and 2 respectively. From which of the following state
is this belong?
(a) 3𝑑-state (b) 4d-state (c) 5𝑑-state (d) 6𝑑-state
2+
7 A hydrogen-like species Li is in a spherically symmetric state 𝑆1 with one radial node. Upon absorbing
light the ion undergoes transition to a state 𝑆2 . The 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 state respectively are
(a) 1 s and 0 (b) 2𝑠 and 1 (c) 2𝑝 and 2 (d) 3 s and 3
C ORREC T C ODES CH 1
Topical Questions
1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (d) 7 (b) 8 (b) 9 (a) 10 (c)

11 (d) 12 (d) 13 (c) 14 (b) 15 (b) 16 (a) 17 (b) 18 (d) 19 (a) 20 (d)

21 (b) 22 (c) 23 (c) 24 (c) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (a) 28 (a) 29 (a) 30 (c)

31 (a) 32 (c) 33 (d) 34 (c) 35 (c) 36 (b) 37 (c) 38 (b) 39 (b) 40 (c)

41 (c) 42 (a) 43 (a) 44 (a) 45 (d) 46 (c) 47 (b) 48 (a) 49 (b) 50 (b)

51 (c) 52 (a) 53 (b) 54 (c) 55 (a) 56 (d) 57 (a) 58 (c) 59 (b) 60 (c)

61 (a) 62 (a) 63 (c) 64 (a) 65 (c) 66 (d) 67 (b) 68 (d) 69 (d) 70 (c)

71 (a) 72 (c) 73 (a) 74 (c) 75 (d) 76 (a) 77 (b) 78 (b) 79 (c) 80 (d)

81 (d) 82 (b) 83 (c) 84 (b) 85 (d) 86 (a) 87 (d) 88 (a) 89 (b) 90 (d)

91 (a) 92 (a) 93 (b) 94 (d) 95 (d) 96 (a) 97 (c) 98 (a)

Assertion-Reason
1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (a)

Statements Type
1 (d) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (a) 10 (d)

Matching Type
(d)
1 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (d)

Numerical Value
1 (6) 2 (91) 3 (25) 4 (2) 5 (2)

NCERT Exemplar's
1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5 (d) 6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (c)

11 (a) 12 (c)

Past Exams
1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (d) 4 (d) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (c) 10 (d)

11 (a) 12 (c) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (a) 18 (d) 19 (c) 20 (a)

21 (b) 22 (c) 23 (b) 24 (c)

Skill Boosters
1 (c) 2 (c) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (d) 6 (b) 7 (b)
 STEP BY STEP D ECODING THE Q UESTIONS C H 1
Concept Builders
1. Low pressure and high voltage
2.Experiment on electrical discharge through gases
3. True
4. nature of the gas
5. greater
6. True
7. charge on the electrons
8. False
9. opposite to
10. Electrostatic forces
11. Radioactivity
12. True
13. False
14. Rutherford
15. tritium ( 1 H 3 )or ( 1 T 3 )
16. False
17. True
18. James Maxwell
19. True
20. 400 nm to 750 nm
21. Temperature
22. True
23. Intensity of light
24. True
25. Emission spectrum
26. Line emission spectra
27. True
28. 0.02645 nm and −8.72 × 10−18 J
29. momentum, wavelength
30. True

Topical Solutions

1. (b) Electricity is passed through a solution of an electrolyte, chemical reactions occurred at the electrodes
which resulted in the liberation and deposition of matter at the electrodes.
2. (d)
3. (a)
4. (c) Statements I, III and IV are correct, while statement II is incorrect. It's correct form is as follows :
These rays themselves are not visible but their behaviour can be observed with the help of certain kind of
materials (fluorescent or phosphorescent) which glow when hit by them.
5. (d)
6. (d) Thomson was able to determine the charge to the mass ratio of cathode rays, which is same as 𝛽-rays
(electron) by carrying out accurate measurements on the amount of deflections observed by the
electrons on the electric field strength or magnetic field strength as,
𝑒/𝑚𝑒 = 1.758820 × 1011 Ckg −1
7. (b) Among the given statements, option (b) is incorrect. The correct form of (b) is when electrical field is
applied, the electrons deviate from their path and hit the cathode ray tube at point 𝐴.
8. (b) Electrons (e) and protons ( 𝑝 ) have the same charge (1.602 × 10−19 C) but protons are 1840 times
heavier than electrons. 𝑒/𝑚𝑒 of any particle decreases, if the mass is increased. So, the 𝑒/𝑚𝑒 of electron
is higher than the proton.
Alpha particle (𝛼) is a helium nucleus which consists of two protons and two electrons. It has +2 charge
and the mass of 4 protons. So, the 𝛼-particle has the least 𝑒/𝑚𝑒 because of its large mass.
Neutron ( 𝑛 ) has no charge thus its 𝑒/𝑚𝑒 is zero.
Thus, the increasing order of 𝑒/𝑚𝑒 values is 𝑛 < 𝛼 < 𝑝 < 𝑒.
9. (a) In Millikan's oil drop experiment, the electric field is applied to suspend the oil droplets. By applying an
electric field between two plates, one could counteract the force of gravity acting on the droplets,
effectively suspending them in mid-air.
10. (c) Statement (c) is incorrect. It's correct form is as follows The behaviour of these particles in the magnetic
or electric field is opposite to that observed for electron or cathode rays.
Rest other statements are correct.
11. (d) Statement (d) is incorrect. It's correct form is as follows Millikan concluded that the magnitude of
electrical charge 𝑞, on the droplets is always an integral multiple of the electrical charge, 𝑒, that is, 𝑞
= 𝑛𝑒, where, 𝑛 = 1,2,3.
Rest other statements are correct.
12. (d) Among the given options, option
(d) is incorrect. The correct form of
(d) is :According to Thomson model of an atom, the explanation of overall neutrality of the atom is
possible.
13. (c) All the given statements are correct about Thomson's model of atom.
14. (b) Statement III is incorrect. It's correct form is as follows X-rays are not deflected by electric and magnetic
fields and have a very high penetrating power through the matter.
Rest other statements are correct
15. (b) Among the given conclusions, option (b) is correct whereas, option (a), (c) and (d) are incorrect. The
correct form of (a), (c) and (d) are
(a) Most of the 𝛼-particles passed through the gold foil undeflected.
(c) A very few 𝛼-particles were bounced back.
(d) Every ( ∼ 1 in 20000) at 𝛼-particles were bounced back.
16. (a) Rutherford observed that most of 𝛼-particles pass through the gold foil undeflected. It signifies that
nucleus. occupy much smaller volume as compared to the volume of atom.
17. (b)
−𝛽
𝐴 −𝛼 𝐴−4 𝐴−4
18.(b) 𝑍 𝐸 → 𝑍−2 𝑋 → 𝑍−1 𝑌

Both elements 𝐸 and 𝑊 have same atomic number but different mass numbers. Hence, both are
35 37
isotopes. So, the resulting element will be an isotope of 𝐸. (d) 17 Cl and 17 Cl are isotopes, so they will
have same chemical properties.
19. (a) The number of neutrons in different species is
Mass number (𝐴) = no. of protons (𝑍) + no. of neutrons (𝑛)
235
92 𝑈 = 235 = 92 + 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑛 = 143
238
92 𝑈 = 238 = 92 + 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑛 = 148
239
93 𝑈 = 239 = 93 + 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑛 = 146
240
93 𝑈 = 240 = 93 + 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑛 = 147
So, 235
92 𝑈 has the least no. of neutrons.
20.(d) ln 80 35 Br
Number of protons = Number of electrons = 35 = Atomic number Number of neutrons = Mass number
(A) - Number of proton
= (80 − 35) = 45
21. (b) Mass number of the element = 150
Neutrons = 42% more than protons
Mass (𝐴) is sum of protons and neutrons ( 𝑁 ): 𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝑁
42𝑃
𝐴= 𝑃+𝑃+
100
242𝑃
150 =
100
⇒ 𝑃 = 61.98 ≈ 62
So, the symbol of atom is 15062 Sm.
It is an isobar of samarium.
22. (c) Among the given Statements I and IV are incorrect.
Their correct form are as follows
I. The presence of positive charge on the nucleus is due to the presence of protons in the nucleus.
IV. Protons and neutrons present in the nucleus is collectively known as nucleons.
23. (c)
24. (c) Rutherford model can explain that the most of the particles passed the foil undeflected, which indicated
that most of the space in atom is empty.
25. (a)
26. (b) Among the given options, option
(b) is incorrect. The correct form of
(b) is EM waves do not require medium to travel.
27. (a) Major developments responsible for the formulation of Bohr's model of atom were dual character of the
electromagnetic radiation which means that radiations possess both wave like and particle like
properties.
28. (a)
29. (a) Calculation of wave number ( 𝑣‾ )
𝜆 = 600 nm = 6000Å = 6000 × 10−10 m
1 1
𝑣‾ = =
𝜆 6000 × 10−10
𝑣‾ = 1.66 × 106 m−1
or 𝑣‾ = 1.66 × 104 cm−1
30. (c) For the given graph, 𝑇2 > 𝑇1 .
31. (a) A cavity with a tiny hole, that has no other opening, can be considered as a black body. A ray of light
entering the hole would be reflected by the walls of the cavity and ultimately absorbed by it.
𝐸1 𝜆2
(c) =
𝐸2 𝜆1
25eV 𝜆2
⇒ = or 𝜆1 = 2𝜆2
50eV 𝜆1
32. (c)
33. (d) The energy of a quantum of radiation is proportional to its frequency is expressd by 𝐸 = 𝑛ℎ𝑣
𝑐 𝑐
34. (c) We know that, 𝑣 = 𝜆 , 𝜆 = 𝑣
3 × 1017
= = 0.5 × 102 nm = 50 nm
6 × 1015
35. (c) As we know that,
 ℎ𝑐 𝐸𝜆
𝐸 = 𝑛ℎ𝑣 = 𝑁 ⇒𝑛= (𝑖)
𝜆 ℎ𝑐
𝐸 = 100 W(Js −1 ) × 1 s = 100 J (𝑖)
Putting the value in Eq. (i) we get
100 J × 560 × 10−9 m
𝑛=
6.626 × 10−34 Js × 3 × 108 ms−1
= 2.82 × 1020 ≈ 2.8 × 1020
36. (b) Energy required for one
242 × 103
Cl2 molecule = J
𝑁𝐴
ℎ𝑐
𝜆=
𝐸
6.626 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 × 6.02 × 1023
=
242 × 103
= 494 × 10−9 m = 494 nm
37. (c) Given, 𝐸0 = 4.2eV
= 4.2 × 1.60 × 10−19 J
= 6.72 × 10−19 J
We know that, 𝑐 = 3 × 108 m/s
[1Å = 10−10 m]
ℎ𝑐
∵ 𝐸 = ℎ𝑣 = 𝜆
6.63×10−34 Js×3×108 ms−1
∴ 𝐸= 2000×10−10 m
= 9.94 × 10−19 J
∴ Kinetic energy of electron emitted
= (9.94 − 6.72) × 10−19 J
= 3.22 × 10−19 J
38. (b)
39. (b) Work function of metal (𝜙) = ℎ𝑣0 where, 𝑣0 = threshold frequency
1
Also, 2 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2 = ℎ𝑣 − ℎ𝑣0
1 ℎ𝑐
or 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2 = ℎ𝑣 − 𝜙 = − 𝜙
2 𝜆
Thus, on substituting all the given values in Eq. (i), we get
1
× 9 × 10−31 kg × (6 × 105 ms −1 )2
2
6.626 × 10−34 J s × 3 × 108 ms −1
= −𝜙
4000 × 10−10 m
∴ 𝜙 = 1.62 × 10−21 kgm2 s−2
− 4.96 × 10−19 J
= 3.36 × 10−19 J[1 kg m2 s −2 = 1]
= 2.1eV
40. (c) 𝜆0 = 380 nm
𝐾max = ℎ(𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣0 )
𝑐 𝑐 𝜆0 − 𝜆10
= ℎ [ − ] = ℎ𝑐 [ ]
𝜆𝑖 𝜆0 (𝜆0 𝜆10 )
(380 − 260)
= 1237 [ ] = 1.5eV
380 × 260
41. (a)
42. (a) The light emitted by a sample (excited hydrogen atom or any other element), which is passed through a
prism and then separated into certain discrete wavelength is called atomic emission spectra.
43. (a) According to Rydberg's equation,
1 𝑅𝐻 1 1 1 1 1
= ( 2 − 2 ) or ∝ ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 ℎ𝑐 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝜆 𝑛1 𝑛2
For shortest wavelength, i.e. highest energy spectral line, 𝑛2 will be ( ∞ ).
The lowest energy state of Lymen series, 𝑛 = 1.
The lowest energy state of Paschen series, 𝑛 = 3.
For the given spectral series, ratio of the shortest wavelength of two spectral series can be calculated
as follows
1 1 1
𝜆𝐿 32 − ∞2 9 − 0 1
= = =
𝜆𝑃 1 1 1−0 9
−
12 ∞2
Thus, Lyman series and Paschen series forms the ratio of about 9 .
44. (a)
45. (d) The electronic transition from 𝑛 = 2 to 𝑛 = 1 will produce the shortest wavelength in Li2+
1
The exact value can be calculated via Rydberg formula (∵ 𝑍 ∝ )
𝜆
More the atomic number, the shortest will be the wavelength. The atomic number of lithium is 3 and is
the highest of all. So, it will have the shortest wavelength.
46.(c) The spectral line (ii), (iv) and (v) in spectrum is of same order of frequency, i.e. of 1016 H2.
47. (b) Among the given statements, statement (b) is incorrectly described. The correct form is electron will
move from a lower stationary state to a higher stationary state when required amount of energy is
absorbed.
48. (a)
49. (b)
𝑎0 ×𝑛2
50. (b) According to Bohr model, radius of orbit 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑧
For, Li2 + 𝑍 = 3 and 𝑛 = 2
22 × 𝑎0 4𝑎0
∴ 𝑟= =
3 3
51. (c) The radius of the stationary states are expressed as
𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛2 𝑎0
𝑛 = 3, 𝑎0 = 52.9pm
𝑟3 = (3)2 × 52.9[𝑟3 = 476.1pm]
∵ Hence, the radius of the 3 rd stationary state is 476.1pm.
𝑧2
52. (a) Given, 𝐸 = −2.178 × 1018 J [𝑛2 ]
For hydrogen, 𝑍 = 1
1
𝐸1 = −2.178 × 10−18 J [ ]
So, 12
1
𝐸2 = −2.178 × 10−18 J [ 2]
2
Now, 𝐸2 − 𝐸1
1 1
= Δ𝐸 = 2.178 × 10−18 ( − )
12 22
ℎ𝑐
=
𝜆
 1 1
2.178 × 10−18 ( 2
− 2)
1 2
i.e.
6.62 × 10−34 × 3.0 × 108
=
𝜆
∴ 𝜆 ≈ 121 × 10−7 m
53. (b) Ionisation enthalpy of hydrogen atom is 1.312 × 106 J mol−1 . It suggests that the energy of electron in
the ground state (first orbit) is
−1.312 × 106 J mol−1
Δ𝐸 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1
−1.312 × 106 −1.312 × 106
=( ) − ( )
22 1
= 9.84 × 105 J mol−1
54. (c) According to Bohr's model,
1 𝑛 2 ℎ2
⇒ 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 2 2 (𝑖)
2 8𝜋 𝑟 𝑚
Also, Bohr's radius for H-atom is,
𝑟 = 𝑛2 𝑎0
On substituting ' 𝑟 ' in Eq. (i), we get
ℎ2
KE = 2 2 2
8𝜋 𝑛 𝑎0 𝑚
when,
ℎ2
𝑛 = 2, 𝐾𝐸 =
32𝜋 2 𝑎02 𝑚
55. (a)
56.(d) Bohr radius (𝑟𝑛 ) = 𝜖0 𝑛2 ℎ2
𝑎0
∴ = 𝑛2
𝑧
Radius of 𝑛th Bohr orbit for H-atom = 0.53𝑛2 Å
[𝑍 = 1 for H-atom]
∴ Radius of 2 nd Bohr orbit for H-atom = 0.53 × (2)2 = 2.12Å
57. (a) Energy of electron in H-atom is determined by the expression :
13.6
𝐸𝑛 = − 2 eV
𝑛
13.6
In excited states, 𝐸2 = − 4 = −3.4eV
58. (c)
59.(b) Frequency of first line in Balmer series can be calculated as
1 1
𝑣 = 3.29 × 1015 [ 2 − 2 ] 𝑠 −1
𝑛1 𝑛2
1 1
= 3.29 × 1015 [ 2 − ] 𝑠 −1
(2) (3)2
= 4.57 × 1014 𝑠 −1
1 1
60. (c) According to Rydberg's formula, wave number (𝑣‾) = 𝑅𝐻 𝑍 2 [𝑛2 − 𝑛2 ]
𝑖 𝑓
Given, 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛, 𝑛𝑓 = 8
1 1 𝑅 𝑅
[ ∵ it is the case of emission] 𝑣‾ = 𝑅𝐻 × (1)2 [𝑛2 − 82 ] = 𝑛𝐻2 − 64𝐻
On comparing with equation of straight line, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶
−𝑅
We get, slope = 𝑅𝐻 , intercept = 64𝐻
 1
Thus, plot of wave number ( 𝑣‾ ) against 𝑛2 will be linear with slope (+𝑅𝐻 ).
61. (a) The energy associated with Bohr's orbit is
−2.18 × 10−18 J × 𝑍 2
𝐸=
𝑛2
62. (a) In the emission spectra of hydrogen atom, Bracket series is the one where the transition from higher
energy states to third energy state takes place.
i.e. 𝑛2 = 𝑛1 = 3 and 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 > 3
63. (c) From the Rydberg formula
1 1 1
= 𝑅𝐻 ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 𝑛1 𝑛2
1 1 1 25 − 4
= 𝑅 ( 2 − 2) = 𝑅 ( )
𝜆 2 5 100
⇒ 𝜆 = 434 × 10−9 = 434 nm
So, the 434 nm wavelength is in the blue region of the visible spectrum.
64. (a)
65. (c)
66. (d)
67. (b) According to de-Broglie equation,
ℎ 6.6 × 10−27
𝜆= =
𝑚𝑣 300 × 2 × 104
= 1.1 × 10−33 cm
68. (d) The de-Broglie wavelength (𝜆) of a particle is given by the equation
ℎ ℎ
𝜆= ⇒𝑚=
𝑚𝑣 𝜆𝑣
On, substituting the values
6.626 × 10−34
𝑥= = 0.1 kg
6.62 × 10−35 × 100
69.(d)
70. (c) Velocity of photon = Velocity of light
ℎ 6.626 × 10−34 Js
𝑚= =
𝜆𝑣 (3.6 × 10−10 m)(3 × 108 ms−1 )
= 6.135 × 10−33 kg
71. (a)
72. (c) By Heisenberg's uncertainty principle,
ℎ
Δ𝑥 ⋅ 𝑚Δ𝑣 =
4𝜋
Δ𝑣 = 0.005% of 600 m/s
600 × 0.005
= = 0.03 m/s
100
6.6×10−34
Δ𝑥 × 9.1 × 10−31 × 0.03 = 4×3.14
6.6×10−34
Hence, Δ𝑥 = 4×3.14×0.03×9.1×10−31
= 1.92 × 10−3 m
73. (a) According to question,
ℎ
Δ𝑥𝐴 × 𝑚 × 0.05 = (𝑖)
4𝜋
ℎ
Δ𝑥𝐵 × 5𝑚 × 0.02 = (𝑖𝑖)
4𝜋
 Divide Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), then
Δ𝑥𝐴 × 𝑚 × 0.05
=1
Δ𝑥𝐵 × 5𝑚 × 0.02
Δ𝑥𝐴 5𝑚 × 0.02
⇒ = =2
Δ𝑥𝐵 𝑚 × 0.05
ℎ
74. (c) Δ𝑥 ⋅ Δ𝑣 ≥ 4𝜋𝑚
6.63 × 10−34
Δ𝑥 =
4 × 3.14 × 9.1 × 10−31 × 300
× 0.001 × 10−2
75. (d) As we know that,
ℎ ℎ
𝜆= =
𝑚𝑣 √2𝑚𝐾𝐸
1
∵ 𝜆∝
√𝑚
Mass of 𝑒, 𝛼 and 𝑝 are 𝑚𝑒 < 𝑚𝑝 < 𝑚𝛼 .
The correct order is 𝐸𝐴 < 𝐸𝐶 < 𝐸𝐵 .
76.(a)
77. (b) Uncertainty in speed = Accuracy in measuring speed × Given speed Δ𝑣 = 0.05 × 30 m/s = 1.5 m/s By
using Heisenberg's equation
ℎ
= Δ𝑥 ⋅ Δ𝑝 ≥
4𝜋
ℎ
⇒ Δ𝑥 ⋅ 𝑚Δ𝑣 ≥
4𝜋
ℎ
= Δ𝑥 ⋅ 1000 × 1.5 ≥
4𝜋
6.626 × 10−34
⇒ Δ𝑥 ≥
3.14 × 4 × 1.500
Δ𝑥 = 3.57 × 10−35 m
So, uncertainty in speed = 1.5 m/s Uncertainty in position = 3.51 × 10−34 m
78. (b)
79. (c)
80. (d) All the given statements are correct except V.
The correct statement of V is
Wave function is denoted by 𝜓.
81. (d) Spin quantum number describes the spin of electron in particular orbital.
Orientations of electron cloud is specified of a magnetic quantum number.
82. (b) Electronic configuration of Fe2+ is [Ar] 3𝑑6 4𝑠 0
∴ Number of 𝑑-electrons = 6 Cl = 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝5 (11p-electrons)
It does not match with the 6𝑑-electrons of Fe2+ .
Hence, Cl has 11p-electrons which does not matches in number with 6𝑑-electrons of Fe2+ .
83. (c)
84. (b) Statements I and IV are correct, while the other statements are incorrect.
Corrected forms are as follow
II. The principal quantum number determines the size and to large extent the energy of the orbital.
III. The magnetic quantum number gives information about the spatial orientation of the orbital with
respect to standard set of coordinate axis.
85.(d) Statements III and IV are correct, while the other statements are incorrect.
Their corrected forms are as follow
 I. The shape of the orbitals is given by azimuthal quantum number.
II. In an atom, all electrons travel with the different velocity.
86 (a) Given, atomic number of Rb, 𝑍 = 37.
Thus, its electronic configuration is [𝐾𝑟]5𝑠1 . Since, the last electron or valence electron enter in 5𝑠-
subshell.
So, the quantum numbers are 𝑛 = 5,
𝑙 = 0, (for 𝑠-orbital) 𝑚 = 0(∵ 𝑚 = +𝑙 to -1), 𝑠 = +1/2 or −1/2.
87 (d) The graphs between |𝜓|2 and 𝑟 are radial density plots having ( 𝑛 − 𝑙 − 1 ) number of radial nodes.

Thus, the given graph between |𝜓|2 and 𝑟 represents 2𝑠-orbital.

88.(a) Number of orbitals associated with 𝑛 = 5 is 𝑛2 = 25.

89 (b) Among the given option, (b) represents the correct 𝑑-orbitals.
i.e. I-d 𝑑𝑥𝑦 , 𝐼𝐼 − 𝑑𝑥𝑧 , III-d 𝑑𝑦𝑧
90.(d) Degenerate orbitals mean the orbitals of the same subshell of the same shell, i.e. their 𝑛 and 𝑙 values
should be same for both the given sets. Thus, (d) represents pair of degenerate orbitals.
91.(a) The energy of the orbitals in hydrogen atom increases as follows 1𝑠 < 2𝑠 = 2𝑝 < 3𝑠 = 3𝑝 = 3𝑑 < 4𝑠 =
4𝑝 = 4𝑑 = 4𝑓
92. (a) Statements I, II and III are correct but IV is incorrect. It's correct form is the net positive charge
experienced by the other electrons is known as effective nuclear charge ( 𝑍eff ).
93 (b) The correct representation should be 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑10 4𝑠1 for the copper which has atomic number
29 .
Due to extra stability of fully-filled orbital of 𝑑-subshell, the last electron enters into 𝑑-orbital instead of 𝑠-
orbital.
94. (d)
95. (d)
96 (a) With the saturation of 3𝑑-orbitals, the filling up of the 4𝑝-orbitals starts at Ga and is completed at Kr.
97 (c)
Symbols = 𝑲 𝑳 𝑴 𝑵

19 𝑋 = 2 8 8 1

21 𝑌 = 2 8 9 2

25 𝑍 = 2 8 13 2

Hence, the order of number of electrons in 𝑀-shell is 𝑍 > 𝑌 > 𝑋.

98 (a) The complete electronic configuration will become 1𝑠 2 , 2𝑠 2 , 2𝑝6 , 3𝑠 2 , 3𝑑6 , 4𝑠 2 3𝑑5.
The number of electrons are = 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 5 = 25
So, atomic number, 𝑍 = 25.

Assertion-Reason
1 (a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
2 (a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
3 (a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
4 (c) 𝐴 is true but 𝑅 is false.
 The correct form of 𝑅 is :
Frequency of emitted radiation goes from lower frequency to higher frequency as the temperature
increases.
The red colour lies in the lower frequency while blue colour belongs to the higher frequency region of
electromagnetic spectrum.
5 (d) A is false but 𝑅 is true.
The correct form of 𝐴 is :
Kinetic energy of the ejected electron is proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation.
∴ Greater the energy possessed by the photon, greater will be transfer of energy to the electron and
greater the kinetic energy of the ejected electron.
6 (a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
7 (a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
8 (a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
9 (a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.
10 (a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation of 𝐴.

Statement Type
1 (d) Both the Statements I and II are true.
2 (d) Both Statement I and Statement II. is true.

Energies of the orbitals in hydrogen or hydrogen like species depend only on the quantum number ' 𝑛 '.
Energies of the orbitals in multielectron atoms depend on quantum numbers ' 𝑛 ' and ' 𝑙 ', i.e. more than
1 quantum number.
3 (b) Statement I is true but Statement II is false. If probability density |𝜓|2 is constant on a given surface, 𝜓
is constant over the surface. The boundary surface for 𝜓 2 and 𝜓 are identical.
4 (b) Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
No. of radial nodes = (𝑛 − 𝑙 − 1)]
No. of angular nodes (𝑙) = 2
Total no. of node, 𝑛 − 1.
So, 3𝑑𝑥𝑦 has 3 − 2 − 1 = 0 radial node.
5 (b) Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
The correct form of Statement II is : Electrons with the same principle quantum number ( 𝑛 ) but
different azimuthal quantum numbers ( 𝑙 ) experience different effective nuclear charges within an
atom.
6 (c) Statement I is false but
Statement II is true.
The correct form of Statement I is :
The two configurations are different
Fe2+ = [Ar]18 3𝑑6
Cr = [rr]8 4𝑠1 3𝑑5
7 (b) Among the given statements II, III, IV and V are correct, while the statement 𝐼 is incorrect. It's correct
form is as follows
The speed of light depends upon the nature of the medium through which it passes.
8 (c) Statements, III, IV and V are correct while Statements I and II are incorrect.
Their correct form are as follows
I. Angular quantum number signifies the shape of the orbital.
II. Total number of nodes for 3𝑠-orbital is two.
9 (a) । I is incorrect. Their correct form are as follows
I. In caesium, the electrons are most loosely held on the surface of the atom due to very small
 ionisation energy.
10 (d) Statement II is incorrect. It's correct form is as follows In case of absorption spectrum, 𝑛𝑓 > 𝑛𝑖 and in
case of emission spectrum 𝑛𝑖 > 𝑛𝑓 .
Rest other statements are correct.

Matching Type
1 (d) The correct match is A-3, B-1, C-2.
2 (c) The correct match is A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3.
3 (a) The correct match is A-5, B-6, C-3, D-4, E-1, F-2.
4 (b) The correct match is A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4.
5 (d) The correct match is A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2.

Numerical Value
1 (6) Energy of electron in 𝑛th orbital
𝑧2
= −13.6 × eV
𝑛2
For 2nd excited state of He+ , 𝑛 = 3
22
∴ 𝐸3 (He+ ) = −13.6 × eV
32
= −6.04 V ≈ −6
1 1 1
2 (91) = 𝑅H [ − ]
𝜆 𝑛12 𝑛22
1 1
= 1.097 × 107 [− ]
12 ∞2
−7
𝜆 = 0.91 × 10
𝜆 = 91 nm
3 (25) Number of orbitals can be calculated by using the formula = 𝑛2 = (5)2 = 25
4 (2) Number of radial nodes in an orbital is given as 𝑛 − 𝑙 − 1.
6𝑝: 𝑛 = 6, 𝑙 = 1 ⇒ 6 − 1 − 1 = 4
7𝑠: 𝑛 = 7, 𝑙 = 0 ⇒ 7 − 0 − 1 = 6
7𝑝: 𝑛 = 7, 𝑙 = 1 ⇒ 7 − 1 − 1 = 5
8𝑝: 𝑛 = 8, 𝑙 = 1 ⇒ 8 − 1 − 1 = 6
8𝑑: 𝑛 = 8, 𝑙 = 2 ⇒ 8 − 2 − 1 = 5
5 (2) For 5𝑑-orbital the value of 𝑛 = 5 and 𝑙 = 2
So, angular nodes = 𝑙 = 2
radial nodes = 𝑛 − 1 − 1
=5−2−1=2

NCERT Exemplar's
1 (b) Statement (b) is incorrect. It's correct form is as follows
The mass of electron is not equal to the mass of neutron. It is much less than that of neutron.
Rest other statements are correct.
2 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect. It's correct form is as follows
Cathode rays do not depend upon the nature of gas present in the cathode rays tube.
Rest other statements are correct.
3 (c) Rutherford's model does not provide any idea about the movement of electrons in a circular path of
fixed energy called orbits.
4 (a)
5 (d) Isobars have the same mass number (i.e. sum of protons and neutrons) but different atomic number
 (i.e. number of protons). e.g. 18 Ar 40 and 19 K 40 are isobars.
40 40
18 Ar 19 K
Atomic number = 18 Atomic number = 19
Mass number = 40 Mass number = 40
6 (b)
7 (b)
8 (b) Correct configuration should be 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑10 4𝑠1 for the copper which has atomic number
29 ( 29 Cu ).
Due to extra stability of full filled orbital of 𝑑-subshell, the last electron enter into 𝑑-orbital instead of 𝑠-
orbital.
9 (b) 24 Cr = [Ar]3𝑑5 , 4𝑠1 ; 24 Cr 3+ = [Ar]3𝑑3 26 Fe = [Ar]3𝑑6 , 4𝑠 2 ; 26 Fe3+ = [Ar]3𝑑 5 25 Mn =
[Ar]3𝑑5 , 4𝑠 2 ; 25 Mn2+ = [Ar]3𝑑5 . 27 Co = [Ar]3𝑑7 , 4𝑠 2 ; 27 Co3+ = [Ar]3𝑑6 21 SC = [Ar]3𝑑1 , 4𝑠 2 ; 21 Sc 3+ = [Ar].
Thus, Fe3+ and Mn2+ have the same electronic configuration.
10 (c) Total number of orbitals associated with 𝑛th shell = 𝑛2
∴ Total number of orbitals associated with third shell = (3)2 = 9
11 (a) Orbital angular momentum,
ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 = √𝑙(𝑙 + 1)
2𝜋
Hence, it depends only on ' 1 '. I can have values ranging from 0 to (𝑛 − 1).
12 (d) For an atom there are 𝑛 − 𝑙 − 1 radial nodes and ( 𝑛 − 1 ) total nodes.
Number of radial nodes for 3𝑝-orbital
= 𝑛−𝑙−1= 3−1−1 = 1
13 (c) Number of angular nodes = 1
For 4 th orbital 𝑛 = 4 and 𝑙 = 2 for 𝑑-orbital.
∴ Number of angular nodes = 2

Past Exams'
1 (c) Among the given statements II, III and 𝑉 are correct while remaining are incorrect. The correct form of
I and IV are as follows
I. Atoms of all elements are composed of three fundamental particles, i.e. electrons, protons and
neutrons.
IV. Protons and neutrons are collectively known as nucleons.
2 (d) We know that, 𝑛𝑚 = 2𝑙 + 1.
𝑛𝑚 − 1
∴ 2𝑙 = 𝑛𝑚 − 1 and 𝑙 =
2
3 (d) According to Bohr's atomic model
𝑛2
𝑟∝
𝑍
+
For 2nd orbit of He , 𝑛2 = 2
𝑧2 = 2
2+
For 3 rd orbit of Li , 𝑛1 = 3
𝑧1 = 3
From the above equation,
(𝑟3 )L2+ 𝑛12 × 𝑧2
=
(𝑟2 )He+ 𝑛22 × 𝑧1
(𝑟3 )L2+ 3×3×2
=
105.8pm 2 × 2 × 3
= 158.7pm
2+
Hence, the radius of third Bohr orbit of Li ion is 158.7pm.
4 (d) The shapes of 𝑑𝑥𝑦 , 𝑑𝑥𝑧 , 𝑑𝑦𝑧 and 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 are similar to each-other, while that of 𝑑𝑧2 is different from
others. All five 3𝑑-orbitals are equivalent in energy. The 𝑑-orbitals for which 𝑛 is greater than 3
(4𝑑, 5𝑑, … ) also have shapes similar to 3𝑑-orbital but differ in energy and size.
5 (a) Frequency of electromagnetic radiation
𝑣 = 1368kHz = 1368 × 103 s−1
Speed of light, 𝑐 = 3 × 108 ms−1
𝑐 3×108 ms−1
Wavelength of electromagnetic radiation, 𝜆 = 𝑣 = 1368×103 s−1
= 219.3 m
6 (a) The species having same number of electrons are among the given pairs of ions, Fe2+ and Mn2+ are
not isoelectronic as Fe2+ contains 24 electrons and Mn2+ contains 23.
7 (a) In 17571 Lu, number of electrons = Number of protons = Atomic number = 71
and No. of neutrons = Mass number -
Atomic number = 175 − 71 = 104
8 (a) For 3𝑠-orbital, 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 0
Number of radial nodes
= (𝑛 − 𝑙 − 1) = 3 − 0 − 1 = 2
Number of angular nodes = 𝑙 = 0.
9 (c) Series Region
Lyman series : UV region
Balmer series : Visible region
Paschen series : IR region
Brackett series : IR region
10 (d) The order of energy of orbitals can be calculated from (𝑛 + 𝑙) rule. The lower the value of (𝑛 + 𝑙) for
an orbital, lower is its energy. If two orbitals have same (𝑛 + 𝑙) value, the orbital with lower value of 𝑛
has the lower energy.
(i) 6𝑝 = 𝑛 + 𝑙 = 6 + 1 = 7
(ii) 5𝑓 = 5 + 3 = 8
(iii) 4𝑑 = 4 + 2 = 6
(iv) 5𝑝 = 5 + 1 = 6
∴ The order of decreasing energy will be 5𝑓 > 6𝑝 > 5𝑝 > 4𝑑.
11 (a)According to Hund’s rule “the pairing of electrons in the orbitals of a
particular subshell does not takes place until all the orbitals of a subshell are singly occupied.
Moreover, the singly orbitals must have the electrons with parallel spin. i.e.

Hence, option (a) is the incorrect option.

12 (c) In case of hydrogen like atoms, energy depends on the principal quantum number, i.e. ' 𝑛 ' only.
Hence, 2𝑠-orbital will have energy equal to 2𝑝-orbital.
13 (c) Two electrons occupying the same orbital has equal spin but the directions of their spin are opposite.
Hence, spin quantum number, 𝑠,
(represented +1/2 and −1/2 ) distinguishes them.
14 (d) Both Statement. I and Statement II are correct.
15 (b) Energy of hydrogen atom can be given as
𝐸1 = −2.18 × 10−18 J/ atom (𝑖)
For 3rd orbit, (𝑛 = 3)(𝑍 = 1)
 (1)2
𝐸3 = −2.18 × 10−18 [ 2 ]
(3)
Hence, the energy in the 3rd Bohr orbit is ( 1/9 th) of the energy of electron in the first Bohr orbit.
16 (c) As we know,
ℎ 2𝜋𝑟
𝜆= =
𝑚𝑣 𝑛
de-Broglie wavelength of electron in 3rd orbit,
2𝜋𝑟3
𝜆3 = (𝑖)
𝑛
Also radius of 3 rd orbit, 𝑟3 = radius of 1st orbit × 𝑛2
𝑟3 = 𝑎0 × 𝑛2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) 𝜆3 = 2𝜋𝑎0 × 𝑛 for 3rd orbit, 𝑛 = 3
∴ 𝜆3 = 6𝜋𝑎0
17 (a) A is true but 𝑅 is false. Correct form is 𝑅 is :
Emission of electron from metal surface take place only, when the photon with energy greater than
threshold frequency strikes the metal surface. The ejected electrons leave with a specific amount of kinetic
energy at a frequency 𝑣 > 𝑣0.
18 (d) The orbital with greater value of 𝑛 + 𝑙 value will have higher energy.
𝑛=3
𝑙=2
𝑛+𝑙 →5 𝑛 =3
𝑙=0 𝑙=0
>
𝑙=4 3
𝐷>𝐵 𝐶
𝑙=3
𝑙=1
19 (c). For minimum kinetic energy
𝐸 = 𝐸0 = ℎ𝑣0
= 6.6 × 10−34 × 1.3 × 1015
= 8.58 × 10−19 J
20 (a) Both 𝐴 and 𝑅 are true and 𝑅 is the correct explanation 𝐴.
𝑛2
21 (b) Radius of 𝑛th Bohr's orbit of hydrogen atom is given as 𝑟 = 0.529 × Å (𝑍 = 1 for hydrogen ) So, for
𝑍
3rd Bohr's orbit
(3)2
𝑟3 = 0.529 ×
1
For 4th Bohr's orbit ( 𝑛 = 4 )
(4)2
𝑟4 = 0.529 ×
1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
𝑟4 0.529 × 16 16 16
= = ⇒ 𝑟4 = 𝑟
𝑟3 0.529 × 9 9 9 3
22 (c) Statements I, III and IV are correct while Statements II and V are incorrect.
II. Azimuthal quantum number ' 1 ' can have values from 0 to (𝑛 − 1) for a given ' 𝑛 '. It describes the
subshell and orbital angular momentum.
V. For any value of ' 𝑙 ', total number of orbitals are given by (2𝑙 + 1) formula. So, for 𝑙 = 5.
Total number of orbitals
= 2𝑙 + 1 = 2 × 5 + 1 = 11
23 (b) The point at which the probability of finding an electron is zero is known as node or nodal surface.
Number of nodes in any orbital = 𝑛 − 𝑙 − 1
 In case of 2𝑠-orbital, number of nodes = 2 − 0 − 1 = 1
The correct plot for 𝜓 2 (𝑟) as function of distance ' 𝑟 '.

24 (c) Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Skill Boosters
ℎ 1
1 (c) According to de-Broglie's equation, 𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣, i.e. 𝜆 ∝ 𝑚 the mass of the car is very large and its
wavelength (𝜆) or wave nature is negligible. Therefore, we do not see a car moving like a wave.
2 (c) Angular momentum
𝑛ℎ 𝑛ℎ
= 𝑚𝑣𝑟 = ;𝑣 =
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑚𝑟
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 4𝜋 2 𝑚𝑟 2
𝑇= = =
𝑣 𝑛ℎ 𝑛ℎ
2𝜋𝑚𝑟
From Bohr's theory,
𝑍
𝑣 = 2.18 × 106 × m/s
𝑛
⇒ = 2.18 × 106 m/s
3 (c) According to de-Broglie relation of wavelength with mass and velocity.
ℎ 6.6 × 10−34
𝜆= =
𝑚𝑣 60 × 10−3 × 10
= 1.1 × 10−33 ≈ 10−33 m
4 (b) An ideal body, which emits and absorbs radiations of all frequencies uniformly is called a black body
and the radiation emitted by such a body is called black body radiation
In body B, the energy absorbed from its surroundings is the same amount of energy it radiates per unit
area, which is a characteristics of a black body.
Hence, body 𝐵 is a black body.
5 (d) 𝛼-particles pass through the gold foil deflected by small angles with reduced speed because it carries
positive charge which due to repulsion from protons deflected by smaller angle.
6 (b) Energy of hydrogen atom
= −13.6eV
+
Energy of He = −3.4eV, 𝑧 = 2
−13.6 × 𝑧 2
−3.4 = eV
𝑛2
13.6 × 4
⇒ 𝑛=√
3.4
⇒ 𝑛=4
Azimuthal quantum number (𝑙) = 2 so, the subshell is 𝑑.
So, it belong to 4𝑑 state.
7 (b) It is given that 𝑆1 is spherically symmetrical state, so it related to 𝑠-orbital.
Because it also has 1 radial node so, 𝑛 − 𝑙 − 1 = Radial nodes
⇒𝑛−0−1=1
⇒ 𝑛=2
i.e. 𝑆1 = 2𝑠
If a state has 1 radial node and energy equal to hydrogen ground state energy. This condition is
possible only when orbital is 3𝑝.