Mathematics 30-1

Student Workbook
Unit
3

Lesson 1: Exponential Functions

y = bx Approximate Completion Time: 3 Days

logBA = E Lesson 2: Laws of Logarithms

Approximate Completion Time: 4 Days

y = logbx Lesson 3: Logarithmic Functions

Approximate Completion Time: 3 Days

UNIT THREE
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 Mathematics 30-1
Student Workbook
Unit
3

Complete this workbook by watching the videos on www.math30.ca.

Work neatly and use proper mathematical form in your notes.

UNIT THREE
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 1 Exponential Functions Graphing Exponential Functions

For each exponential function:

i) Complete the table of values and draw the graph.
ii) State the domain, range, intercepts, and the equation of the asymptote.

a)

x y
Domain:
-3
Range:
-2

-1 x-intercept:
Set-Builder Notation
0 A set is simply a collection of numbers,
y-intercept: such as {1, 4, 5}. We use set-builder notation
to outline the rules governing members of a set.
1
{x | x ε R, x ≥ -1}
2 Asymptote: -1 0 1 State the List conditions
variable. on the variable.
In words: “The variable is x, such that x can be
3 any real number with the condition that x ≥ -1”.
As a shortcut, set-builder notation can be reduced
to just the most important condition.

x ≥ -1
-1 0 1
While this resource uses the shortcut for brevity, as
b) set-builder notation is covered in previous courses,
Math 30-1 students are expected to know how to
read and write full set-builder notation.

x y
Domain: Interval Notation
-3 Math 30-1 students are expected to
know that domain and range can be
Range: expressed using interval notation.
-2
() - Round Brackets: Exclude point
-1 x-intercept: from interval.
[] - Square Brackets: Include point
in interval.
0
Infinity ∞ always gets a round bracket.
y-intercept:
1 Examples: x ≥ -5 becomes [-5, ∞);
1 < x ≤ 4 becomes (1, 4];
2 Asymptote: x ε R becomes (-∞ , ∞);
-8 ≤ x < 2 or 5 ≤ x < 11
becomes [-8, 2) U [5, 11),
3 where U means “or”, or union of sets;
x ε R, x ≠ 2 becomes (-∞ , 2) U (2, ∞);
-1 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ≠ 0 becomes [-1 , 0) U (0, 3].

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes
x
 1 y
c) y =   x
2 Domain:
-3
Range:
-2

-1 x-intercept:

0 y-intercept:
1
Asymptote:
2

d) x y
Domain:
-3
Range:
-2

-1 x-intercept:

0 y-intercept:
1
Asymptote:
2

e) Define exponential function. Are the functions y = 0x and y = 1x considered exponential functions?
What about y = (-1)x ?

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes
Determine the exponential function
Example 2 corresponding to each graph, then use
Exponential Function
of a Graph. (y = bx)
the function to find the unknown.
All graphs in this example have the form y = bx.

a)
100

(3, 64)
50

(2, 16)

(-2, n)

b)
10

(-3, n)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes
c)

(-3, 125)

100

50

(-2, 25)

(1, n)

d)
10

(3, n)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes
Draw the graph. The graph of y = 2x is provided
Example 3 as a convenience. State the domain, range, and
Transformations
equation of the asymptote.
a) b)
10 10

5 5

-5 5 -5 5

-5 -5

c) d)
10 10

5 5

-5 5 -5 5

-5 -5

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes
Draw the graph. The graph of y = (1/2)x is provided
Example 4 as a convenience. State the domain, range, and
Transformations
equation of the asymptote.
a) b)
10 10

5 5

-5 5 -5 5

-5 -5

c) d)
10 10

5 5

-5 5 -5 5

-5 -5

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes
Determine the exponential function
Example 5 corresponding to each graph, then use
Exponential Function
of a Graph. (y = abx + k)
the function to find the unknown.
Both graphs in this example have the
form y = abx + k.

a)
10

(-5, n)
5

-5 5
(0, -2)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes

b)
10

(-5, n)

-5 5

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 6 Answer each of the following questions. Assorted Questions

a) What is the y-intercept of f(x) = abx - 4 ?

b) The point exists on the graph of y = a(5)x. What is the value of a?

c) If the graph of is stretched vertically so it passes through the point ,

what is the equation of the transformed graph?

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes

d) If the graph of y = 2x is vertically translated so it passes through the point (3, 5), what
is the equation of the transformed graph?

e) If the graph of y = 3x is vertically stretched by a scale factor of 9, can this be written as

a horizontal translation?

f) Show algebraically that each pair of graphs are identical.

i) ii) iii)

iv) v)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 7 Solving equations where x is in the base. Raising Reciprocals

a) b)

c) d)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes

Example 8 Solving equations where x is in the exponent. Common Base

a) b)

c) d)

e) Determine x and y: f) Determine m and n:

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 9 Solving equations where x is in the exponent. Common Base

(fractional base)

a) b)

c) d)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes

Example 10 Solving equations where x is in the exponent. Common Base

(fractional exponents)

a) b)

c) d)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 11 Solving equations where x is in the exponent. Common Base

(multiple powers)

a) b)

c) d)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes

Example 12 Solving equations where x is in the exponent. Common Base

(radicals)

a) b)

c) d)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 13 Solving equations where x is in the exponent. Factoring

a) b)

c) d)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes

Example 14 Solving equations where x is in the exponent. No Common Base

(use technology)

a) b)

c) d)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes
A 90 mg sample of a radioactive isotope has a
Example 15 half-life of 5 years.

a) Write a function, m(t), that relates the mass

of the sample, m, to the elapsed time, t.

b) What will be the mass of the sample in 6 months?

Logarithmic Solutions
Some of these examples provide an
excellent opportunity to use logarithms.
c) Draw the graph for the first 20 years.
Logarithms are not a part of this lesson,
but it is recommended that you return
to these examples at the end of the unit
and complete the logarithm portions.
d) How long will it take for the sample to
have a mass of 0.1 mg?

Solve Graphically Solve with Logarithms

m
Graph for part (c).
100

50

10 20 t

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes
A bacterial culture contains 800 bacteria
Example 16 initially and doubles every 90 minutes.

a) Write a function, B(t), that relates the quantity

of bacteria, B, to the elapsed time, t.

b) How many bacteria will exist in the culture after 8 hours?

c) Draw the graph for the first ten hours.

d) How long ago did the culture

have 50 bacteria?

Solve Graphically Solve with Logarithms

B
Graph for part (c).
100000

50000

5 10 t

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 17 In 1990, a personal computer had a processor speed

of 16 MHz. In 1999, a personal computer had a processor
speed of 600 MHz. Based on these values, the speed of a
processor increased at an average rate of 44% per year.
a) Estimate the processor speed of a computer in 1994 (t = 4).
How does this compare with actual processor speeds (66 MHz) that year?

b) A computer that cost $2500 in 1990 depreciated at a rate of 30% per year.
How much was the computer worth four years after it was purchased?

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes
A city with a population of 800,000 is
Example 18 projected to grow at an annual rate of 1.3%.

a) Estimate the population of the city in 5 years.

b) How many years will it take for the population to double?

Solve Graphically P% Solve with Logarithms
5

20 40 60 80 100 t

c) If projections are incorrect, and the city’s population decreases at an annual rate of 0.9%,
estimate how many people will leave the city in 3 years.

d) How many years will it take for the population to be reduced by half?
Solve Graphically P% Solve with Logarithms
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

20 40 60 80 100 t

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y=b x
LESSON ONE - Exponential Functions
Lesson Notes
$500 is placed in a savings account that
Example 19 compounds interest annually at a rate of 2.5%.

a) Write a function, A(t), that relates the amount of the

investment, A, with the elapsed time t.

$
b) How much will the investment be worth in 5 years?
How much interest has been received?
$ $

c) Draw the graph for the first 20 years.

d) How long does it take for the investment

to double?

Solve Graphically Solve with Logarithms

$
Graph for part (c).
1000

500

10 20 t

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON ONE- Exponential Functions y = bx
Lesson Notes
e) Calculate the amount of the investment in 5 years if compounding occurs i) semi-annually,
ii) monthly, and iii) daily. Summarize your results in the table.

Future amount of $500 invested for

5 years and compounded:

Annually Use answer from part b.

Semi-Annually
Monthly
Daily

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes

Example 1 Introduction to Logarithms. Logarithm Components

a) Label the components of logBA = E and A = BE.

logBA = E A = BE

b) Evaluate each logarithm.

i) log21 = ii) log 1 =

log22 = log 10 =

log24 = log 100 =

log28 = log 1000 =

c) Which logarithm is bigger?

i) log21 or log42

ii) or

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes
Order each set of logarithms
Example 2 from least to greatest.
Ordering Logarithms

a)

b)

c) (Estimate the order using benchmarks)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes
Convert each equation from
Example 3 logarithmic to exponential form.
Logarithmic to Exponential Form
(The Seven Rule)
Express answers so y is isolated
on the left side.

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

g) h)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes
Convert each equation from
Example 4 exponential to logarithmic form.
Exponential to Logarithmic Form
(A Base is Always a Base)
Express answers with the
logarithm on the left side.

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

g) h)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes
Evaluate each logarithm using
Example 5 change of base.
Evaluating Logarithms
(Change of Base)

a) b)
General Rule

For Calculator
(base-10)
c) d)

In parts (e - h), condense each expression to a single logarithm.

e) f)

g) h)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes
Expand each logarithm using
Example 6 the product law.
Expanding Logarithms
(Product Law)

a) b)

c) d)

In parts (e - h), condense each expression to a single logarithm.

e) f)

g) h)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes
Expand each logarithm using
Example 7 the quotient law.
Expanding Logarithms
(Quotient Law)

a) b)

c) d)

In parts (e - h), condense each expression to a single logarithm.

e) f)

g) h)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes
Expand each logarithm using
Example 8 the power law.
Expanding Logarithms
(Power Law)

a) b)

c) d)

In parts (e - h), condense each expression to a single logarithm.

e) f)

g) h)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes
Expand each logarithm using
Example 9 the appropriate logarithm rule.
Expanding Logarithms
(Other Rules)

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

g) h)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes
Use logarithm laws to answer
Example 10 each of the following questions.
Substitution Questions

a) If 10k = 4, then 101 + 2k = b) If 3a = k, then log3k4 =

c) If logb4 = k, then logb16 = d) If log2a = h, then log4a =

e) If logbh = 3 and logbk = 4, f) If logh4 = 2 and log8k = 2,

then log2(hk) =
then =

g) Write logx + 1 as a single logarithm. h) Write 3 + log2x as a single logarithm.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes

Example 11 Solving Equations. Express answers

using exact values.
Solving Exponential Equations
(No Common Base)

a) b)

c) d)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes

Example 12 Solving Equations. Express answers

using exact values.
Solving Exponential Equations
(No Common Base)

a) b)

c) d)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes

Example 13 Solving Equations. Express answers

using exact values.
Solving Logarithmic Equations
(One Solution)

a) b)

c) d)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes

Example 14 Solving Equations. Express answers

using exact values.
Solving Logarithmic Equations
(Multiple Solutions)

a) b)

c) d)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes

Example 15 Solving Equations. Express answers

using exact values.
Solving Logarithmic Equations
(Multiple Solutions)

a) b)

c) d)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes

Example 16 Assorted Questions. Express answers

using exact values.
Assorted Mix I

a) Evaluate. b) Condense.

c) Solve. d) Evaluate.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes
e) Write as a logarithm. f) Show that:

g) If loga3 = x and loga4 = 12, h) Condense.

then loga122 =
(express answer in terms of x.)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes

Example 17 Assorted Questions. Express answers

using exact values.
Assorted Mix II

a) Evaluate. b) Evaluate.

c) What is one-third of 3234 ? d) Solve.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes

e) Evaluate. f) Condense.

g) Solve. h) If xy = 8, then 5log2x + 5log2y =

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes

Example 18 Assorted Questions. Express answers

using exact values.
Assorted Mix III

a) Evaluate. b) Solve.

c) Condense. d) Solve.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes

e) Condense. f) Evaluate.

g) Show that: h) Condense.

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes

Example 19 Assorted Questions. Express answers

using exact values.
Assorted Mix IV

a) Solve. b) Condense.

c) Solve. d) Condense.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes

e) Evaluate. f) Solve.

g) Evaluate. h) Condense.

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes

Example 20 Assorted Questions. Express answers

using exact values.
Assorted Mix V

a) Solve. b) Solve.

c) Evaluate. d) Condense.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
logBA = E LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms
Lesson Notes

e) Solve. f) Solve.

g) Condense. h) Solve.

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON TWO - Laws of Logarithms logBA = E
Lesson Notes

This page has been left blank for correct workbook printing.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y = logbx LESSON THREE - Logarithmic Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 1 Logarithmic Functions Graphing

Logarithms
a) Draw the graph of f(x) = 2x
10

b) Draw the inverse of f(x).

c) Show algebraically that the inverse

of f(x) = 2x is f-1(x) = log2x.
5

-5 5

d) State the domain, range, intercepts,

and asymptotes of both graphs. -5

y = 2x y = log2x f) Are y = log1x, y = log0x, and y = log-2x

logarithmic functions?
Domain What about ?
10

Range

x-intercept

y-intercept

Asymptote
g) Define logarithmic function.
Equation

e) Use the graph to determine the value of:

i) log20.5, ii) log21, iii) log22, iv) log27
h) How can y = log2x be graphed in a calculator?

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON THREE- Logarithmic Functions y = logbx
Lesson Notes
Draw each of the following graphs without technology.
Example 2 State the domain, range, and asymptote equation.
Graphing
Logarithms

a) b) The exponential function

corresponding to the base
is provided as a convenience.

Given: Given:

c) d)

Given: Given:

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y = logbx LESSON THREE - Logarithmic Functions
Lesson Notes
Draw each of the following graphs without technology.
Example 3 State the domain, range, and asymptote equation.
Stretches and
Reflections

a) b) The exponential function

corresponding to the base
is provided as a convenience.

Given: Given:

c) d)

Given: Given:

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON THREE- Logarithmic Functions y = logbx
Lesson Notes
Draw each of the following graphs without technology.
Example 4 State the domain, range, and asymptote equation.
Translations

a) b) The exponential function

corresponding to the base
is provided as a convenience.

Given: Given:

c) d)

Given: Given:

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y = logbx LESSON THREE - Logarithmic Functions
Lesson Notes
Draw each of the following graphs without technology.
Example 5 State the domain, range, and asymptote equation.
Combined
Transformations

a) b) The exponential function

corresponding to the base
is provided as a convenience.

Given: Given:
4

c) d)

Given: Given:

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON THREE- Logarithmic Functions y = logbx
Lesson Notes
Draw each of the following graphs without technology.
Example 6 State the domain, range, and asymptote equation.
Other
Logarithmic
Functions
a) b)

c) d)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y = logbx LESSON THREE - Logarithmic Functions
Lesson Notes
Solve each equation by (i) finding a
Example 7 common base (if possible), (ii) using
Exponential Equations
(solve multiple ways)
logarithms, and (iii) graphing.
a)
i) Common Base ii) Solve with Logarithms iii) Solve Graphically

b)
i) Common Base ii) Solve with Logarithms iii) Solve Graphically

c)
i) Common Base ii) Solve with Logarithms iii) Solve Graphically

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON THREE- Logarithmic Functions y = logbx
Lesson Notes
Solve each equation by (i) using
Example 8 logarithm laws, and (ii) graphing.
Logarithmic Equations
(solve multiple ways)

a)
i) Solve with Logarithm Laws ii) Solve Graphically

b)
i) Solve with Logarithm Laws ii) Solve Graphically

c)
i) Solve with Logarithm Laws ii) Solve Graphically

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y = logbx LESSON THREE - Logarithmic Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 9 Answer the following questions. Assorted Mix I

a) The graph of y = logbx passes through the point (8, 2). What is the value of b?

b) What are the x- and y-intercepts of y = log2(x + 4)?

c) What is the equation of the asymptote for y = log3(3x – 8)?

d) The point (27, 3) lies on the graph of y = logbx. If the point (4, k)
exists on the graph of y = bx, then what is the value of k?

e) What is the domain of f(x) = logx(6 – x)?

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON THREE- Logarithmic Functions y = logbx
Lesson Notes

Example 10 Answer the following questions. Assorted Mix II

a) The graph of y = log3x can be transformed to the graph of y = log3(9x) by

either a stretch or a translation. What are the two transformation equations?

b) If the point (4, 1) exists on the graph of y = log4x, what is the point after
the transformation y = log4(2x + 6)?

c) A vertical translation is applied to the graph of y = log3x so the image has

an x-intercept of (9, 0). What is the transformation equation?

d) What is the point of intersection of f(x) = log2x and g(x) = log2(x + 3) - 2?

e) What is the x-intercept of y = alogb(kx)?

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y = logbx LESSON THREE - Logarithmic Functions
Lesson Notes

Example 11 Answer the following questions. Assorted Mix III

a) What is the equation of the reflection line for the graphs of f(x) = bx and ?

b) If the point (a, 0) exists on the graph of f(x), and the point (0, a) exists on the graph
of g(x), what is the transformation equation?

c) What is the inverse of f(x) = 3x + 4?

d) If the graph of f(x) = log4x is transformed by the equation y = f(3x – 12) + 2, what is the
new domain of the graph?

e) The point (k, 3) exists on the inverse of y = 2x. What is the value of k?

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON THREE- Logarithmic Functions y = logbx
Lesson Notes

Example 12
The strength of an earthquake is calculated
using Richter’s formula:

where M is the magnitude of the earthquake

(unitless), A is the seismograph amplitude of
the earthquake being measured (m), and A0
is the seismograph amplitude of a threshold
earthquake (10-6 m).

a) An earthquake has a seismograph amplitude of 10-2 m.

What is the magnitude of the earthquake?

b) The magnitude of an earthquake is 5.0 on the Richter scale.

What is the seismograph amplitude of this earthquake?

c) Two earthquakes have magnitudes of 4.0 and 5.5.

Calculate the seismograph amplitude ratio for the two earthquakes.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y = logbx LESSON THREE - Logarithmic Functions
Lesson Notes
d) The calculation in part (c) required multiple steps because we are comparing each amplitude
with A0, instead of comparing the two amplitudes to each other. It is possible to derive the formula:
which compares two amplitudes directly without requiring A0.
Derive this formula.

e) What is the ratio of seismograph amplitudes for earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.0 and 6.0?

f) Show that an equivalent form of the equation is:

g) What is the magnitude of an earthquake with triple the seismograph amplitude

of a magnitude 5.0 earthquake?

h) What is the magnitude of an earthquake with one-fourth the seismograph amplitude

of a magnitude 6.0 earthquake?

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON THREE- Logarithmic Functions y = logbx
Lesson Notes

Example 13
The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels,
and can be calculated using the formula:

where L is the perceived loudness of the sound (dB),

I is the intensity of the sound being measured (W/m2),
and I0 is the intensity of sound at the threshold of
human hearing (10-12 W/m2).

a) The sound intensity of a person speaking in a conversation is 10-6 W/m2.

What is the perceived loudness?

b) A rock concert has a loudness of 110 dB. What is the sound intensity?

c) Two sounds have decibel measurements of 85 dB and 105 dB.

Calculate the intensity ratio for the two sounds.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y = logbx LESSON THREE - Logarithmic Functions
Lesson Notes
d) The calculation in part (c) required multiple steps because we are comparing each sound with I0,
instead of comparing the two sounds to each other. It is possible to derive the formula:
which compares two sounds directly without requiring I0. Derive this formula.

e) How many times more intense is 40 dB than 20 dB?

f) Show that an equivalent form of the equation is:

g) What is the loudness of a sound twice as intense as 20 dB?

h) What is the loudness of a sound half as intense as 40 dB?

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON THREE- Logarithmic Functions y = logbx
Lesson Notes

Example 14
The pH of a solution can be measured with the formula

where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the

solution (mol/L). Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic,
and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic.

a) What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 10-4 mol/L?

Is this solution acidic or basic?

b) What is the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution with a pH of 11?

c) Two acids have pH values of 3.0 and 6.0. Calculate the hydrogen ion ratio for the two acids.

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
y = logbx LESSON THREE - Logarithmic Functions
Lesson Notes
d) The calculation in part (c) required multiple
steps. Derive the formulae (on right) that can
and
be used to compare the two acids directly.

e) What is the pH of a solution 1000 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 5?

f) What is the pH of a solution with one-tenth the acidity of a solution with a pH of 4?

g) How many times more acidic is a solution with a pH of 2 than a solution with a pH of 4?

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
LESSON THREE- Logarithmic Functions y = logbx
Lesson Notes

Example 15 ♯
♯ ♯
♯ ♯
In music, a chromatic scale divides an octave into
12 equally-spaced pitches. An octave contains
1200 cents (a unit of measure for musical intervals),
and each pitch in the chromatic scale is 100 cents apart.
The relationship between cents and note frequency is
given by the formula:

a) How many cents are in the interval between A (440 Hz) and B (494 Hz)?

b) There are 100 cents between F# and G. If the frequency of F# is 740 Hz,
what is the frequency of G?

c) How many cents separate two notes, where one note is double the frequency
of the other note?

For more practice solving

logarithmic equations,
return to Exponential
Functions and solve the
word problems using
logarithms.

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 Answer Key
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Lesson One: Exponential Functions
Example 1: a) b) c) d) Parts (a-d):
Domain: x ε R or (-∞, ∞)
Range: y > 0 or (0, ∞)
x-intercept: None
y-intercept: (0, 1)
Asymptote: y = 0

An exponential function is defined as y = bx, where b > 0 and b ≠ 1. When b > 1, we get exponential growth. When 0 < b < 1, we get
exponential decay. Other b-values, such as -1, 0, and 1, will not form exponential functions.

Example 2: a) ; b) ; c) ; d) ;

Example 3: a) 10 b) 10 c) 10 d) 10

5 5 5 5

-5 5 -5 5 -5 5 -5 5

-5 -5 -5 -5

Domain: x ε R or (-∞, ∞) Domain: x ε R or (-∞, ∞) Domain: x ε R or (-∞, ∞) Domain: x ε R or (-∞, ∞)

Range: y > 0 or (0, ∞) Range: y > 0 or (0, ∞) Range: y > 3 or (3, ∞) Range: y > 0 or (0, ∞)
Asymptote: y = 0 Asymptote: y = 0 Asymptote: y = 3 Asymptote: y = 0

Example 4: a) 10 b) 10 c) 10 d) 10

5 5 5 5

-5 5 -5 5 -5 5 -5 5

-5 -5 -5 -5

Domain: x ε R or (-∞, ∞) Domain: x ε R or (-∞, ∞) Domain: x ε R or (-∞, ∞) Domain: x ε R or (-∞, ∞)

Range: y > -4 or (-4, ∞) Range: y > -2 or (-2, ∞) Range: y > 0 or (0, ∞) Range: y > 0 or (0, ∞)
Asymptote: y = -4 Asymptote: y = -2 Asymptote: y = 0 Asymptote: y = 0

Example 5: a) b)

Example 6: a) b) c) d) e) V.S. of 9 f) See Video

equals H.T.
2 units left.

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Answer Key
Example 7: Example 8: Example 9: Example 10: Example 11: Example 12: Example 13: Example 14:
a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a)
b) b) b) b) b) infinite b) no solution
c) c) c) solutions b)
c) b) c)
d) d) c) c)
d) d)
d) c)
d) e) d)
d)
f)

Example 15: m
Example 15c
m
Example 15d
100 1

a)

b) 84 g

c) See Graph 50 0.5

d) 49 years
(49, 0.1)

10 20 t 10 20 30 40 50 60 t

Example 16: B
Example 16c
B
Example 16d
100000 1000

a)
800
Watch Out! The graph requires hours
b) 32254 bacteria on the t-axis, so we can rewrite the
600
exponential function as:
50000
c) See Graph
400

d) 6 hours ago
200 (-6, 50)

5 10 t -8 0 2 t

Example 17: a) ; 69 MHz b) ; $600

Example 18: P%
Example 18b P% Example 18d
5 1

a) 853,370
4 0.8

b) 54 years (76.7, 0.5)

3 0.6
(53.7, 2)
c) 21406
2 0.4

d) 77 years
1 0.2

20 40 60 80 100 t 20 40 60 80 100 t

$
Example 19: Example 19c
P%
Example 19d
1000 5
a) A (t ) = 500 (1.025 )
t

b) $565.70
3
Interest: $65.70
500 (28, 2)

c) See graph 2

d) 28 years 1

e) $566.14; $566.50; $566.57 10 20 t 10 20 30 40 50 t

As the compounding frequency
increases, there is less and less
of a monetary increase.

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 Answer Key
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Lesson Two: Laws of Logarithms
Example 1: Example 3: Example 4: Example 5: Example 6:
a) The base of the logarithm is b, a) a) a) a)
a is called the argument of the logarithm,
and E is the result of the logarithm. b) b) b) b)

In the exponential form, a is the result, c) c) c)

c)
b is the base, and E is the exponent.
d) d) d)
b) i. 0; 1; 2; 3 ii. 0; 1; 2; 3 d)
e) e)
e)
c) i. log42 ii. e)
f) f)
f)
Example 2: f) g) g)
g)
a) g) h) h)
h)
h)
b)

c)
Example 11: Example 12:

a) a)
Example 7: Example 8: Example 9: Example 10:
b)
a) a) a) a) b)
c)
b) b) b) b)
c)
c) c) c) c) d)

d) d) d) d) d)

e) e) e) e)

f) f) f) f) Example 13: Example 14: Example 15:

g) g) g) g) a) a) a)

b) b) b)
h) h) h) h)
c) c) c)

d) d) ±
d)

Example 16: Example 17: Example 18: Example 19: Example 20:
a) a) a) a) a)

b) b) b) b) b)
c) c)
c) c)
d) c)
d)
d) d)
e) d)
e)
e) e)
f) e)
f)
f) f)
f)
g) g) g) see video g)
g)
h) h) h) h)
h)

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Answer Key
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Lesson Three: Logarithmic Functions
Example 1:
a) See Graph b) See Graph c) See Video d) e) f)
i) -1, y = log1x, y = log0x,
10 y=2 x
y = log2x
f(x) = 2x ii) 0, and y = log-2x are
iii) 1, not functions.
Domain xεR x>0
iv) 2.8 is a function.
5
f (x) = log2x
-1
Range y>0 yεR
10

g) The logarithmic function y = logbx

x-intercept none (1, 0) is the inverse of the exponential
function y = bx. It is defined for all
-5 5
y-intercept (0, 1) none real numbers such that b>0 and x>0.

Asymptote h) Graph log2x using logx/log2

y=0 x=0
-5 Equation

Example 2:
a) b) c) d)
D: x > 0 D: x > 0 D: x > 0 D: x > 0
or (0, ∞) or (0, ∞) or (0, ∞) or (0, ∞)

R: y ε R R: y ε R R: y ε R R: y ε R
or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞)

A: x = 0 A: x = 0 A: x = 0 A: x = 0

Example 3:
a) b) c) d)
D: x > 0 D: x > 0 D: x > 0 D: x > 0
or (0, ∞) or (0, ∞) or (0, ∞) or (0, ∞)

R: y ε R R: y ε R R: y ε R R: y ε R
or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞)

A: x = 0 A: x = 0 A: x = 0 A: x = 0

Example 4:
a) b) c) d)
D: x > 0 D: x > -2 D: x > 3 D: x > -4
or (0, ∞) or (-2, ∞) or (3, ∞) or (-4, ∞)

R: y ε R R: y ε R R: y ε R R: y ε R
or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞)

A: x = 0 A: x = -2 A: x = 3 A: x = -4

Example 5:
a) b) c) d)
D: x > -3 D: x > 0 D: x > -3 D: x > -2
or (-3, ∞) or (0, ∞) or (-3, ∞) or (-2, ∞)

R: y ε R R: y ε R R: y ε R R: y ε R
or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞)

A: x = -3 A: x = 0 A: x = -3 A: x = -2

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 Answer Key
Example 6:
a) b) c) d)
D: x > 0 D: x > 1 D: x > 2 D: x > 0
or (0, ∞) or (1, ∞) or (2, ∞) or (0, ∞)

R: y ε R R: y ε R R: y > log34 R: y ε R
or (-∞, ∞) or (-∞, ∞) or (log34, ∞) or (-∞, ∞)

A: x = 0 A: x = 1 A: none A: x = 0

Example 7:
a) x = 8 b) c) No Solution
(8, 262144)
No Solution

(-0.60, 0.72)

Example 8:
(25, 12)
a) x = 8 b) x = 25 c) x = 4
(8, 2) (4, 3)

Example 9: Example 10: Example 11:

a) a) a) (y-axis)

b) (-3, 0) and (0, 2) b) b)

c) c) c)

d) d) d)

e) e) e)

Example 12: Example 13: Example 14: Example 15:

a) 4 a) 60 dB a) pH = 4 a) 200 cents

b) 0.1 m b) 0.1 W/m2 b) 10-11 mol/L b) 784 Hz

c) 31.6 times stronger c) 100 times more intense c) 1000 times stronger c) 1200 cents separate
the two notes
d) See Video d) See Video d) See Video

e) 10 times stronger e) 100 times more intense e) pH = 2

f) See Video f) See Video f) pH = 5

g) 5.5 g) 23 dB g) 100 times more acidic

h) 5.4 h) 37 dB

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