Prof. Mokhtar M.

Aburawi 2015

ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Lecture 1
What is serviceability?
Normal service = load actually expected to act
( load factor = 1.0 )
Serviceability = Satisfactory performance under normal service
condition
 Adequate strength
 Service load deflections
 Long-term deflections
 Tension crack virtually disturb and corrosion of steel
 Vibration
 Fatigue

Schematic stress-strain curves of concrete and steel

Strength Design Method
 more accurate assessment of capacity
 higher strength materials
- more slender members
- more service load problems
 Cracking
 Deflection
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

Cracking in Flexural Members

Modular ratio n = Es/Ec  8−10
Modulus of rupture fr = 0.62fc’  3 MPa
Stress in steel fs = 83 = 24 MPa << fy
“Concrete always cracks at normal service condition”
Well designed beam:
 Fine flexural crack  hair line  well distributed  little corrosion
When service load increase more than cracking load, crack width
becomes wider and number of cracks becomes larger.
 The number of cracks increases with span length, therefore crack
spacing is essentially independent of span length.
 The number of cracks increases with the amount of reinforcement.
 Larger bar sizes lead to fewer cracks, but the cracks would be wider
ACI Provision for Crack Control
Based on the analysis of measurements on beams, ACI Committee 224
arrived at the following conclusions about the factors affecting flexural
crack widths (ACI 224R-90):
 The steel stress (or strain) is the most important variable affecting
crack width.
 The thickness of the concrete which covers the reinforcing bars
(called cover) and the cross-sectional area of concrete surrounding
each bar are important geometric variables.
 The crack width on the tension face is affected by the strain gradient
from the level of the steel to the tension face.
 The bar diameter is not a major variable.
Gerely-Lutz Equation for Crack Width
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

3 -3
Cracking w = 0.011f (d A) 10 mm
s c
where fs = tensile stress under normal service, MPa = 0.6 fy (if no data)
dc = concrete cover, mm
 = distance ratio h1/h2=1.20 for beam=1.35 for one-way slab
A = concrete area around one bar, mm2

Allowable crack widths for reinforced concrete

Allowable
Exposure condition crack width
(mm)
Dry air or protective membrane ------------------------------------ 0.41
Humidity, moist air, soil -------------------------------------------------- 0.30
Deicing chemical --------------------------------------------------------------- 0.18
Seawater and seawater spray;
wetting and drying ------------------------------------------------------------ 0.15
Water-retaining structures, excluding nonpressure
pipes --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.10

ACI Provision for Crack Control

For beam,  = 1.20
w w
z  fs 3 d c A  
0.0111.20 0.013
Interior beam z  31000 N/mm ( w  0.41 mm )
Exterior beam z  26000 N/mm ( w  0.34 mm )
For one-way slab,  = 1.35
Interior slab z  31000(1.2/1.35) = 28000 N/mm
Exterior slab z  26000(1.2/1.35) = 23000 N/mm
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

T-beam flange in tension:

Deep beam (h > 900 mm):

Ask  0.10 (d - 75) cm2/m
Smax  d /6  300mm

Minimum number of bar in one layer

Total tensile area = 2dcbw
Tensile area per bar:
m = number of bars in one layer

From
3
 z  2d c2bw 2d c2bw
z  fs 3 d c A     m
 s
f m z / f s 3
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

Example: Interior beam, bw = 450 mm

40mm: fy = 400 MPa, fs = 0.6400 = 240 MPa
covering = 40 mm
Stirrup  9-10 mm
dc = 50 + 0.5 db
250  0.5d b  bw
2

m  max m2
z / 2403
Deflection of Elastic Sections
1) Excessive deflection cracking of partitions
2) Bonding effect of roof
3) Misalignment of machine
4) Visually offensive sag

Working Stress Design (WSD) Deflection is controlled indirectly by

limiting service load stress result in large member.
Ultimate Stress Design (USD) Members become more slender and/or
smaller sections may result in deflection problems.
Deflection of RC Beam
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

Intermediate Deflections
Simply supported (ideal condition)
5wL4

384 EI

End moments caused by monolithic joints (real condition)

L2 ML2
 max  5M o  3M a  M b    a
48EI EI
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

Effective moment of inertia for Continuous T – beam sections

Variation of Flexural Rigidity

with applied bending moment
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

The tensile force, T, is simply the stress in the steel, fs, times that
transformed area of steel, nAs.
fs = fc’(d-x)/x
0 = T - C = nAsfs – fc’xb/2
0 = nAsfc’(d-x)/x – fc’xb/2
0 = (b/2)x2 + (nAs)x - (nAsd)
Icr = [moment of inertia of the concrete block about the N.A.] + [moment
of inertia of the transformed steel about the N.A.]
Icr = [bx3/3] + [Io + (d-x)2(nAs)]
Io = moment of inertia of the transformed steel about its own centroidal
axis, Io is small compared to everything else.
Therefore use:
Icr = [bx3/3] + [(d-x)2(nAs)]
this result is ONLY VALID FOR A SINGLY REINFORCED
RECTANGULAR SECTION.

Effective Moment of Inertia Icr  Ie  Ig

 M 
3
  M 
3

I e   cr  I g  1   cr   I cr  I g
 M max    M max  

where cracking moment

fr I g
M cr 
yt
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

Mmax = Maximum service load moment

Ig = Gross section moment of inertia = bh3/12
Icr = Transformed cracked section moment of inertia
fr = Modulus of rupture =0.62fc’
yt = Distance from N-A to tension face
Dead Load and Live Load Deflections

Dead load deflection:

ML2
 DL  o
Ec I e DL
Dead load and live load deflection:
ML2
 DL  LL  o
Ec I e DL  LL
Live load deflection: LL =DL+LL - DL

Example 1:
Investigate the instantaneous deflection for the simply supported beam
over a span of 10 m. fc’=28 MPa, fy =400 MPa
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

Minimum depth from ACI table:

L/16 = 10000/16 = 625 mm > 600 mm NG
Deflection must be checked
(a) Dead load deflection:
bh3 400  6003
Ig    72 108 mm4
12 12
wL2 7 102
M max    87.5kN.m
8 8
For transformed cracked section
fc’ = 28 MPa
Ec = 4700fc’ = 24870 MPa
Es 204000
n   8.2
Ec 24870
Compute neutral axis location:
[MN.A= 0]
x2
bw x  nAs d  x   400  8.2  3920520  x 
x
2
2 2
x + 160.7x – 83574 = 0
x = 219.7 mm (using quadratic equation)
Icr = Iconcrete + Isteel = (1/3)(400)(219.7)3 +8.2(3920)(520 – 219.7)2
Icr = 14108 + 29108 = 43 108 mm4
fr = 0.62fc’ = 0.621.028 = 3.28 MPa
f r I g 3.28  72 108
M cr   106  78.7kN.m
yt 300
3
M cr 78.7  M cr 
  0.90;    0.73
M max 87.5  M max 
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

Effective moment of inertia:

Ie = 0.73Ig + 0.27Icr = (0.7372108)+(0.2743108) = 64108 mm4

Dead load deflection:

5wL4 5  7  (10 103 ) 4
 DL    5.73mm
384 Ec I e 384  24870  64 108
(b) Dead load and live load deflection:
wL2 PL 7 102 80 10
M max      287.5kN.m
8 4 8 43
M cr 78.7  M cr 
  0.27;    0.020
M max 287.5  M max 
Effective moment of inertia:
Ie = 0.02Ig + 0.98Icr = (0.0272108) + (0.9843108) = 44108 mm4
5wL4 PL3
 DL   LL  
384 Ec I e 48Ec I e
5  7  (10 103 ) 4 80 103  (10 103 )3
   23.7mm
384  24870  44 108 48  24870  44 108

(c) Live load deflection:

LL =DL+LL -DL = 23.7–5.73 = 17.97 mm
L 10 103
allowable  LL    27.8mm  17.97mm O.K
360 360
Long Term Deflection in Concrete Beams
Computing the new Icr requires the derivation of a new set of formulas
for the doubly reinforced situation.
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

equilibrium equation is : 0 = T - Cs - C
0 = nAsfs - (n-1)As'fs'- fcxb/2
fs = fc’(d-x)/x
fs' = fc’ (x-d')/x
Making these substitutions into the equilibrium equation results in:
0 = nAsfc’ (d-x)/x - (n-1)As'fc’ (x-d')/x - fc’xb/2
0 = nAs(d-x) - (n-1)As'(x-d') - x2b/2
0 = (nAsd + (n-1)As'd') - (nAs + (n-1)As')x - (b/2)x2
Icr = [bx3/3] + [(d-x)2nAs] + [(d'-x)2(n-1)As]
Long-Term Deflections Creep and Shrinkage

Creep Effect on Deflections under sustained load

Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

Factors:
1) Constituents
2) Curing temp. and Humidity
3) Size of concrete member
4) Age and duration of loading
5) Magnitude of stress

Creep coefficient:
 cr
Ct 
i
Creep deflection: cr = Ct (i)DL

ACI Code: C   t 0.6

t  10  t 0.6 Cu
 
where t = time in days after loading
Cu = ultimate creep = 2.35 for 40% humidity

Standard creep coefficient variation

For 100 mm or less slump, 40% humidity, moist cured and loading age
of 7 days

Duration of loading, days

Creep Correction Factor (CF)
Conditions to use ACI equation:
 40% relative humidity
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

 10 cm or less slump
 15 cm average thick
 7 days loading age (moist cured)
 1-3 days loading age (stream cured)

1) Age of loading
Moist cured CF a  1.25ta
0.118

Stream cured CF a  1.13ta

0.095

where ta = age of loading in days

2) Humidity for H 40%
CF h  1.27  0.0067 H
where H = relative humidity in %
3) Compression steel effect:
0.85 As'
kr  ,  
'

1  50  '
bd
 cr  k r Ct  i DL
Shrinkage Effect on Deflections Under Sustained Load
Shrinkage deflection:
 sh  1sh L2
where
1 = 0.50 cantilever beam
= 0.125 simply supported beam
= 0.086 one-end continuous beam
= 0.063 both-end continuous beam
sh = shrinkage curvature
L = span length, m
Shrinkage strain:
Moist cured 7 days:
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015

t
sh  (sh ) u
35  t
Stream cured 1-3 days:
t
 sh  ( sh )u
55  t
where (sh)u = ultimate shrinkage strain
= 80010-6 cm/cm for 40% humidity

Correction Factor (CF):

(CF)h = 1.40 – 0.010H 40%  H  80%
(CF)h = 3.00 – 0.030H H  80%

Shrinkage Curvature sh

 sh   s
sh 
d
   
 sh 1  s 
d   sh 

where
s = compressive strain in steel
Singly and doubly reinforced beam:
12
 sh    ' 
sh  0.7    
' 13
  for      3%
'

h   
 sh
sh 
h
for      3%
'

where  or   100A or A / bd
'
s
'
s

Creep and Shrinkage Deflections

cr+sh =  (i)DL
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015


 
1  50'

Duration of 
sustained load
5 years or more 2.0
1 year 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0

Example 2:
From beam in Ex.1, check the total deflection for sustained load at 5
years or more
Solution:
(1) Intermediate deflection from Ex.1
DL = 5.5 mm
DL+LL = 23.5 mm
LL = 18.0 mm
(2) Compute creep and shrinkage
deflection:
As' 980
 '
  0.0047
bd 400  520
 2.0
    1.62
1  50 1  50(0.0047)
'

cr+sh =  (i)DL = 1.625.5 = 8.91mm

Since (t)DL can be accommodated by camber
 L 10 103 
i LL   cr  sh  18  8.91  26.9mm     27.8mm 
 360 360 
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015
Prof. Mokhtar M. Aburawi 2015