CHRISTIANITY
POINTED ARCH
POINTED ARCH SYRIA
FLYING BUTTRESS
POINTED ARCH
SYRIA RIBBED VAULT
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – 3 DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
INVESTITURES CONTROVERSY CRUSADES –
WEAKENED 1096-1270
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE CHRISTIANITY
POWERFUL PRINCIPALITIES FRANCE – UNDIVIDED KINGDOM
MEDIEVAL EUROPE – GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE - BACKGROUND
ROMANESQUE EARLY GOTHIC
CHRISTIANITY
DURHAM CATHEDRAL – 1110-1133 ST DENIS (ABBOT SUGER) – 1135-1144
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – EVOLUTION FROM ROMANESQUE
ROMANESQUE EARLY GOTHIC HIGH GOTHIC
SPEYER – 1030-1061 CHRISTIANITY
LAON – 1160-1210 RHEIMS – 1212-1300
NOTRE DAME-
VEZELAY - 1132 1163-1235 CHARTRES – 1194 - 1260
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – COMPARISON WITH ROMANESQUE
RHYTHMIC HORIZONTAL DRIVE CONTINUOUS VERTICAL MOVEMENT
DIRECTIONAL EMPHASIS
HIGH GOTHIC
EARLY GOTHIC
ROMANESQUE
RHEIMS – 1212-1300
LAON – 1160-1210
VEZELAY - 1132
QUIET HARMONY DYNAMIC ENERGY
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – OVERALL DESIRE - COMPARISON WITH ROMANESQUE
ROMANESQUE GOTHIC
LANCET ARCH EQUILATERAL ARCH
ROUNDED ARCH POINTED ARCH
GOTHIC ARCH – COMPARISON WITH ROMANESQUE - VARIATIONS
ROMANESQUE HIGH GOTHIC
CASTELLUM DEI – MASSIVE STONEWORK RIBS AND TOWERS – SKELETAL STONEWORK
CHARTRES – 1194 - 1260
CHRISTIANITY
SPEYER – 1030-1061
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – COMPARISON WITH ROMANESQUE - EXTERIOR
ROMANESQUE GOTHIC
FORTRESSES OF STONE CATHEDRALS OF LIGHT
CHRISTIANITY
SPEYER – 1030-1061 ST DENIS – 1135-1144
CHARTRES
CHARTRES– 1194
– 1194-1260
- 1260
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – COMPARISON WITH ROMANESQUE - EXTERIOR
TREND TOWARD INCREASED VERTICALITY
PROPORTION OF NAVE WIDTH TO HEIGHT HIGH GOTHIC
EARLY GOTHIC
ROMANESQUE
VEZELAY – 1132 LAON – 1160-1210 RHEIMS – 1212-1300
1:2 1:2.5 1:3
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – COMPARISON WITH ROMANESQUE
ROMANESQUE EARLY GOTHIC HIGH GOTHIC
WALL ARCHITECTURE SINGLE AMBULATORY FRAME ARCHITECTURE
SQUARE COMPARTMENTS RECTANGULAR BAYS
NO AMBULATORY DOUBLE AMBULATORY
CHRISTIANITY
SPEYER – 1030-1061 LAON – 1160-1210 CHARTRES – 1194 - 1260
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – COMPARISON WITH ROMANESQUE - PLAN FORM
ROMANESQUE EARLY GOTHIC HIGH GOTHIC
VERTICAL EMPHASIS
QUICKER RHYTHM
GREATER GLASS TO STONE
HORIZONTAL LINES BROKEN
VERTICAL LINES UNBROKEN
QUADRPARTITE VAULTS SEXPARTITE VAULTS QUADRPARTITE VAULTS
SPEYER – 1030-1061 LAON – 1160-1210 NOTRE DAME -1163-1235 CHARTRES – 1194 - 1260
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – COMPARISON WITH ROMANESQUE - PLAN FORM + SECTION
ROMANESQUE HIGH GOTHIC
CROSSING GIVEN EMPHASIS NAVE TO CHOIR GIVEN EMPHASIS
CHOIR = TRANSEPT ARMS CHOIR EXTENDED
SPEYER – 1030-1061 CHARTRES – 1194 - 1260
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – COMPARISON WITH ROMANESQUE - PLAN FORM + SECTION
CHRISTIANITY
POINTED ARCH
POINTED ARCH SYRIA
FLYING BUTTRESS
POINTED ARCH
SYRIA RIBBED VAULT
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – 3 DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
ROMANESQUE GOTHIC
ROUNDED ARCH POINTED ARCH
STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGE
POINTED ARCH FOLLOWS CLOSELY THE PARABOLA
STRUCTURALLY IMPERFECT
TENDS TO KICK OUT SYRIA FORCES CARRIED DOWN TO THE GROUND
SPATIAL EFFECT
ROUNDED ARCH DIRECTS STRESSES VERTICALITY
VERTICAL LINES BACK DOWN
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – DEFINING FEATURES – THE POINTED ARCH
ROMANESQUE GOTHIC
ROUNDED ARCH POINTED ARCH
NAVE WIDTH MUST
EQUAL BAY ALLOWS DIFFERING
WIDTH NAVE AND BAY
WIDTHS
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – DEFINING FEATURES – THE POINTED ARCH
ROMANESQUE GOTHIC
GROINED VAULT RIBBED VAULT
SOLID VAULT STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
1ST RIBS ERECTED
REQUIRE
2ND LIGHT INFILL PANELS
CONTINUOUS
FORMWORK
MASS OF VAULT FORMAL EFFECT
EXPRESSED RIBS STRESS VERTICAL LINES
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – DEFINING FEATURES – THE RIBBED VAULT
STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
CARRIES LATERAL FORCES
AWAY FROM WALL
ROMANESQUE GOTHIC
FORMAL EFFECT
ALLOWED WALL ENVELOPE TO BE LESS
STRUCTURAL ALLOWING FOR LARGER
SURFACES OF GLASS
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – DEFINING FEATURES – THE FLYING BUTTRESS
LATE GOTHIC
HIGH GOTHIC
EARLY GOTHIC
LAON – 1160-1210 RHEIMS – 1212-1300 BEAUVAIS – 1225- 1500
COLLAPSED IN 1284
NAVE NEVER BUILT
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – EARLY, HIGH AND LATE PERIODS
MASONS OR PIECEWORKERS SIGNATURE MARKS
EUROPE AROUND 1200
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE – ENGLAND, BELGIUM, HOLLAND, GERMANY, SPANISH AND ITALY
1066 - NORMAN INVASION OF ENGLAND IMPORT NOBILITY, LANGUAGE + ARCHITECTURE
1172 - HALF OF FRANCE BELONGED TO
THE ENGLISH KING
DURHAM CATHEDRAL WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL
ENGLAND – NORMAN STYLE PRECURSOR TO ENGLISH GOTHIC
CHARACTERISTICS
-SQUARE ENDS
-DOUBLE TRANSEPT
-ADDITIVE
-GLAZED END WALLS
-LACK OF SPATIAL
CONCENTRATION
-COMFORTABLY SPREAD OUT
-WEST FAÇADE LESS SIGNIFICANT
-BROKEN VERTICALS
-EMPHASIZED HORIZONTALS
WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL
ENGLISH FRENCH
ENGLAND – EARLY ENGLISH GOTHIC – SALISBURY CATHEDRAL – AFTER 1220
CHARACTERISTICS
-ABUNDANT DECORATION AND
TRACERY LAYERED ON OPENINGS
OGEE
-MORE COMPLEX THAN FRENCH
ARCH
-USE OF THE OGEE ARCH
-PARTS BLEND
-SPACE IN QUICKER MOTION,
OCTAGONAL CROSSING
-LESS SINGLE MINDED
ELY CATHEDRAL - 1330
LINCOLN CATHEDRAL
ELABORATED VAULT, OGEE
WELLS CATHEDRAL - 1338
AND COMPLEX TRACERY
STRAINER ARCHES
ENGLAND – DECORATIVE GOTHIC – COMPLEX EXUBERANCE FROM EARLY GOTHIC
100 YEARS WAR – 1337 - 1453
EUROPE AROUND 1300 THE BLACK DEATH 1348-50
ENGLAND – EARLY ENGLISH GOTHIC – 100 YEARS WAR
CHARACTERISTICS
-BRUSHED ASIDE DECORATIVE STYLE ELABORATIONS
-SOBERNESS AND RENEWED CLARITY OF HIGH GOTHIC
-STRONG VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINES
-AISLES SCREENED OFF FROM NAVE
-ONLY ELABORATION IN DEVELOPMENT OF FAN VAULTS
-MAINLY SECULAR PATRONS
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL – 1337-57
ALL GLASS EAST WALL
ENGLAND – PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC – SOBRE RESPONSE TO DECORATIVE STYLE
SCREENED AISLES EMPHASIS ON THE NAVE
KINGS COLLEGE
CHAPEL – 1446-1515
ENGLAND – PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC – SINGLE SPACE
SCREENED AISLES EMPHASIS ON THE NAVE
EXETER - 1270
GLOUCESTER – 1377-77
KINGS COLLEGE
CHARTRES CATHEDRAL -
CHAPEL – 1446-1515
– 1194-1260
WESTMINISTER – 1503-19
SALISBURY – 1263-84
VERTICAL EMPHASIS HORIZONTAL EMPHASIS
ENGLAND – PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC – THE FAN VAULT
ROMANESQUE FRENCH AND EARLY ENGLISH DECORATED PERPENDICULAR
ROUNDED ARCH
LANCET ARCH EQUILATERAL ARCH OGEE ARCH DEPRESSED ARCH
ENGLAND – GOTHIC ARCH – DESIGN EVOLUTION
SCREENED AISLES EMPHASIS ON THE NAVE
CLOTH HALL YPRES – 1304 – LARGEST COMMERCIAL
BUILDING IN EUROPE
TEUVEN TOWN HALL
- 1448-1469
GOTHIC IN BELGIUM AND HOLLAND
MERCHANT WEALTH - IMPORTANT SECULAR BUILDINGS
SCREENED AISLES EMPHASIS ON THE NAVE
COLOGNE - 1284-1842
ST LORENZ, NUREMBURG - 1439
GOTHIC IN GERMANY
FRENCH CLASSIC IMPORTS TO AISLELESS HALLS
EMPHASIS ON THE NAVE
NAVE
CHAPELS BETWEEN
BUTTRESSES
GIRONA CATHEDRAL - 1312
GOTHIC IN SPAIN
FRIAR CHURCHES - AISLELESS HALLS
THE CRADLE OF THE RENAISSANCE
ST CROCE FLORENCE – 13TH TO 14TH CENTURY FLORENCE CATHEDRAL – 14TH TO 15TH CENTURY
MILAN CATHEDRAL – 1385-1485
GOTHIC IN ITALY
A FOREIGN STYLE NEVER FULLY ADOPTED
