Hearing

Impairment
 Description
Hearing impairment is any hearing
loss that prevents hearing all of the
sounds they normally would
through the ear
 Signs and Symptoms of Hearing
Impairment
 Difficulty understanding words, especially
in crowds.

 Trouble hearing consonants

 Frequently asking others to speak more

slowly ,clearly and loudly.
 Needing to turn up the volume

of the radio or television

 Withdrawal from conversation

 Avoidance of some social

settings
Causes of Hearing Loss:
• Damage to the inner ear
• Gradual buildingup earwax
• Ear infection and abnormal bone
growths or tumors
• Ruptured eardrums ( hympanic
membrane perforation)
TYPES OF HEARING LOSS
-Sensorineural Hearing Loss

-Conductive Hearing Loss

-Mixed Hearing Loss

-Central Hearing Loss

 Sensorineural Hearing Loss
• Sensorineual hearing loss,o SNHL,happens after
inner ear damage. Problems with the nerve pathways
from your inner ear to your brain can also cause
SNHL.Soft sounds may be unclear or may soumd
muffled.

• this is the most common type of permanent hearing

loss.
Cause of SNHL
• Aging
• Noise exposure
• Genetic conditions
• Congenital and birth-related hearing
loss
• Drugs and medication
Conductive Hearing Loss

- It is typically the result of

obstructions in the outer or middle ear —
perhaps due to fluid, tumors, earwax or
even ear formation.
Cause of Conductive hearing loss

• infections of ear canal or middle ear

resulting in fluid or pus build up
• dislocation of the middle ear bones
• foreign object in the ear canal
• abnormal growths or tumors
• wax buildup
M i xe d H e a r i n g L o s s

- mixed hearing loss is a combination

of both conductive and sensorineural
hearing loss.With a mixed hearing
loss you have damage in both the
culter or middle ear and in the inner
ear
C e n t ra l H e a r i n g L o s s

- happens when the cochlea is

working properly ,but other parts of
the brain are not. This is less
frequent type of hearing loss and is
more difficult to treat
 Causes
- damage to brainstem structures
- severre head trauma
-damage to the auditory nerves or
the pathways that lead to them
-brain tumors
 Level of Hearing Loss
MILD HEARING LOSS

-they cannot hear sounds soft

such as ticking clock or dropping
faucet and may have trouble
following conversation in noisy
setting.Can hear between 25-40Db
MODERATE HEARING LOSS

- on average, can hear sounds that

can be heard is between 40-70 hearing
at this level cannot hear soft or
moderately loud noise and may have
trouble hearing during normal
conversation.
SEVERE HEARING LOSS

- the minimum sound that can be

hear most noises and may trely on
the lip-reading /sign language. one of
the treatmentof severe hearing loss
is cochlear implants
P R O F O U N D H E A R I N G LO S S
• The minimum sound heard is 95
-120dB.
• Difficult to hear sounds.
• People at this level cannot hear at
all
• Usually rely on lip reading/sign
language
 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F H E A R I N G
LO S S
PRELINGUAL DEAFNESS
- an individual with prelingual deafness was
born with a congenital deformity or will have lost
hearing during infancy.They tend to have slow
language development and slower social
development.
Causes of Prelingual Deafness

-genetic or congenital
-various health condition that affects mother
during pregnancy
-infection or illness such as rebulia ( measles)
- during labor such as;(premature delivery,ear
infection or meningitis)
 P O S T- L I N G UA L D E A D F N E S S

-a person with post-lingual deafness has to face the often

distress process of coming to term with disability. They
acquired spoken language before their hearing was
diminished. The individual may have had to use hearing
aids,receive a cochler implant or learn how to lip-read
Causes of Post-lingual deafness

EXTERNAL FACTORS:
- illness
-infection
-trauma
-may be age-related
 C O N F I G U R AT I O N O F H E A R I N G L O S S

UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL DEAFNESS

- single side deafness (SSD) or unilateral deafness,
refers to hearing impairment in just one ear,while
bilateral deafness is hearing impairment in both. People
with unilateral hearing impairment may find it hard to
carry on a conversation if the other person is on their
affected side. Understanding what others are saying
when there is a lot of environmental nose might be hard
 C O C H L E A R I M P L A NT S

-if the eardrum anf middle ear are functioning

correctly ,a person may benefit from a cochlear
implant.This thin electrode is inserted into the
cochlea. It stimulates electricity through a tiny
microprocessor placed under the skin behind the
ear
 TYPES OF HEARING AID

Behind-the-Ear (BTE) Hearing Aid

- these consist of a dome called an earmold and case ,
with a connection linking one to other. The case behind the
outer ear,with the connection to the dome coming down
the front of the ear,the sound from the device is either
electrically or acoustically routed to the ear.
 IN- THE-CANAL(ITC) HEARING AID

-these fill the outer part of the ear canal

and be seen.Soft ear insert,usually made of
silicone,are used to position the
loudspeaker inside the ear ,these devices
fit most patientstraight aay and have better
sound quality.
C O M P L E T E LY I N - T H E C A N A L ( C I ) A I D

- These are tiny,discreet

devices but not
recommended for people
with severe hearing loss .
 B ON E CON DUCTI ON H E ARI N G LOSS

- these assist people with conductive hearing loss,as

well as those unable to wear conventional type
hearing aid.The vibration part of the device is held
against the method with a headbond.The vibration go
through the mastiod bone to the cochlea. This
devices can be painful or uncomfortable if worn for
too long.
 T W O W AY S O F C O M M U N I C AT I O N

LIP READING
- also known as speechreading,lip reading i a
method for understanding spoken language by
watching the speaker’s lip,facial and tongue
movements,as well as extrapoiating from the data
provided by the context and any residual hearing the
patient have.
 S I G N L A N G UA G E

- this is a language that uses

signs made with the hands,
facial expressions,and body
postures,but no sounds . It is
used mainly by those who are
deaf.
DEAFNESS-BLINDNESS

- a combination used if a person is

born with a sight and hearing
impairment ,that affect how you
communication,access information
and get around.
 TYPES OF DEAFNESS-
BLINDNESS

- CONGENITAL DEAFNESS-
BLINDNESS
-ACQUIRED DEAFNESS-
BLINDESS
 CONGENITAL DEAFNESS-BLINDNESS

-is a term used if a person is born with a sight

and hearing impairment .It is due to infection
during pregnancy,premature birth,birth trauma
and rare genetic condition
 ACQUIRED DEAFNESS-BLINDESS

- it is a term used if a person is experience sight

and hearing loss later in life. Anyone can become
deafblind at any time through iliness,accident or as
a result of aging.
 F O U R C AT E G O R I E S O F
DEAFNESS-BLINDNESS
1. CONGENITALLY DEAF-ADVENTITIOSLY
BLINDNESS
2. CONGENITALLY BLIND ADVENTITIOUSLY DEAF
3. ADVENTITIOUSLY DEAF-BLIND
4. CONGENITALLY DEAF-BLIND
 CONGENITALLY DEAF-ADVENTITIOSLY
BLINDNESS

-those who are born deaf and lose their vision later
may likely used sign language to communicate.As
their vision lose progrresses they may need to
trausition to tactile sign language .
 CONGENITALLY BLIND
ADVENTITIOUSLY DEAF

-people who are born blind and acquired a hearing

loss later in life in likely used spoken language and
need modify their communication system once they
loss their learning
 ADVENTITIOUSLY DEAF-BLIND

-those who loss both their hearing and vision later in

life face significant challenge in having to modify a
variety of things in their life as their vision and
hearing change.
CONGENITALLY DEAF-BLIND

-is a term used if a person is born with a sight and

hearing impairment,this may be due to infection during
pregnancy ,premature birth,birth trauma and rare
genetic conditions.
SOMATOSENSORY IMPAIRMENT
(TOUCH IMPAIRMENT)
 Somatosensory Ipairment
-is any form of impairment affecting one’s capability
to efficiently and accurately process sensory
information received by sensory receptors in the
skin.Somatosensation refers to sensations
perceived by the skin.
-Somatosensory can effect any part of the body,for
example the feet or the arms.
 Ty p e s o f s e n s o r y I m p a i r m e n t

Allodynia
-is an unusual symptom that can result from several-
related conditions.When you’re experiencing it,you feel
pain from stimuli that don’t normally cause pain, for
example,light touching your skin or rushing your hair
might feel painful
Causes of Allodynia Symptoms Allodynia
-anxiety
- fibromyalgia
-painful headaches
migraine headaches
-depression
peripheral neuropathy
-changes in your vision
postherpetic neuralgia
-trouble sleeping
diabetes
-nausea
complex regional pain
-fatigue
syndrome
-if t’s linked to migraines
 Ty p e s o f A l l o d y n i a

1.Thermal Allodynia
- causes temperature -related pain.Pain
occurs due to a mild change of
temperature on the skin,for example, a
few drops of cold water on the skin may
be painful
2. Mechanical Allodynia
-movement across the skin causes
mechanical allodynia,for instance
beedsheets pulled across a person’s
skin may be painful.
3.Tactile Allodynia
-also called static allodynia,occurs
due to light touch or pressure on the
skin,for example, a tap on the shoulde
may cause pain for someone with
tactile allodynia.
 2. Anesthesia Dolorosa

-is a deafferentation pain,which occurs as a

result of damage to the trigemental nerve,such
that the patient’s sense of touch is diminished
or completely aliminated with intact
malfunctioning pain sensation. AD is also
called deafferentation pain syndrome.
The pain from AD is felt in the area
of numbness and is constant in
nature. The pain symptoms of AD
Symtoms of
can be described as boring,burning
or pricking in nature .The patient Anesthesia
can have a feeling of heaviness, Dolorosa
pressure ot tightness.
 3.Caulsalgia

-is technically known as complex regional pain syndrome

tpye 2 ( CRPS 2). It’s a neurological disorder that can
produce long-lasting,intense pain.
- the most common site of CRPS 2 pain is what’ called
“brachial piexus”.This is the bunch of nerves that run from
your neck to your arm.CRPS2 is rare ,affecting slightly less
than 1 person out of 100,000.
Causes of Causalgia Symptomsof Causalgia
-peripheral nerve injury -swelling or stiffness of the
-soft-tissue trauma,such affected limb
as a burn -abnormal sweating around the
-crushing injury,such as injured site
slamming your finger in -hypersensitivity around the area
a car door of injury ,in which being touched
-amputation or even wearing clothes can
trigger sensitivity
 4 . H y p e ra l g e s i a

- is acondition where a
person develops an
increased sensitivity to pain.
 Cause of Hyper algesia
Nociceptive and neuropathic pain
 Types of Hyperalgesia:

• Primary hyperalgesia

- is when the increased pain occurs in the tissue where the injury took place.

• Secondary hyperalgesia

-occurs when the pain seems to spread to non-injured tissue or tissues

• Opioid-induced hyperalgesia

-occurs when a person experience worsening or new pain as a result of taking

opioids such asmorphine,hydrocondone ,fentanyl for pain relief.

 Symptoms of hyperalgesia
-the chief of hyperalgesia is an increasingly extreme
reaction to painful stimuli without any injuries or
worsening of a medical condition,
- a person has experience a painful stimulus,such as
cancer pain or pain following surgery,but their response
to the pain is greater than the expected level of pain.
5. Hypoesthesia
- it refers to a reduced sense of touch or sensation,or
partial loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli.
- hypoesthesia is a medical condition characterized by
the partial or total reduction of sensitivity in its various
forms (tactile,thermal,or pain).It is commonly called
“numbness”.
Causes of hypoesthesa
-brain damage
-a malaignant tumor that by
-migraines limiting the olume of the skull,
leads to the numbness of the
-a pinched nerve head
-multiple scleroaia in which
-diabetes individual section of nervous
-the abuse of alcohol tissue are replaced by
connective tissue cells
-problems in the blood circulation
- transient ischemic attack,
accompanied by the injuries to the
hands,&feet
Symptoms:
-loss of sensation of touch which may be partial or
complete.
- cannot feel anything or any kind of stimulus i.e thermal,
mechanical or electrical stimulus. The patient cannot
even feel the sensation of of vibration,hypoesthesia
itself a symptom of many diseases likeleprosy,diabetes,
multiple sclerosis,cutaneous sensory disorder, burns and
decompression sickness
 Types of hypoesthesia
1. Facial Hyposthesia
-Occurs due to vascular or neurologicalpathologies.The
loss of senasation in the middle of the face can speak of
neuralgia
2. Hypoesthesia of the hands
- loss of sensitivity for two minutes or more, we can talk
about the presence of diseases of the nervous or vascular
system,in addition ,this condition can be caused by
multiple sclerosis,tumor or stroke.
3.Hypoesthesia of the lower extremities
-it occurs with disorders of blood circulation in the
lower extremities and nerves.
 TASTE

IMPAIRMENT
Impaired taste can refer to the absence of taste or the
sense of taste is not functioning properly. It can also
refer to an altered sense, such as metallic taste in the
mouth. Cayses of impaired taste range from tue
common cold to more serious medical conditions,
involving the central nervous system.In addition to
various health conditions, normal agin can also lead to
impaired taste. Some studies estimate 53% of older
adults have impaired taste.
 TYPES OF
TASTE
IMPAIRMENT
1. PHANTOM TASTE
PERCEPTION
- It is the most common taste
disorder. It is a lingering, often
unpleasant taste even though
there is nothing on your mouth.
2. HYPOGEUSIA
- It is a reduced or diminished
sense of taste. People with
hypogeusia have difficulty telling
the difference between certain
tastes or flavors. Or, they have
trouble detecting certain tastes,
like sweetness or saltiness.
 SYMTOMPS:
• A weakened sense of taste overall.
• An inability to detect certain tastes.
• Difficulty distiguishing between
tastes such as sweet, sour, salty
and bitter.
3. AGEUSIA
- It is a total loss of your sense of taste. It's rare and only
occurs in one to two people out of every 1,000. This
disorder can be a symptomp of many different medical
conditions. Ageusia generally isn't life threatening, but it
can lead to:

• Loss of appetite
•Malnutrition
•Unintended weight loss
• A harmed immune system
4. Dysgeusia
- It is a taste disorder when people feel
that all foods taste sour, sweet, bitter or
metallic. Dysgeusia can be caused by
many different factors including infection,
some medications and vitamin
defeciences.
 SYMTOMPS:
• Foods that used to taste good became bad and
sometimes rotten.
• Foods that are characteristically sweet or salty no
longer taste sweet or salty.
• All foods taste metallic or bitter.
• There is a taste in your mouth even though you
have not eaten anything.
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