ACTIVITIES-XII

ACTIVITY-1

Aim
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus: A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one way
key.
Material: An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper.

Diagram

Procedure
Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as shown in
diagram and then in series with the battery.

1. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.
2. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential difference.
3. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
4. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.

Utility
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance

ACTIVITY-2
 AIM: To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady
current.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED: Potentiometer, battery eliminator of
constant voltage, dc power supply or lead accumulator, voltmeter and ammeter of
suitable range, plug key, jockey, rheostat, connecting wires, etc.
PRINCIPLE If a steady current is flowing through a wire of uniform area of cross
section and having its resistance per unit length constant, potential drop V across two
points of the wire is directly proportional to the length l between those two points.
Mathematically, V α l
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the electrical circuit as shown in Fig.

. 2. Connect positive terminal of the battery to point A (zero length) of the

potentiometer.
3. Connect negative end of the battery to the other end B (point) of the potentiometer
wire through an ammeter, plug key and a rheostat. The ammeter should be connected in such
a way that its negative terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
4. Connect positive end of the voltmeter to point A and other end to a jockey J.
5. Now close the key K and press the jockey at point B. Adjust the rheostat to get full
scale deflection in voltmeter.
6. When jockey is pressed at point A, you will get zero deflection in the voltmeter.
7. Now press the jockey at 40 cm and note the corresponding voltmeter reading.
8. Repeat your observation by pressing the jockey at various lengths like 80 cm, 120
cm etc. which may extend upto, say 400 cm of potentiometer wire. Record voltmeter reading
in each case as shown in Table A.

CALCULATIONS The ratio φ = V / l is calculated. It is the potential gradient of the wire. Its
value is almost constant.

RESULT:
 ACTIVITY-3

Aim
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat,
key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and
correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
Apparatus and material
A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, resistance box (0 to 100 £2), two or one
way key. D.C. ammeter (0-3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.

Theory
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in a such a
manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the battery. n open circuit is the
combination of primary components of electric circuit in a such a manner that on closing the
circuit no current is drawn from the battery.

Procedure
Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the battery
eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.
Correct circuit diagram: (Components connected in proper order)
Result: Drawn the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Marked the components that are not connected
in proper order and corrected the circuit diagram.

ACTIVITY-4

Aim
To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
Apparatus and material
Apparatus: Multimeter.
Material: Above mixed collection of items.

. Theory

1. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does
not glow.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting. Hence, it glow.
3. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or reverse
biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts even when
operated with A.C. voltage
4. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward
biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then
multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay to zero quickly. It is because
that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.

Result: Identified a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such
items.

ACTIVITY- 5

Aim
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
Apparatus
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen a source of monochromatic light (laser pencil)
black paper and a glass plate.

Theory
Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the comers or edges of a fine opening
or aperture. Diffraction takes place when order of wavelength is comparable or small to the
size of slit or aperture. The diffraction effect is more pronounced if the size of the aperture or
the obstacle is of the order of wavelength of the waves. The diffraction pattern arises due to
interference of light waves from different symmetrical point of the same wavefront. The
diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a central bright band having alternate dark
and weak bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides.

DIAGRAM

Procedure

1. Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using adhesive.

2. Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges are parallel and extremely close to
each other to form a narrow slit in between.
3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of blades and place at a suitable distance
from a wall or screen of a dark room.
4. Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser pencil.
5. A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands is seen on the wall.

Conclusion
When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at the
comers of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light.

ACTIVITY- 6

AIM: To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, or (ii) concave
mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from
the lens/mirror). Materials required:
● A convex lens
● A concave mirror
● A candle
● A screen
● A stand to hold the lens/mirror and screen

Steps/Procedure:

1. Set up the experiment by placing the stand with the convex lens/mirror and screen on
it on a level surface.
2. Light the candle and place it at a fixed distance from the lens/mirror. For the first trial,
we can place the candle at a distance of around 20-25 cm from the lens/mirror.
3. Adjust the position of the screen until a clear image of the candle flame is formed on
the screen.
4. The object’s position in relation to a concave mirror/ convex lens affects the type and
characteristics of the image formed. Different scenarios result in different types of
images shown in the diagram
LEFT HAND SIDE- RAY DIAGRAM
Conclusion: By following these steps, we can study the nature and size of the image formed
by a convex lens or concave mirror on a screen using a candle and a screen and determines
the characteristics of the image formed.