Scribd
Upload
5 views

CITATIONS

Citations are essential in academic writing as they provide a detailed list of sources used by authors, giving credit to original creators and helping readers verify information. They are necessary to avoid plagiarism and demonstrate a writer's understanding of existing research. Various citation styles, such as APA, MLA, Harvard, Oxford, and Chicago, have specific formatting rules that must be followed.

Uploaded by

Gaganjyoti Goswami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

CITATIONS

Citations are essential in academic writing as they provide a detailed list of sources used by authors, giving credit to original creators and helping readers verify information. They are necessary to avoid plagiarism and demonstrate a writer's understanding of existing research. Various citation styles, such as APA, MLA, Harvard, Oxford, and Chicago, have specific formatting rules that must be followed.

Uploaded by

Gaganjyoti Goswami
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

INTRODUCTION: WHAT ARE CITATIONS?

Citations are the referencing part of academic writing which gives a detailed list of
sources from which an author has borrowed information for their published or
unpublished work. Citations are a way of giving credits to the original owners of
the sources and the publishers of the sources.

Citations help readers to show or find the original sources, materials and additional
information for their own research and further study, it provides an important
roadmap to researchers for their research process, whenever a writer uses sources
such as books, journals, or websites on their work, they must cite it giving credit to
the original author of the source.

WHY ARE CITATIONS NECESSARY?


Citations are necessary to avoid plagiarism, it is important to acknowledge the
work of original authors or else it could be considered stealing of sources.

It also helps readers to verify the originality of sources, it helps to show the readers
that the claims and the information in the following content is based on other
evidences and not just a personal opinion.

For researchers it helps to show that they have read and understood what experts
have had to say about the topic they’re working on.

Basically, citing sources is a professional and standard practice for students and
scholars.

Citations are usually located in the body of a paper in the form of In-text Citation ,
Footnotes and Endnotes, which acknowledges the sources.

Footnotes and Endnotes basically referred with superscript number between the
text which contains all of information, while Footnotes appear in the foot of the
page and Endnotes being in the end of the page.
Another form of citation is Bibliography that is always located at the end of an
article or any published work, it is used to give credit to every article or original
work that has been referenced in the whole research paper.

TYPES OF CITATION
The clearest identifying characteristic of any citation style is how the citations in
the text are presented. There are three main approaches:

 Parenthetical citations: We include identifying details of the source in


parentheses in the text- usually the author’s last name and the publication
date, plus a page number if relevant
 Numerical citations: We include a number in brackets or in superscript,
which corresponds to an entry in your numbered reference list.
 Note citation: We include a full citation in a footnote or endnote, which is
indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.

MAJOR CITATION STYLES


Different styles of citations are set by different universities also the different
publishers and associations with in-depth instructions and examples. There are
many Citation styles, some of main citation styles used by people are as follows;

 APA style: APA is defined by the 7th edition of the Publication Manuel of
the American Psychological Association. It was designed for use in
Psychology, but in modern day its widely used across various disciplines,
especially in humanities.
 MLA style: MLA style is known as the Modern Language Association. It’s
widely used across various humanities disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical
citation styles, it’s author-page style rather than author-date style.
 Harvard style: Harvard style is often used in the field of economics. It’s
also very widely popular among the disciplines in the UK universities.
Although there are various versions of Harvard styles defined by different
universities.
 Oxford style: Oxford style, often associated with the Oxford University
Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA), it is widely used
in legal writing, particularly in UK and Ireland. It is designed to provide
clear and concise references for legal sources.
 Chicago style: Chicago style is one of the two citation styles presented in
the Chicago Manual of Style. It’s used mainly in the sciences and social
sciences.

Each styles have their own specific rules for formatting styles, so it is important to
always refer to the official manual or style guide for detailed instructions.

You might also like