SUBJECT:

Mathematics

CLASS:
J.S.S. 2

TERM: First

©Deeper Life High School. 2023

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

WHOLE NUMBER a. standard forms of whole numbers
1 b. standard form of decimal numbers
c. conversion of standard form to ordinary number
and vice versa.
d. indices.
WHOLE NUMBER a. prime factor, L.C.M and H.C.F (revision)
2 b. square and square roots.
c. Q/R
APPROXIMATION (a) Approximation of numbers: Decimal places,
Significant figures (b) Quantitative Reasoning.
3

Fractions: (a) Expressing fractions as decimals (b)

Percentages: Percentages of quantities;
4
expressing one quantity as a percentage of the
other; percentage increase and decrease. (c)
Ratios (d) Rates and Proportions; (e) Word
problems.

Transactions in the Homes Household Arithmetic (budget, savings, rents,

and Offices taxes, bills, water rate).
5

Transactions in the Homes Commercial Arithmetic (simple interest, profit

and Offices and loss, discount, commission, VAT, hire
6
purchase); Exchange rate.

7 MID-TERM BREAK
Basic operations on directed (a) Addition and subtraction of directed numbers
--8 numbers: (Revision) (b) Multiplication and division of
directed numbers. (c) Inverse and identity.

Tables, Charts and (a) Square and Square root tables. (b) Charts,
Schedules: records and schedules (tabulated data, flight
9
schedules and timetables)

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 10 Revision.

11 Examination
12
13

WEEK: 1

SUB – TOPIC1

TOPIC: WHOLE NUMBERS

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson should be able to:

i. write whole numbers in standard form;

ii. write decimal numbers in standard form;
iii. change from standard form to ordinary numbers;
iv. Indices
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Students are familiar with integers.

SUB-TOPIC: WHOLE NUMBERS

CONTENTS: WHOLE NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM

A number is said to be in standard form if it is expressed in the form of A x 10n. Where 1 < 𝐴 < 10 and 𝑛
is an integer (positive or negative whole numbers). Standard form is very useful in field of sciences and social
sciences for easy presentations and analysis. Examples of numbers in standard form includes: 4 x 109, 5.8 x 102,
5.62 x 104, etc
Examples:
1. Write the following in standard form:
(a) 90 000 000 (b) 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 (c) 34256.189 (d) 879.45
Solutions
(a). 90 000 000 = 9 x 10 000 000 = 9 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 9 x 107
(b). 6 x 1000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x
10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 6 X 1018
(c). 34256.189 = 3.4256189 x 10 000 = 3.4256189 x 104
(d). 879.45 = 8.7945 x 100 = 8.7945 10 x 10 = 8.7945 x 102
2. Express each of the following in ordinary forms or full figures:
(a). 7.879 x 105 (b). 6.209 x 104 (c). 4.231 x 106
Solutions:
(a). 7.879 x 105 = 7.879 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 7.879 x 100 000 = 787900
(b). 6.209 x 104 = 6.209 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 6.209 x 10 000 = 62090
(c). 4.231 x 106 = 4.231 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 4.231 x 1 000 000 = 4231000
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
CLASS ACTIVITY
Fill in the gap:
1. Write the number 8,765 in standard form: _______.
2. Express 0.00354 in standard form: _______.
3. Convert 0.000 6.25 into standard form: _______.
4. The speed of light is approximately 3000000 meters per second. Write this speed in standard form:
_______.
5. What is the standard form of the number 9,217,000,000? _______.
ESSAY
1. Express the following numbers in standard forms
(a) 50130002 (b) 0.000003290 (c) 3518 x 1000000
(d) 0.000400254 (e) 0.000000000235 ÷ 1000000
2. Rewrite each of the following in ordinary forms
(a) 5.00009 x 105 (b) 8.543 x 10-4 (c) 6.653 x 10-6

SUB- TOPIC 2
DECIMAL NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM
Decimal fractions can be expressed in standard form using negative powers of ten (10). This means that, the
values of 𝑛 when a decimal number is expressed in standard forms are negative. To do this, we move the
decimal point to Right Hand Side (RHS) in tenth.
Examples:
1) Express each of these numbers in standard form.
(a). 0.0008 (b). 0.0000 000 7 (c). 0. 000 036
Solutions:
8 8
(a). 0.0008 = 8 ÷ 10000 = 10000 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 8 x 1/104 = 8 x 10-4
7
(b). 0.000 00 7 = 7 ÷ 1000 000 = = 7 x 1/10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 7 x 10-6
1000000
36
(c). 0. 000 036 = 36 100000 = 100000 = 36 x 1/ 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 3.6 x 106
2) Write the following as decimal fractions and standard forms:
(a) 16 thousandths (b) 60 millionths
Solutions:
(a) 16 thousandths = 1 thousandth x 16 = 0.001 x 16 = 0.0016
In standard form: 0.0016 = 1.6 x 10-3
(b) 60 millionths = 1 millionth x 60 = 0.00000 x 60 = 6 x 10-5
Class activity
1) Rewrite each of the following numbers in figures and put them in standard forms.
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 (a) 7 thousands (b) two and one quarter billion (c) 35 thousandths (d) 783 millionths
2) Express the following in standard form
a) 0. 00000027 b) 0. 000765 c) 0.0000000000000098

CHANGING FROM STANDARD FORM TO ORDINARY NUMBERS

Examples:
Express each of the following in ordinary forms or full figures:
(a). 7.879 x 105 (b). 6.209 x 104 (c). 4.231 x 106
Solutions:
(a). 7.879 x 105 = 7.879 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 7.879 x 100 000 = 787900
(b). 6.209 x 104 = 6.209 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 6.209 x 10 000 = 62090
(c). 4.231 x 106 = 4.231 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 4.231 x 1 000 000 = 42310000
Fill in the gap:
Converting Standard Form to Ordinary Form:
1. Write the number 5.42 x 10^6 in ordinary form: _______.
2. Convert 2.56 x 10^-3 to ordinary form: _______.
3. Express 7.89 x 10^2 as an ordinary number: _______.
4. The mass of a planet is 1.2 x 10^24 kilograms. What is this mass in ordinary form? _______.
5. A bacteria population is estimated to be 3.75 x 10^5. What is the population in ordinary form?
_______.
Converting Ordinary Form to Standard Form:
1. Convert 0.00487 to standard form: _______ x 10^______.
2. Write the number 6,720,000 in standard form: _______ x 10^______.
3. The distance from Earth to the Moon is approximately 384,400,000 meters. Express this distance in
standard form: _______ x 10^______.
4. A marathon race is 26.2 miles long. Convert this distance to standard form: _______ x 10^______ meters.
5. The Earth's circumference is about 40,075,000 meters. What is the standard form of this circumference?
_______ x 10^______.

SUB- TOPIC 3
INDICES
10x 10 x 10 = 103 is in index form, where 3 is the index or power of 103.
Similarly, p5 is short for p x p x p x p x p. 5 is the index of p in the expression p5. We often say this as ‘p to the
power of 5’. The plural of index is indices.

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

The following are the laws of indices:
Multiplication: Xa x Xb = Xa + b
Example: Multiply the following
a) m3 x m5 b) 102 x 107 c) 5y5 x 3y3

Solutions:
a) m3 x m5
By expansion,
m3 x m5 = m x m x m x m x m x m x m x m = m8
By adding index,
m3 x m5 = m3 + 5 = m8.
b) 102 x 107
= 102 + 7 = 109
c) 5y5 x 3y3
= (5 x 3) x y5 + 3
= 15 x y8
= 15y8
Division: Xa Xb = Xa – b
Example: solve the following
a) a7 a3 b) 10a8 5a6 c) 18x5 9x4
Solution
a) a7 a3
by expansion, we have
a7 a3 = a x a x a x a x a x a x a
axaxa
= a4
By subtracting index,
a7 a3 = a7 – 3 = a4
b) 10a8÷ 5𝑎6
= (10 ÷ 5) x a8 – 6
= 2 x a2
= 2a2
c) 18x5÷ 9x4
= (18 ÷ 9) x ( x5 – 4)
= 2 x x1
= 2x
Zero and negative power: any number to the power of zero is 1 and any number having a negative power
becomes a fraction. X0 = 1, X-a = 1/xa
Example: simplify the following
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 a) 10-2 b) x5 x x-2 c) r7x r7 d) 2a-1 x 3a2
Solution
a) 10-2 = 1/10
b) X5 x X-2
= X5 + (-2)
= X5 – 2
= X-3
= 1/x3
c) r7÷ r7
= r7-7 = r0
= 1.

d) 2a-1 x 3a2
= ( 2 x 3) x a-1 + 2
= 6a1
= 6a.
CONCLUSION:
CLASS ACTIVITY: simplify the following.
Fill in the gap:
1. Simplify: 2^3 = _______.
2. Calculate: 4^0 = _______.
3. Evaluate: 5^1 = _______.
4. What is 3^2? _______.
5. If 2^4 represents 2 multiplied by itself 4 times, what is the value? _______.
6. Simplify: 6^0 = _______.
7. Calculate: 1^5 = _______.
8. What does 7^1 equal? _______.
9. If 4^3 represents 4 multiplied by itself 3 times, what is the result? _______.
10.Simplify: 0^6 = _______.
ESSAY
1) 2e4 x 5e10 2) 51m9÷ 3m 3) (3.6 x 107) ÷ (1.2 x 103) 4) (2a)-1x 3a2 5) (1/3)-2

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) Express the following in standard form:
a) 0.000 0004 b) 720 000 000 c) 0.000 000 052 d) 85 000 000 000
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 2) Express the following in ordinary form
a) 3 x 108 b) 2.6 x 107 c) 4.4 x 109 d) 3.4 x 105
3) Express the following to decimal fractions
a) 4.5 x 10-3 b) 2.4 x 10-4 c) 8.8 x 10-5
4) Express the following decimals in standard form
a) 0.000 005 b) 0. 0008 c) 0.000 000 005
5) Simplify the following:
a) a11÷ a9 b) 3 x 106 x 5 x 103 c) 2a-1 x (3a)2

ASSIGNMENTS
1) express each of the following in standard form
a) 7540058 b) 720 000 000 c) 9 400 000 000
2) Express the following decimals in standard form
a) 0.05872 b) 0.00489 c) 0.000 005
3) Write the following in ordinary form
a) 5.342 x 103 b) 9.58 x 104
4) The number 0.000 000 000 000 448 2 in standard form is
5) Simplify the following
a) 28z12÷ 4z10 b) 5 x 106 x 2 x 104 c) y8÷ (1/y)5
GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY:

Standard number, ordinary number, index, indices

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

1. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is approximately 149,600,000 kilometers. Convert this distance to
standard form.
2. A bacteria population has grown to 8,750,000,000. Write this population in standard form.
3.The speed of sound is approximately 343 meters per second. Express this speed in standard form.
4. The mass of a planet is 5.972 x 10^24 kilograms. Convert this mass to standard form.
5. The length of a nanometer is 0.000000001 meters. Write this length in standard form.
6. The circumference of the Earth is about 40,075,000 meters. Convert this circumference to standard form.
7. Express the number 6,840,000 in standard form.
8. A chemical reaction occurs in 0.000025 seconds. Write this time in standard form.
9. The wavelength of visible light is around 0.00000045 meters. Convert this wavelength to standard form.
10.The acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.8 meters per second squared. Express this acceleration in
standard form.

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "In the world of numbers, standard form and indices unveil the beauty of large and small, making the
universe of mathematics truly awe-inspiring."
2."Indices empower us to harness the power of multiplication within multiplication, unlocking the potential of
numbers to the fullest."
3."Just as stars in the night sky shine in their standard form, numbers too find their brilliance when expressed
in the elegant language of indices."
4. "Standard form is the mathematical poetry that encapsulates the enormity of the universe and the intricacy
of the tiniest particles."
5. "Indices teach us that even a single number can rise to incredible heights or shrink to the tiniest fraction,
depending on the power of imagination."
6."Embrace the exponents and delve into the world of indices, where even the simplest numbers can hold the
key to extraordinary discoveries."
7."Mathematics, through standard form and indices, reminds us that our ability to comprehend the universe is
boundless, just like the infinite possibilities of numbers."

WEEK2
TOPIC: WHOLE NUMBERS
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
i. define and solve problems on prime factors, LCM and HCF
ii. find square and square roots of numbers.
iii. solve problems on Q/R relate to LCM and HCF and square and square roots of numbers.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: students are familiar with the standard form and indices.

SUB – TOPIC1
CONTENTS: Prime factors, LCM and HCF
Prime factors of numbers.
Prime factors of a number are the factors of that number which are not divisible by any other number except
that number and 1. For example, the prime factors of 30 are 2,3 and 5 because out of all the factors of 30
(1,2,3,5,6,10,15 and 30), it is only 2,3 and 5 that are not divisible by any other number except themselves and 1.
Examples:
Write the factors of the following numbers and state the prime factors, hence express each number as a product
of its prime factors.
(a) 22 (b) 50 (c) 63 (d) 42
Solutions:
(a) 22
Factors of 22 are 1, 2, 11, 22
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 The prime factors of 22 are 2 and 11
Product of its prime factors of 22 = 2 x11
(b) Factors of 50 are 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50
The prime factors of 50 are 2 and 5
Product of its prime factors of 50 = 2 x 5 x 5 = 2 x 52
(c) Factors of 63 are 1, 3, 7, 9, 21 and 63
The prime factors of 63 are 3 and 7
Product of its prime factors of 63 = 3 x 3 x 7 = 32 x 7
(d) Factors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 42
The prime factors of 42 are 2, 3 and 7
Product of its prime factors of 42 = 2 x 3 x 7

Prime factorization
Examples
Express the following as a product of their prime factors in index form.
(a) 27 (b) 104 (c) 116
Solutions:
Divide each of the numbers by the prime factors in turns until it will not divide any further.
(a) 27
3 27
3 9
3 3

∴27 = 3 x 3 x 3 = 33
(b) 104
2 104
2 52
2 26
13 13
1
∴ 104 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 13 = 23 x 13
(c) 116
2 116
2 58
29 29
1
∴ 116 =2 x 2 x 29 = 22 x 29

CLASS ACTIVITY
Fill in the gap questions;
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
1. The prime factorization of 36 is ____________ x ____________ x ____________.
2. The ____________ of 12 and 18 is 6.
3. The highest common factor (HCF) of 24 and 36 is ____________.
4. The least common multiple (LCM) of 8 and 15 is ____________.
5. The prime factorization of 72 is ____________ x ____________ x ____________.
ESSAY
1. For each of the following numbers: 39, 53, 72 and 56
(a) Write their factors (b) state which factors are prime numbers
(c)Express the numbers as product of its prime factors
2. Show that 61 is a prime number
3. Express each number as a product of its prime factors in index form: 117, 200, 98, 52 and 174

SUB-TOPIC2
THE LEAST COMMON MULTIPLES (LCM) OF NUMBERS
The LCM of two or more quantities is the smallest common multiple they have.
For example:
The multiple of 2: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12…
The multiple of 3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15…
Notice that 6 and 12 are the common multiples of 2 & 3
But the Least Common multiple (LCM) is 6.
Example: Find the LCM of 22, 30 and 40
Method: Express each number as a product of its prime factors.
22 = 2 x 11
30 = 2 x 3 x 5
40 = 2 x 2 x 2 x5 = 23 x 5
The prime factors of 22, 30 and 40 are 2, 3, 5, and 11.
The highest power of each prime factor must be in the LCM.
These are 23, 3, 5 and 11
Thus, LCM = 23 X 3 X 5 X 11
= 8 X 3 X 5 X 11
= 1320
Alternative method
2 22 30 40
2 11 15 20
2 11 15 10
3 11 15 5

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

5 11 5 5
11 11 1 1
1 1 1

Thus, LCM = 23 X 3 X 5 X 11 = 1320

CLASS ACTIVITY:- Find the LCM of the following:

1. 18, 30 and 48
2. 8, 10 and 12

THE HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) OF NUMBERS

14 is the highest common factor (HCF) of 28 and 42. It is the greatest number which will divide exactly into
both 28 and 42.
Example 1
Find the HCF of 504 and 588.
Method: express each number as a product of its prime factors.
2 504 2 588
2 252 2 294
2 126 3 147
3 63 7 49
3 21 7 7
7 7 1
1

504 = 23 x 32 x 7 588 = 22 x 3 x 72
Find the common prime factors
504 = (22 x 3 x 7) x 2 x 3
588 = (22 x 3 x 7) x 7
The HCF is the product of the common prime factors.
HCF = 22 x 3 x 7
=4X3X7
= 84
CLASS ACTIVITY
Find the HCF of the number 36, 54 and 60

Lowest Common Multiple (LCM):

1. What is the LCM of 12 and 18? a) 6 b) 36 c) 72 d) 54

2. The LCM of 5, 8, and 10 is: a) 40 b) 80 c) 20 d) 10

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

3. Which of the following pairs has an LCM of 24? a) 6 and 8 b) 9 and 12 c) 15 and 20 d) 18 and 24
Highest Common Factor (HCF):
4. What is the HCF of 24 and 36? a) 6 b) 12 c) 18 d) 3
5. The HCF of 16, 24, and 40 is: a) 4 b) 8 c) 16 d) 20
6. Which of the following pairs has an HCF of 9? a) 27 and 45 b) 18 and 27 c) 21 and 36 d) 15 and 27

SQUARE ROOTS OF PERFECT SQUARES BY FACTOR METHOD

SQUARE:
72 = 7 X 7
In words ‘the square of 7 is 49’. We can turn this statement round and say, ‘the square root of 49 is 7’.
In symbols, √49 = 7, to find the square root of a number, first find its factors.
Examples
1) Find √11025.
Method: try the prime number, first find its factors.

3 11025
3 3675
5 1225
5 245
7 49
7 7
1

11025 = 32 X 52 X 72
= (3X5X7) X (3 X 5 X 7)
= 105 X 105
Thus √11025 = 105
It is not always necessary to write a number in its prime factors.
Perfect Squares:
A perfect square is a whole number whose square root is also is also a whole number. i.e. 9, 25, 225, 9216 are
perfect squares because their square roots are whole numbers.
It is possible to express a perfect square in factors with even indices. For example:
9216 = 962 = 32 x 322
= 32 x 42 x 82
= 32 x 210
2) Find the smallest number by which 540 must be multiplied so that the product is a perfect square.
2 540
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
2 270
3 135
3 45
3 15
5 5
1

540 = 22 x 33 x 5
The index of 2 is even.
The indices of 3 and 5 are odd.
one more 3 and one more 5 will make all the indices even. The product will then be a perfect square.
∴The number required = 3 x 5 = 15.

CLASS ACTIVITY
Fill in the gap questions:
1. The square of 9 is ____________.
2. The square root of 64 is ____________.
3. If a square has an area of 49 square units, each side has a length of ____________ units.
4. The square root of 121 is ____________.
5. The area of a square with side length 5 units is ____________ square units.
ESSAY
1. Find by factors the square roots of the following: i. 484 ii. 2500
2. Find the smallest numbers by which the following must be multiplied so that their products are perfect
squares. (a) 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 (b) 23 x 34 x 56 x 72 x 132

SUB – TOPIC3
QUANTITATIVE REASONING
Sample A 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,...
2, 4, 6, 8, 10,…
6, 12, 18, 24, 30, …
Supply the missing numbers in 16, 20, _____, 28, _______
The set are multiples of 4 because 4 can divide all the given numbers without remainder,
so successive addition of 4 gives 16 + 4 = 20, 20+ 4 = 24; 24 + 4 = 28; 28+ 4 = 32
Fill in the gaps.
1. 15, 30, _____, 60, ___
2. 4, 6, __, __, 12, 14

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

Sample B
9 6 16 12 4 2
3
4 2

12 15 20 24 6 8

(a.) (b.) (c.)

10 ? 24 21 33 ?
? 11
15 5 20 27 30 44 55

5 ? 11

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Fill in the gap questions:
1. The prime factorization of 20 is ____________ x ____________.
2. The highest common factor (HCF) of 24 and 36 is ____________.
3. The least common multiple (LCM) of 8 and 15 is ____________.
4. The square root of 144 is ____________.
5. The square of 7 is ____________.
6. The product of prime factors of 42 is ____________ x ____________.
7. The prime numbers between 20 and 30 are ____________, ____________, and ____________.
8. The LCM of 6, 9, and 12 is ____________.
9. The square root of 49 is ____________.
10. The highest common factor (HCF) of 48 and 60 is ____________.
ESSAY
1) Find the L.C.M of the following: a) 12, 15 and 18 b) 20, 28 and 30 c) 216 and 168
2) Find the HCF of the following: a) 72, 108 and 54 b) 36, 54 and 60 c) 54 and 105
3) Find the factors of the square roots of the following:
a) 1 936 b) 2 025 c) 2 916 d) 3 136 e) 1 225

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 4) What must the multiplied to 240 to make it a perfect square?
5) Express 11 664 as a product of its factors in index form

ASSIGNMENTS
1) Using the product of prime factors, find the square root of i) 400 ii) 750
2) What is the smallest number by which 90 must be multiplied to obtain a perfect square?
3) Find the square root of the following by factorization method
i) 5 184 ii) 46 565 iii) 7 744 d) 2 916 e) 41 209
2
4) A square plank has an area of 116.64cm . What is the length of its sides?
5) A pile of nuts can be shared equally between 8 boys, between 9 boys and between 10 boys. What is the
least number of nuts in the pile?
6) How many five-digit numbers are divisible by 11, If the first digit is 1, the third digit is 3 and the fifth digit
is 5?
7) Express 38 as a product of two prime numbers.
8) Factorize and so find the square root of 64, 81, 144, 256, 729, 1600
GLOSSARY OF TERMS/KEY WORDS/VOCABULARY

Factor, prime factors LCM, HCF, square and square roots

PUZZLE

1. Find two consecutive positive integers such that the square of the smaller integer is 144.
2. What is the square root of 169?
3. The area of a square is 64 square units. What is the length of each side of the square?
4. A perfect square number between 20 and 30 is multiplied by itself. What is the result?
5. The side length of a square garden is 25 meters. What is the area of the garden?
6. If a square has an area of 121 square centimeters, what is the length of each side of the square?
7. Solve for x: x^2 = 81.
8. The square of a number is 256. What is the number?
9. What is the square root of 49?
10. The product of two consecutive odd numbers is 121. What are the two numbers?
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES
1. "In the realm of numbers, LCM and HCF are the architects that create harmonious connections between
values, just as nature weaves patterns into the fabric of existence."
2. "Discovering the prime factors of a number is like unlocking a treasure chest of mathematical elegance,
revealing the building blocks of complexity hidden within simplicity."

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

3. "Squares and square roots are the symphony of mathematics, where numbers dance between their original
form and their perfect symmetrical counterpart."
4. "Amidst the diversity of numbers, LCM and HCF are the universal translators that bring order to chaos,
helping us understand the language of quantity."
5. "As we unravel the tapestry of mathematics, LCM and HCF become the weavers of connections, intertwining
numbers into a seamless fabric of understanding."

WEEK3
TOPIC: APPROXIMATION
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. approximate number to a given decimal places;
ii. approximate number to a given significant figure.
iii. Solve problems on Q/R relate to approximation.
ENTRY BEHAVOUR: students are familiar with whole number and decimal numbers.

SUB-TOPIC 1
CONTENT
Approximation of numbers
To approximate a number means to write a number near the original number that is a number not exactly the
original number. It may be a bit more or less than the original. Whole numbers can be approximated to the
nearest ten, hundred, thousand, million, etc.
Let’s consider the table below:
NUMBER APPROXIMATED
186 190 to the nearest ten
1586 1600 to the nearest hundred
346 300 to the nearest hundred
1481 1480 to the nearest ten
687.4 687 to the nearest unit
4225 4000 to the nearest thousand
69685.42 69690 to the nearest ten
2.634 2.630 to the nearest thousandth
0.214 0.214 to the nearest thousandth

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

From the above table, we can see that when numbers are approximated, they do not give the exact result
expected. In approximation, we only consider the next figure we are approximating. If it is up to 5 and above,
we take it as one (1) and add the (1) to the figure we are approximating to. If it is less than 5, we make it zero
(0) and add zero to the figure.
Examples:
1. Sum 48, 226 and 592 and approximate your answer to the nearest hundred.
Solution:
48 + 226 +592 = 866.
To the nearest hundred 866 = 900
2. Simply 1984 −689 − 800 + 215
Solution:
1984 + 215 − (689 + 800) = 2199 − 1489 = 710
To the nearest hundred = 700
3. The heights of three educators are 1.45m, 3m and 2.11m. Calculate the total height and approximate to
the nearest hundredth.
Solution:
1.45m + 3.00m + 2.11m = 6.56m.
To the nearest hundredth, 6.56m is the answer.
Note that in the example above, the answer is exactly the as the number approximated, which is 6.56m.

NOTE:Correcting numbers to the nearest ten (10) means leaving your answer with only one zero at the
back of your answer (the unit position), while to the nearest hundred (100) and thousand (1000) means
leaving two zeros and three zeros at the back respectively
Example:
Write 7822 to the (a) nearest ten (b) nearest hundred (c) thousand
Solutions:
(a) 7822 =7820 to the nearest ten because 7822 is nearer to 7820 than 7830
(b) 7822 =7800 to the nearest ten because 7822 is nearer to 7800 than 7900
(c) 7822 =8000 to the nearest ten because 7822 is nearer to 8000 than 7000
Significant Figures
Numbers could be rounded up to a given significant figures. Significant figures are obtained by counting the
number of digits in a given number.
When rounding up or down a number to given significant figures we count the digits of the number from left
hand side to the required significant figures, then we consider the next digit to do the rounding up or down. If
the digit is less than 5, we round down the number to zero and if it is equal to or greater than 5, we round it to
one (1)

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 Significant Figures (Rounding)
When we approximate whole numbers we may need to
insert zeros as required in order to maintain the size of
the number

Rounding whole numbers to 2 s.f

1472 42728 204478

5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ?

Yes Yes No

1 500 43 000 200 000

Significant Figures (Rounding) Significant Figures (Rounding)

When we approximate whole numbers we may need to When we approximate whole numbers we may need to
insert zeros as required in order to maintain the size of insert zeros as required in order to maintain the size of
the number the number

Rounding whole numbers to 3 s.f Rounding whole numbers to 4 s.f

5472 83798 974978 34721 13798 624778

5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ?

No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

5 470 83 800 975 000 34 720 13 800 624 800

Example:
Round off:
(a) 456.36 (b) 0.03278 to:
(I) 2 significant figures
(II) 3 significant figures
Solution:
a. (i) 456.36 = 460 (2 s.f)
(ii) 456.36 = 456 (3 s.f)
b. (i) 0.03278 = 0.03 (2 s.f)
(ii) 0.03278 = 0.033 (3 s.f)

Class Activity:

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

Fill in the gap with questions:
1. Round the number 386 to the nearest ten: __________.
2. When rounding 4,572 to the nearest hundred, it becomes: __________.
3. The whole number 8,219, when rounded to the nearest thousand, becomes: __________.
4. If you round 639 to the nearest ten, the result is: __________.
5. Rounding 12,874 to the nearest hundred yields: __________.

ESSAY
1. Approximate (a) 2.517 (b) 0.497 to the nearest whole, tenth and hundredth
2. In 2011 Nigeria general election, there were 22.8 million registered male and 25.12 million registered
female voters. How voters were there altogether correct to 3 significant figures?
3. Round off :
(a) 468.3907 (b) 0.009896 to:
(i) 3 significant figures
(ii) 4 significant figure and state in each case the type of rounding off.

SUB-TOPIC 2
Decimal places
The number of digit(s) after the decimal point in any given number is called its Decimal places.
Example:
Correct the following to i) 1 decimal place ii) 2 decimal places iii) 3 decimal places
a) 0.10775 b) 0.08017 c) 2.1359
Solution
a) 0.10775
0.10775 = 0.1 to 1d.p
0.10775 = 0.11 to 2d.p
0.10775 = 0.108 to 3d.p
b) 0.08017
0.08017 = 0.1 to 1dp
0.08017 = 0.08 to 2dp
0.08017 = 0.080 to 3dp
c) 2.1359
2.1359 = 2.1 to 1dp
2.1359 = 2.14 to 2dp
2.1359 = 2.136 to 3dp

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 Rounding to 1 d.p Rounding to 2 d.p

5. 8 4 2 5 1. 4 2 6 1 0. 6 0 8 3
4.8325 4. 8 4 2 5 4. 8 5 2 5

5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ?

5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ?
No No Yes No Yes Yes

4.8 4.8 4.9 5.84 1.43 0.61

4. 8 6 2 5 4. 8 7 2 5 4. 8 9 2 5 0. 2 9 4 3 0. 5 5 5 0 0. 3 9 7 0

5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ?

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

4.9 4.9 4.9 0.29 0.56 0.40

Rounding to 3 d.p

5. 8 4 2 5 4 1. 4 2 6 1 8 0. 6 0 8 3 4

5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ?

Yes No No

5.843 1.426 0.608

6. 2 9 4 7 1 5. 4 0 0 9 7 0. 3 9 9 7 7

5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ? 5 or bigger ?

Yes Yes Yes

6.295 5.401 0.400

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 Class Activity
Fill in the gap with questions:
Significant Figures in Whole Numbers:
1. How many significant figures are in the number 8,900? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
2. The number 2,000,000 has how many significant figures? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 7
3. How many significant figures are in the whole number 3? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 0
4. Which of the following whole numbers has three significant figures? a) 105 b) 200 c) 0 d) 4500
5. The number 60,070 has how many significant figures? a) 1 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
Significant Figures in Decimal Numbers:
6. How many significant figures are in the decimal number 0.00825? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
7. The decimal number 4.700 has how many significant figures? a) 1 b) 3 c) 4 d) 2
8. How many significant figures are in the decimal number 9.00? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
9. Which of the following decimal numbers has four significant figures? a) 20.05 b) 0.0006 c) 0.0200 d) 300
10. The number 0.004600 has how many significant figures? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5
ESSAY
Write the following numbers correct to 1, 2 and 3 decimal places
a) 0.2176 b) 0.7487 c) 16.074 d) 22. 3262 e) 0.007749

SUB-TOPIC 3
QUANTITATIVE REASONING
Sample A:
237
+ 561
798→ 800
420
+ 513
933→ 930
Class Activity
Study the samples and then use it to answer the following:
1. 243
- 115
358 →?

2. ?

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 - 316
621 → 620

3. 512
- 242 ?→ 750

Sample B:
267.167 // 267.17
107.224 // 107.22
Class Activity
Solve the following:
1. 7.872 // ? 2. 100.248 // ? 3. ? // 0.89 4. ? // 0.03

CONCLUSION
Fill in the gap:
Approximation of Whole Numbers:

1. When approximating 478 to the nearest ten, it becomes __________.

2. Round the number 1,645 to the nearest __________.
3. Approximate 7,892 to the nearest thousand; it becomes __________.
4. The population of a city is 156,720. When approximated to the nearest hundred thousand, it is __________.
5. When rounding 3,237,482 to the nearest million, the result is __________.

Approximation of Decimal Numbers:

6. Approximate the decimal number 3.847 to two decimal places: __________.

7. When rounded to the nearest tenth, 9.632 becomes __________.
8. The value of π (pi) approximated to two decimal places is __________.
9. If you round 0.04782 to three decimal places, it becomes __________.
1o. The speed of light is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second. When rounded to the nearest hundred
thousand, it is __________.

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) Write each of the following numbers correct to 1, 2 and 3 significant figures
a) 66.57 b) 2.0079 c) 0.0187 d) 4 766
2) Write each of the following numbers correct to 1, 2 and 3 decimal places
a) 0.05144 b) 2.1359 c) 159.82
3) Round off 2453.738 to: i) 2 decimal places ii) 3 significant figures
4) Approximate 0.0025349 to 4 significant figures
5) A room is 18.8m by 9.8m. Calculate correct to 2 decimal places the perimeter of the room.
ASSIGNMENT
1) Round off each of the following to: i) 2 decimal places ii) 3 significant figures
a)0.90907 b) 0.9997 c) 15.09624
2) A packet of biscuits has a mass of 205g. if there are 28 biscuits in the packet, what is the approximate
mass of 1 biscuit correct to 5 decimal places?
3) A woman’s pace is about 70cm long. She takes 2858 paces to walk from her home to the market. Find
the distance from her home to the market correct to 4 significant figures.
4) The perimeter of a school compound is 1 616m. In the perimeter of the fence, there are 203 fence posts
equally spaced. Find, approximating to 3 decimal places, the distance between two posts?
5) A nautical mile is 1.853km long. Calculate to: i) 2 dp ii) 2 s.f, how many kilometres are there in 243
nautical miles.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS/KEY WORDS/VOCABULARY

Approximation decimal places and significant places

PUZZLE/BRAIN TEASER

The Mysterious Measurement:

You're given a piece of string but no ruler. Your task is to approximate the length of the string without any
measuring tools. You know that the string is longer than 1 meter and shorter than 2 meters. What creative
ways can you use to estimate the length of the string with this limited information?
Give it a try!
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES
1. "In the realm of uncertainty, approximation is the bridge that allows us to take steps towards understanding
the vastness of the unknown."
2. "Approximation is not a compromise of accuracy; it's a testament to our capacity to make progress in the
face of complexity."

WEEK 4
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
TOPIC: FRACTIONS
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
i. Express fractions as decimals;
ii. express one quantity as a percentage of the other;
iii. find percentage increase and decrease;
iv. find ratios, rates and proportion
v. solve word problems on fractions.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: students are familiar with whole numbers.
SUB-TOPIC 1
CONTENT
EXPRESSING FRACTIONS AS DECIMALS
There are two methods of doing this conversion. There is the general method which can be used any time and
on any type of vulgar fraction. There is also another method where the denominator of the fraction contains
power/powers of ten.
In this second case, the given fraction can first be converted to an equivalent fraction.
Examples :
1. Convert the following common fractions to decimal fractions (decimal numbers).
2 3 144
, , .
5 4 225
Solutions:
First: we can use the equivalent fractions method, before the general method.
2 2 2×2 4
➢ Write as = = = 0.4
5 5 5×2 10
2
= 0.4
5
3 3 3 × 25 75
➢ Write as = = = 0.75
4 4 4 × 25 100
3
∴ 4 = 0.75
144 144 144 × 4 576
➢ Write as = = = 0.576
225 225 225 × 4 1000
144
∴ = 0.576
225
Second: the general method (for all condition) is used when the denominator of the given fraction does not
contain power(s) of 10. This is by dividing the numerator by the denominator mentally or via long-division
previously learnt by students in their Primary School days.
Teacher to demonstrate this approach to students as an alternative.

Conversion of decimals to fractions.

Examples:
1. Convert 0.65 to a common fraction.
Solution:
To do this, we simply multiply the given decimal fraction by 100 and at the same time divide it by 100.
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 0.65 × 100
Write 0.65 as 0.65 = . If we carefully notice the expression, we will see that what we are doing is just
100
100
multiplying 0.65 by unity (1). Because = 1.
100
0.65 × 100 65 13
⇒ = = , (when further reduced to the lowest term).
100 100 20
13
∴ 0.65 =20 .
2. Convert 0.6to a common fraction.
Solution:
To do this we simply multiply the given decimal fraction by 10 and at the same time divide it by 10.
0.6 × 10 6 3
Write 0.6 as 0.6 = = =5 .
10 10
3
∴ 0.6 =5 .
3. Convert 0.125 to a common fraction.
Solution:
To do this we multiply the given decimal fraction by 1000 and at the same time divide it by 1000 to have 0.125
0.125 × 1000 125 25 5 1
= = = = = 8 (when fully simplified to its lowest form).
1000 1000 200 40
CLASS ACTIVITY:
Fill in the gap:
1. A fraction represents a part of a whole and consists of two parts: the __________ and the __________.
2. A fraction where the numerator is smaller than the denominator is called a __________ fraction.
3. A fraction where the numerator is equal to the denominator is known as a __________ fraction.
4. When the numerator is greater than the denominator, the fraction is termed an __________ fraction.
5. Fractions that have different denominators are known as __________ fractions.
ESSAY
1. Change the following common fractions to decimal fractions.
9 1 2 17 123
, , , , .
15 19 23 3 341
2. Change the following decimal fractions to the vulgar or common fractions.
i) 0.56ii) 0.0015iii) 5.35iv) 0.222 v) 1.98

SUB-TOPIC2
PERCENTAGES
This is a number expressed as a fraction of 100. The symbol for percentage is %. 1% means 1 out of 100. This
can be written as a fraction 1/100, 100 is the denominator.
Example
2
1. Express15as percentage.
Solution:
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
There are two possible ways to answer the question.
METHOD 1:
2 2 200 1
Write15as15 × 100 = = 13 3 %.
15
2 1
= 13 3 %in percentage.
15
METHOD 2:
2⁄ 2⁄ 2 40⁄ 1
2 ×20 13 1
3 3 3 3 3
Write 15 as 15⁄ = = = = = 13 3 % in percentage
3 5 5×20 100 100

2. Express 65% as fraction.

Solution:
65 13
Write 65% as 65% = 100 = 20
.
13
65% =20 .
3. Express 24% as fraction.
Solution:
24 6
Write 24% as 24% = 100 =25 .
6
∴ 24% =25
Class activity
1) Express each of the following fractions as percentage.
𝟓 𝟏𝟕 𝟗 𝟏
, , , .
𝟖 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟗𝟎
2) Express each of the following percentages as fraction.
64%, 45 %, 0.125 %, 0.17 % .
Percentage of quantities
Examples: find the value of the following
1) 20% of 400 yams
2) 121/2% of 2000km
Solution:
1) 20% of 400yams
20
/100x 400
= 20 x 4
= 80 yams
2) 121/2 of 2000km
= 25/2x 2000
= 25 x 1000
= 25 000km
Expressing one quantity as a percentage of the other
Examples:
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 1) What percentage of 21/4 hours is 45 minutes
2) A farmer found 24 out of 100 tubers of yam bad, what percentage of the yam is bad.
Solution
1) 21/4 hours = 9/4 x 60/1 = 9 x 15 = 135 minutes
Thus, 45 minutes as a percentage of 135 minutes
= 45/135 x 100/1
= 1/3 x 100 = 100/3
= 33 1/3%
2) Total yam = 100
Bad yams = 24
Percentage of bad yams
= 72/100 x 100/1
= 72%
Percentage increase and decrease
Percentage increase represents a rise or appreciation of a given number, amount or quantity while
Percentage decrease represents a reduction or depreciation of a given number, amount or quantity. It is the
opposite of percentage increase.
Example:
1) Increase $210 by 30%
2) Find the percentage increase from 250 to 350
3) Reduce £650 by 10%
4) A tank containing kerosene is three-quarter full. If 20% of the kerosene is removed, find the amount of
kerosene left in the tank.
Solution: Method 1
1) Amount = $210
Percentage increase = 30%
Total amount (30% of 210)
= 30/100x 210
= $63
Increasing $210 by $63 = $210 + $ 63 = $273
Therefore, total amount = $273
Method 2
Percentage increase = 30%
Total percentage = 100% + 30% = 130%
Amount to be increased = $210
Required amount = 130/100x 210
=13 x 21
= $273
2) First, we subtract 250 from 350, then we express the difference over 250 and multiply by 100:
Thus, 350 – 250 = 100

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 = 100/250x 100
= 4 x 10
= 40%
3) 10% of £650
10
/100x 650 = 1 x 65
= £65
Decreasing £650 by £65 = £650 - £65
= £585
Therefore, the required amount = £585
4) Present level of kerosene = 3/4
Total decrease = 20%
Total percentage after decrease
= 100 – 20 = 80%
Level of kerosene left = 80/100 x 3/4
= (20 x 3 ) ÷ 100
= 3 /5
Therefore the level of kerosene left in the tank is 3/5of the tank.
Class Activity
Multiple Choice Questions on Percentage:
1. What is 25% of 80? a) 5 b) 20 c) 40 d) 200
2. If a store offers a 15% discount on a $60 item, how much will the item cost after the discount? a) $45 b) $51
c) $65 d) $75
3. If an exam has 50 questions and a student answered 40 correctly, what is the student's percentage score? a)
40% b) 80% c) 90% d) 100%
4. A bakery sold 240 cupcakes, and 60% of them were chocolate-flavored. How many chocolate cupcakes were
sold? a) 24 b) 60 c) 144 d) 200
5. If a car's price increases from $15,000 to $18,000, what is the percentage increase? a) 15% b) 18% c) 20% d)
30%
Fill in the Gap Questions on Percentage of One Quantity to Another:
1. The population of City A is 45,000, while City B has a population of 60,000. The population of City B is
__________% of the population of City A.
2. If a recipe calls for 2 cups of flour and you only have 1 cup, you have __________% of the required flour.
3.The length of a rectangle is 12 cm and its width is 8 cm. The width is __________% of the length.
4. A student scored 75 out of 100 on a test. The student's score is __________% of the total possible score.
5. In a class of 30 students, 18 are girls. The percentage of boys in the class is __________%.
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
ESSAY
1) Increase the following by 25%
i) 420kg ii) 16 000kg
2) A trader sells water melon, tomatoes and onions. Their prices are £250, £1 450 and £4 500
respectively. If each of the price was increased by 20%, find the price of water melon, tomatoes and
an onion.
3) Reduce 75 litres of water by 15%
4) The prize of a shirt was slashed from £1 500 to £1 250. Find the percentage decrease in the price of
the shirt.

SUB-TOPIC3
RATIO
Ratio compares two or more quantities or amounts of the same kind. It can be expressed as a fraction, e.g. 2:3 =
2
/3. It can be expressed in its simplest or lowest term by cancelling, and it does not contain a fraction or decimal
in its lowest term. In other words, Ratio is a type of measure of the relative size of two or more quantities
expressed as a proportion
Example:
1) If Honesty spent N224.00 on buying a story book, Sandra spent N70.00 Bobo drink. Find the ratio of the
amount spent by Honesty to that of Sandra
2) Express 49.00 as a fraction and as ratio of 84.00
3) In a school of 720 students the ratio of boys to girls is 7:5. Find the number of boys and girls
respectively.
Solution
1) Honesty N 224.00, Sandra N 70.00
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐻𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑦 224 32
Then = = 10
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑏𝑦𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎 70
∴ the ratio of amount spent by Honesty to the amount spent by Sandra = 224:70 = 32:10.
Reducing it to its lowest term = 16:5.

𝑁49 7
2) As a fraction: 𝑁84 = 12
As a ratio: 𝑁49: 𝑁84 = 7:12

3) Ratio of boys to girls = 7:5

Total ratio = 7+5 = 12
7 7 720
Number of boys = 12 of 720 = 12 x = 7 x 60 = 420 boys
1
5 720
Number of girls = = 12 x = = 5 x 60 = 300girls
1
Class Activity
1. 120,000 dollars is shared between 2 students who are on scholarship in Deeper Life High School in the ratio
36:28. How much does each student gets?
2. If the ratio of a number to 4 is equal to the ratio 3:2, find the number.
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
Rate
74km/hr, $8 000/day, 9km/hr are all examples of rates.
➢ The first rate tells the distance gone in1 hour
➢ The second rate tells how much money is made in 1 day
➢ The third rate tells the distance travelled in 1hour.
Example:
A car travels 126km in 11/2 h. Find its rate in km/h.
Solution:
In 11/2h, the car travels 126km
In 1 h, the car travels 126 ÷ 11/2
= 126 ÷3/2
= 126 x 2/3
= 42 x 2
= 84km/h
Proportion
This is the relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to quantity
There are two types which is Direct and Inverse Proportion.
When a quantity increases in relation to another quantity is Direct Proportion. On the other hand, an increase
in a quantity in relation to a decrease in another quantity (or vice-versa) is called Indirect Proportion.
Example:
1) A man gets #8 000 for 5hours work. How much does he get for 14 hours?
2) A bag of rice feeds 15 students for 7 days. How long would the same bag feed 10 students.
Solution
1) 5 hours = #8 000
1 hour = #8 000 ÷ 5
= #1 600
For 14 hours now,
14 x #1 600
= #22 400
2) 15 students = 7 days
1 student = 15 x 7
= 105 days
For 10 students we have,
= 105 ÷ 10
= 105/10
= 101/2 days.

CONCLUSION
Class Activity
1) It takes four people 3 days to dig a small field. How long would it take three people to do the same
work?
2) A bag of corn can feed 100 chickens for 12 days. For how many days would the same feed 80 chickens?
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
Rate:
1. If a car travels 200 miles in 4 hours, what is its average speed in miles per hour? a) 25 mph b) 50 mph c) 100
mph d) 800 mph
2. A factory produces 600 items in 8 hours. What is the production rate in items per hour? a) 50 items/hour b)
75 items/hour c) 100 items/hour d) 150 items/hour
Discount:
3. An item originally priced at $120 is on sale for 30% off. How much is the discount? a) $12 b) $30 c) $36 d)
$90
4. If a shirt costs $25 after a 20% discount, what was its original price? a) $5 b) $20 c) $30 d) $50
Proportion:
5. If 3 books cost $45, how much would 5 books cost at the same rate? a) $15 b) $25 c) $75 d) $90
6. If 4 workers can complete a project in 10 days, how many workers are needed to complete the project in 5
days? a) 2 workers b) 4 workers c) 5 workers d) 8 workers
Mixed Questions:
7. An electrician charges $60 per hour for service. If he works for 2.5 hours, how much will the total cost be? a)
$100 b) $125 c) $150 d) $200
8. A store offers a 15% discount on an item that originally costs $80. What is the discounted price? a) $10 b)
$15 c) $68 d) $85
9. If 6 gallons of paint can cover a 300-square-foot area, how many gallons of paint are needed to cover an
area of 450 square feet? a) 4 gallons b) 7 gallons c) 8 gallons d) 9 gallons
10. In a recipe, the ratio of flour to sugar is 2:1. If you use 3 cups of flour, how many cups of sugar should you
use? a) 1 cup b) 2 cups c) 3 cups d) 6 cups

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) Express the following in decimal
2 3 144
, ,
5 4 225
2) Change the following decimals to fraction
i) 0.0075 ii) 0.0006 iii) 0.55
3) A boy scored 15 out of 25 marks in a mathematics test. Calculate the score in percentage.
4) Change the following to ratios in their lowest term
i) 30 minutes to 2 hours
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 ii) 110cm to 250mm
iii) #225 to #145
iv) 105litres to 81 decilitre
5) 80 machines can produce 4 800 electric bulbs in 25 minutes. Express the proportion of machines.
Electric bulbs and time in ratio.
6) Three children are to share 936 biscuits in the ratio 2:3:4. How many will each receive.

ASSIGNMENTS
1) Find the value of x and y in the following ratios
i) 3:5 = x:20
ii) 11:35 = 66: y
2) In a village of 375 children under the age of 10. If 68% of them have had malaria, how many children
have escaped the disease?
3) Five buses need 3 trips to take 450 students to the stadium to watch a concert. How many trips would
the 3 buses need to take the same number of students?
4) The ratio of girls to boys in a boarding school is 2:7. If there are 1 251 students in the school:
a) How many of the students are girls?
b) What percentage of the students are boys?
5) An old carpet which now costs #1 000, was sold for #1 400 when new. Calculate the percentage
decrease.
6) The cost of petrol is #65 per litre. What is the percentage increase if it is sold for #105 per litre by a
dealer during fuel scarcity?
GLOSSARY/ KEY WORDS/VOCABULARY
Numerator, denominator, rate, ratio and proportion.
PUZZLES/BRAIN TEASER

The Price Puzzle: A shopkeeper decided to increase the price of an item by 20%. After the price increase,
the item costs $60. What was the original price of the item?
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES
"In the world of percentages, small changes can lead to big transformations. Embrace progress, no matter how
incremental."

WEEK 5
TOPIC: TRANSACTIONS IN THE HOMES AND OFFICES
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 solve problems on household arithmetic
ENTRY BEHAVIOR: Students are familiar with household activities and fraction.

SUB-TOPIC 1
CONTENT
Household Arithmetic (budget, savings, rents, taxes, bills, water rate)
Household budgeting: this is the process of planning how to spend an amount of money or family income that is
available to avoid wastage. It guides in aligning expenditure with income.
Example:
The monthly income of a family is #140 000. They plan to spend the income as follows:
#6 000 for house rent, #44 000 for food, #15 000 for transport, #3 000 for electricity bill, #2 500 for water bill, #10 000
for dependent relatives and #8 000 for the house keeper. Find the total expenditure of the family and determine whether
they will have some money for other emergencies or expenses.
Solution
Total monthly income = #140 000
Expenditure:
House rent = #6 000
Food = #44 000
Transport = #15 000
Electricity bill = #3 000
Water bill = #2 500
Dependent relatives = #10 000
House keeper = #8 000
Total expenses = sum of all the expenditure = #88 000
Excess amount
= monthly income – total expenditure
= #140 000 - #88 000
= #52 000
Hence, the amount of money left for other expenses is #52 000
Class Activity
A corps member plans to spend his monthly allowance as follows: 30% on food, 5% on clothing, 2% on entertainment,
3% on transport, 21/2% on electricity and 20%on savings. If the income per month is £19 800.
a) Find his total expenses for the month.
b) Calculate the amount of money left for emergencies.

Savings: this refers to a part of an income that is kept aside for future use, such as during retirement or when money may
not be readily available. It can be fixed or a percentage of the family income or earnings in a month or a given period of
time.
Example
A trader saves 5% of her weekly income of #15 000
a) How much will she be able to save in 12 weeks?
b) What will be her savings in one year?
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 c) What fraction of the income per week saved?
Solution
a) Percentage savings = 5%
Income per week #15 000
Total savings in a week = 5% of #15 000
= 5/100x 15 500/1
= # 750
Savings for 12 weeks = #750 x 12
= #9 000
b) Savings for one year ( a year has 52 weeks)
= #750 x 52
= #39 000
c) Fraction of savings to income per week
= 750 ÷ 15 000
= 1/20
Class Activity
The wedding expenses of a man is estimated at #85 986. If the man saves 12% of his monthly income of
#42 150, in how many months will he have saved enough for his wedding?
Rents
Rent refers to the amount of money paid for occupying a place like a house, a shop or a park that does
not belong to a person for a period of time.
Example:
The monthly rent for a shop in a village is #1500. If this amount is increased by 20%, calculate the new
rent for the room.
Solution
Monthly rent = #1500
Percentage increase = 20%
Total percentage = 100 + 20 = 120%
New rent = 120/100 x 1500
= 12 x 15
= # 1800
Therefore the new rent that will be paid is #1 800

Class activity
Fill in the gap:
1. If the monthly rent for an apartment is $800 and the utility bills amount to $150, the total monthly expenses
for rent and utilities are __________.
2. Sarah went grocery shopping and bought items worth $50, $30, and $15. The total cost of her groceries is
__________.

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

3. A family's monthly income is $4,500, and they spend $1,200 on rent, $800 on groceries, and $300 on
transportation. Their monthly savings are __________.
4. If the electricity bill for a month is $120 and it's shared equally among four roommates, each roommate's
share is __________.
5. Tom has $200 in his savings account. He withdraws $50 for a movie ticket and $30 for dinner. The remaining
balance in his account is __________.
ESSAY
1) The cost of renting a two-bedroom flat in a town for a year is #160 000. If this amount is increased by
20%, what will be the rent?
2) Find the rent as a percentage of the total income if a man pays #1 500 per week for a shop that generates
a weekly income of #20 000.

SUB-TOPIC 2
Taxes
These are charges against a citizen, a person, property or activities to support the government. It is a means of
generating revenue by the government for the purpose of providing services such as education, road
construction, water supply and security for the public.
Example
1) A shop owner pays #5 400 in taxes, which is 15% of his gross earnings in a year. What is his annual
income?
Solution
Let the annual income be Y
15% of Y = #5 400
15
/100 x Y = #5 400
15 x Y = #5 400 x 100
15Y = #540 000
Y = 540 000 ÷15
Y = #36 000
2) A rented piece of land has a rateable value of #871. If the land is assessed and the rate at 54k in the naira
is satisfied, find the rate to the nearest naira.
Solution
Rateable value of the land = #871
Annual rate is 54k per naira = 54 x #871
= 47 034k
= #470.34
Therefore the rate = #470 to the nearest naira.
Class Activity

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 1) The rateable value of a company is #25 660. How much will the owner pay when the rate in the naira is
reduced by 10% from 70k in the naira and the rateable value is increased by 5%?
2) The rate at 551/2k in the naira of a shop is 134 643k. Find the rateable value of the shop.

BILLS
This is the amount that is paid when a service is rendered. There are many types of bills but we shall
consider just two, namely; Electricity bills and Telephone bills.
Example
1) An electricity bill contains 15 000 units for previous reading and 16 000 units as the present reading.
Calculate the amount of energy consumed. If the charging rate is #1.00 per unit, the demand charge is
#50 per month and VAT is 5% charge per month, calculate the electricity bill for the month.
2) A teacher made 50 minutes of local calls at the rate of #15 per minute and 15 minutes of international
calls at the rate of #20 per minute. If the rental charge is #50 in a month plus 5% VAT, calculate the
telephone bill of the student in a month.
Solution
1) Previous reading = 15 000
Present reading = 16 000
Amount of energy consumed
= present reading – previous reading
= 16 000 – 15 000
= 1000 units
Cost of 1000 units at #1.00 per unit
= 1000 x 1.00
= #1000.00
Demand charge = #50
Total charge = #1000.00 + #50.00
= #1050.00
VAT is 5% of #1050.00
= 5/100 x #1050
= 1/2 x 105
= #52.5
Electricity bill for the month = Total charges + VAT
= #1050 + #52.5
= #157.5
2) Time spent on local calls = 50 minutes
Cost at #15 per minute = 50 x 15
= #750
Time spent on international calls = 15 minutes
Cost at #20 per minute = 15 x 20 = #300
Rental charge = #50
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 Total telephone charges
= #750 + # 300 + #50
= #1 100
VAT at 5% of total telephone charges,
i.e 5% of #1 100 = 5/100 x 1 100
= #5.00
Telephone bill for the month
= #1 100 + #5.00
= #1 105

CONCLUSION
Class Activity
Household Arithmetic:
1. If a family's monthly income is $3,500 and they spend $1,200 on rent, $600 on groceries, and $200 on
transportation, how much do they have left for other expenses? a) $1,500 b) $1,600 c) $1,700 d) $1,800
2. If you earn $15 per hour and work 40 hours in a week, how much will you earn in a week? a) $400 b) $500
c) $600 d) $700
Tax and Bills:
3. If the sales tax rate is 8% and you purchase an item for $75, how much is the total cost including tax? a) $79
b) $80 c) $81 d) $82
4. The property tax on a house is 2% of its assessed value. If the assessed value is $250,000, how much is the
property tax? a) $2,000 b) $4,000 c) $5,000 d) $6,000
Rent:
5. If the monthly rent for an apartment is $1,200 and it increases by 5%, what is the new monthly rent? a)
$1,140 b) $1,260 c) $1,280 d) $1,320
6. Jane's monthly rent is $800. She shares the apartment with two roommates. What is Jane's share of the
monthly rent? a) $200 b) $400 c) $600 d) $800
Bills:
7. If the water bill is $50 and the electricity bill is $80, what is the total amount due for both bills? a) $100 b)
$130 c) $130 d) $160
8. A phone plan costs $40 per month with unlimited calls and texts. If you add a data plan for $20, how much
is the total monthly cost? a) $50 b) $60 c) $70 d) $80
9. The monthly internet bill is $60. If the bill is split equally among three roommates, how much does each
roommate pay? a) $15 b) $20 c) $30 d) $40

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

10. If the cable TV subscription costs $75 per month and it increases by 10% annually, how much will it cost
after two years? a) $82.50 b) $85.00 c) $90.75 d) $93.50
ESSAY
1) A family’s income is #84 600. If 5% of the income is spent on telephone bills at the rate of #36 per
minute including VAT, calculate the family’s telephone bill in a month.
2) Calculate the electricity bill of a tenant if the meter reading changed from 40 193 to 45 612 in a
quarter of a year and a VAT is 5% for the period, the energy charge is #1.80 per unit, and the
demand charge is #60 per month.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) If the cost of transport is reduced by 10% and added to the cost of school fees, what will be the
amounts for school fees and transport?
2) A clerk wants to save some amount of money towards his retirement. If his monthly income #24
800, and he is left with affixed amount of #8 000 to save a month:
a) In how many months will he be able to save #2 400 000?
b) What is the percentage of his savings to his income per month?
3) The cost of renting a video shop was reduced by 12% to encourage customers to rent it. Find the cost
of renting the shop originally marked #72 000 per annum
4) The present meter reading for water is 14 334. Calculate the previous reading of the meter after 2
005 units of water is consumed in a month.
5) The rateable value of a poultry farm is #6 256. Find how much the owner will pay when the rate of
54k in the naira is increased in the ratio 3:2 and the rateable value is increased in the ratio 2:1
ASSIGNMENT
1) A man saves 12% of his monthly income and spends the rest on feeding and entertainment. Calculate the
man’s monthly savings if his salary is #38 250 per month.
2) Calculate the amount of rent that should be paid on a house of #96 500 given at a discount of 15% per
annum for two years.
3) To raise sufficient income for development, a city declared a rate of 72k in the naira on #16 750 000
income. Find the rateable value of the house.
4) Calculate the water bill for a company whose meter reading changed from 24 151 to 30 169 in two
months at a fixed charge #65 per month if #1.20 per unit of water is charged plus 5% VAT
5) A woman made local calls at the rate of #36 per minute for 2 hours 16 minutes and international calls at
the rate of #39 per minute for 1 hour 12 minutes in a month. If the rental charge is #60, plus 5% VAT
per month, find the woman’s telephone bill in a month and the amount of money the government will
receive.
GLOSSARY/KEY WORDS/VOCABULARY
Household, saving, tax, bill and VAT
PUZZLES/BRAIN TEASER
The Mysterious Bill Splitting:
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
Three friends, Alex, Brooke, and Chris, went out to a restaurant for dinner. Their bill, including taxes and tips,
came to a total of $120. After the meal, they decided to split the bill fairly, but none of them had change. Alex
gave a $50 bill, Brooke gave a $20 bill, and Chris gave two $10 bills.
Can you figure out a fair way for them to split the $120 bill using the given denominations of money?
Remember, they want to distribute the change back as evenly as possible.
Give it a try!
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES
"Mastering household arithmetic isn't just about numbers; it's about nurturing a foundation of financial
literacy that empowers us to shape our present and craft a more secure future."

WEEK 6
TOPIC: TRANSACTIONS IN THE HOMES AND OFFICES

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
i. solve simple interest, calculate profit and loss, discount, commission VAT and hire purchase;
ii. Find exchange rate among the countries of the world.
ENTRY BEHAVIUOR: Students are familiar with the household arithmetic.

SUB-TOPIC 1

CONTENT
Commercial Arithmetic (simple interest, profit and loss, discount, commission, VAT, hire purchase)
Exchange rate

COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC
Simple Interest
If you save your money with a bank, you will be paid some extra money called interest. On the other hand, if
you borrow money from a bank you pay interest to the bank. The original money invested or borrowed is
known as the principal or capital. The interest rate is often given in percentage and quoted as a rate per annum.
For example, 5% rate means that the interest paid or received every year is 5% of the principal.
Example 1:
If you save N20000, then at the end of the year you will have your original money (principal) plus the interest
N20000 + 5% of N20000 = N20000 + N1000
= N21000

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

The interest is N1000 and the amount you now have in your saving account is N21000
Note that (Amount = principal + interest).
Example 2:
Mr. Ogbeha saves N50000 with a bank for 1 year with interest at 5 ½ % per annum.
a. Calculate the interest he will receive at the end of the year.
b. Calculate the simple interest for 4 ½ years.
c. What is the total amount he will save at the end of 4 ½ years

Solution:

a. Interest = 5 ½% of N50000
1
5 5.5
2
=100 × N50 000 = 100 × N50 000
= 0.055 X 50000 = N2750
b. Interest for 1 year =N2 750
Interest for 4 ½ years = N2 750 X 4 ½
= N2 750 X 4.5
Simple interest = N12 375

Amount saved = principal + interest = N50 000 + N12 375 = N62375

Class Activity
Find the simple interest of the following:
1. 10000 for 1 year at 4% per annum
2. 15000 for 2years at 6% per annum
3. 20000 for 1year at 4 1 ½ per annum
Profit and loss
The cost at which a trader obtains his goods is called Cost Price (C.P). the price at which the trader sells
the goods is called the selling price (S.P).
When the selling price is greater than the cost price, a profit is said to be made and
Profit = selling price – cost price
If the selling price is less than the cost price, a loss is said to be made and
Loss = cost price – selling price
Sometimes, the word gain is used in place of profit.
Example
1) A trader buys a kettle for and sells it at a profit of 15%. Find his actual profit and the selling price.

Solution:
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 15
Profit = 15% 𝑜𝑓N800 = × N800 = N120
100

Selling price = N800 + N120

= N920
2) A hat is bought for N250 and sold for N220. What is the loss per cent?

Solution
Actual loss = N250 -N220 = N30
The ratio, loss: cost = N30:N250 = 30: 250
30
=
250
30
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
250
30
Percentage loss = 250 × 100 = 12%

Class Activity
1. A farmer buys a cow for N40000 and sells it for N33000. What is the percentage loss?
2. A trader bought some compact disc for N350 each. She sold them at a 12% profit. What was the selling
price?

Discount
A discount is a reduction in price. Discounts are often given for paying in cash.
Example
1) A trader sells packets of tissues at N140 each or four for N440. How much is saved by buying four
packets at once instead of separately?

Solution
I packet of tissues = N140
4 packets = 4 X N140 = N560
Discount price of 4 packets = N440
Savings = N560 - N440
= N120
2) A radio costs N5400. A 12 ½ % discount is given for cash. What is the cash price?

Solution

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

Method 1:
Discount = 12 ½ % of N5400
= 12 ½ /100 of N5400
25 1
= × 100 𝑜𝑓𝑁5 400
2

1
= × 𝑁5 400 = 𝑁675
8
𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑁5 400 − 𝑁675
= N4725
Method 2:
1
𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = (100% − 12 %) 𝑜𝑓𝑁5 400
2
1
= 87 2 % 𝑜𝑓𝑁5 400
1
87 7
= 1002 × 𝑁5400 = 8 × 𝑁5 400 = N4 725

Class Activity
Fill in the gap questions:
1. If the cost price of an item is $50 and it is sold for $70, the __________ earned is $20.
2. A discount of 15% is applied to an item with an original price of $80. The selling price after the discount is
__________.
3. If the selling price of an item is $450 and the profit made is 20%, the cost price of the item is __________.
4. An item is bought for $120 and sold for $90. The __________ incurred is $30.
5. If the cost price of a toy is $25 and it is sold at a loss of 10%, the selling price is __________.
ESSAY
1. The selling price of a chair is N14000. The trader gives a 25% discount for cash. What is the cash price?
2. Find the discount price if a discount price of:
a. 10% is given on a cost price of N430
b. 12 ½ % is given on a cost price of N280

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

SUB-TOPIC 2
Commission
Commission is payment for selling an item. For example insurance agents get commission for selling
insurance. The more insurance they sell, the more commission they get. Likewise the sales representatives
often receive a proportion of the value of the goods they sell. This proportion is their commission.
Example
1) A sales representative works for an electric fan company. He gets a commission of 14k in the naira. In
one week he sells four table fans at N10 500 each and nine small fans at N5400 each. Calculate his
commission.

Total sales = 4 xN10500 + 9 x N5400

= N42 000 + N48 600
= N90600
He gets 14k for every naira.
Commission = 90600 x 14k
= 1268400k
= N12684
2) A bank charges 2 ½ % commissions for issuing a Bank Draft to its customers. If a customer obtained a
Bank draft for 84000 from the bank, calculate the total cost of the Bank Draft.

Solution
Commission paid to the bank
= 2 ½% of N84000
1
= 2 ½ x100 × N84 000
5
= 200 × N84 000

= N2100
Total cost of Bank Draft = value of Bank Draft + commission
= N84000 + N2100
= N 86100
Class Activity
1. A rent collector’s commission is 4 ½ of his takings. In one month he collects N842800 in rent. How
much money does he get?
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 2. A car salesman gets 1k in the naira commission. Calculate his commission if he sells N5 238 000 worth
of cars in a month.

Value Added Tax (VAT)

A proportion of the money paid for certain goods and services is given to the Government. The part
which is given to the Government is called Value Added Tax (VAT), the goods and services are called VATable
items.
Example:
1) An advertisement for a table says that its price is N15 300 plus 5% VAT. How much does the customer
pay?

Solution
Amount paid by customer = 105% of N15300
105
= N15300 X 100

= N16065
Note:The difference between N16065 and N15300 is N765. The Government receives N765 as Vat
2) One year a company paid a N94500 telephone bill to NITEL. The bill included VAT at 5%. Calculate
how much money the Government receives as VAT on the bill.

Solution
Since N94500 includes 5% VAT, then N94500 is 105% of the actual telephone bill. The VAT is 5% of the actual
telephone bill.
N94500
1% of actual bill = /105
= N900
5% of actual bill = N900 X 5
= N 4500
The government receives N 4500 as VAT

Class Activity
Find the amount of money that the Government receives as VAT on each item in the following
advertisement:

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 COMFORT FURNISHING
a. Small tables N5670
b. Mattresses N9240
c. Beds N21630
d. 3-piece suites N31290
e. Kitchen tables N6930

All prices include 5% VAT

Hire purchase
An instalment is a part payment. Many people find it easier to buy expensive items by paying
instalments.
Buying by instalment is called hire purchase. The buyer hires the use of an item before paying for it
completely. This is why hire purchase is more costly than paying in cash.
Example
The cost of a DVD player is either #34 000 in cash or deposit of #4 000 and 12 monthly payments of N2750.
Find the difference between the instalment price and the cash price.
Solution
Instalment price = deposit + instalment
= N4000 + 12 x N2750
= N4 000 + N33 000
= N37 000
Price difference = #37 000 - N34 000
= N3 000
CONCLUSION
Class Activity
Commission:

1. A salesperson earns a 5% commission on each sale. If they sell a product for $500, how much commission do
they earn? a) $10 b) $25 c) $50 d) $100
2. If a real estate agent earns a 3% commission on the sale of a house for $250,000, how much is their
commission? a) $3,000 b) $7,500 c) $25,000 d) $75,000

Value Added Tax (VAT):

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

3. If a shirt costs $40 before taxes, and the VAT rate is 10%, how much is the total cost including VAT? a) $44 b)
$45 c) $48 d) $50
4. An electronic gadget is priced at $200 before taxes. If the VAT rate is 15%, what is the price of the gadget
including VAT? a) $205 b) $230 c) $245 d) $230

Hire Purchase:

5. In a hire purchase agreement, the buyer pays in installments over time. The final ownership is transferred
when: a) The first payment is made. b) Half the installments are paid. c) All installments are paid. d) The initial
down payment is made.
6. In hire purchase, the buyer effectively borrows the remaining amount from the seller. What is this borrowed
amount called? a) Principal b) Interest c) Down payment d) Equity

Mixed Questions:

7. A car dealer sells a car for $20,000, and the salesperson earns a 6% commission. How much commission
does the salesperson earn? a) $1,000 b) $1,200 c) $1,800 d) $2,000
8. If the original price of an item is $80 and the item is on sale with a 20% discount, what is the final price after
the discount and before VAT? a) $60 b) $64 c) $68 d) $72
9. In a hire purchase agreement, a refrigerator is priced at $800. If the buyer pays a down payment of $200 and
agrees to pay the rest in monthly installments over a year, what is the monthly installment amount? a) $50 b)
$75 c) $100 d) $150
-10. If the price of a gadget is $120 before VAT and the VAT rate is 8%, what is the total price, including VAT? a)
$125.60 b) $129.60 c) $132.60 d) $138.60
ESSAY
The hire purchase price of a computer is N84000. 25% is paid as a deposit. The rest is spread over 12 equal
monthly instalments.
a. Calculate the amount of the deposit.
b. Calculate the remainder to be paid.
c. Find the amount of each monthly installments

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) What is the simple interest on #12, 000 at the rate of 3% per annum for 6 years?
2) The price of a car is #2 500 000. If 5% VAT is payable on the purchase. How much does a prospective
buyer pay?
3) An estate agent got 12% as commission on rental of #450 000. How much did he get?
4) A customer deposits a cheque for #50 000. Her bank charges 2% commission for clearing the cheque.
Calculate how much money is credited to her account.
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 5) By selling goods for #5 350 a trader makes a profit of 7%. She reduces her prices to #5 150. What is her
percentage profit now?
6) A television set costs either #49 400 cash or weekly payments of #1 145. How much more does the
television set cost when paid for weekly?

ASSIGNMENT
1) A market trader asks #2500 for some cloth. A woman offers #1 200. After bargaining, they agree a price
half-way between the two starting prices.
a) How much does the woman pay?
b) What discount did she get by bargaining?
2) The cash price of a used car is #897 060. To pay by hire purchase requires a 10% deposit and 36
monthly payments of #24 420
3) A bicycle can be bought either in cash for #24 700 or by paying 52 weekly payments of #540.
4) A history book costs #850. The writers of the book get 10% of the price of each books sold. How much
will they get if it sells 15 628 copies in one year?
5) A villager bought 11 goats for #76 000. A year later he sold them at a profit of 32%. What was the
average selling price per goat?

GLOSSARY OF TERMS/KEY WORDS/VOCABULARY

Interest, profit, loss, VAT, commission, installment, hire purchase
PUZZLES

The Mysterious Transaction:

A shopkeeper purchased a box of toys for $150. He sold half of the toys at a 30% profit, and the remaining toys
at a 20% loss. After all the sales, the shopkeeper realized that he had neither gained nor lost any money.
Can you calculate how many toys were in the box originally?
Give it a try!
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
"Within the ebb and flow of profit and loss lies the tapestry of business wisdom. Each chapter of challenge is a
chance to rewrite success."

WEEK 7 MID-TERM BREAK

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

WEEK 8
TOPIC: BASIC OPERATIONS ON DIRECTED NUMBERS
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
i. add and subtract directed numbers;
ii. multiply and divide directed numbers;
iii. find the inverse and identity of a given number
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Students are familiar with addition and subtraction of numbers.
CONTENT:
Addition and subtraction of directed numbers (Revision)
Multiplication and division of directed numbers.
Inverse and identity.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DIRECTED NUMBER LINE (REVISION)
Addition: to add using the number line, we move to the right (forward) of the number line counting each step
till the addition is complete. The number at the end is the result of the addition.
Subtraction: to subtract using the number line, we move to the left (backwards) of the number line counting
each step till the subtraction is complete. The number at the end is the result of the subtraction.
Try out the exercises on this worksheet using the first representation as an example:
1.

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

3

MULTIPLICATION OF DIRECTED NUMBERS

Multiplication is a short way of writing repeated additions. For example,
3 x 4 = 3 lots of 4
=4+4+4
= 12
With directed numbers,
(+4) + (+4) + (+4) = 3 lots of (+4)
= 3 X (+4)
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
The multiplier is 3. It is positive. Thus,
(+3) X (+4) = (+4) + (+4) + (+4) = +12
(+3) X (+4)
1 X (+4)

0 +4 +12
START
The illustration above shows 1 x (+4) and (+3) x (+4) as movement on the number line. The movements are in
the same direction from 0.
Similarly,
(-2)+ (-2) + (-2) + (-2) + (-2)
= 5 lots of (-2)
= 5 X (-2)
The multiplier is 5. It is positive.
Thus, (+5) x (-2)
= (-2)+ (-2) + (-2) + (-2) + (-2)
= -10
This is illustrated below:

-10 -2 0

START
In general, (+a) x (+b) = + (a x b)
(+a) x (-b) = - (a x b)
(+a) ÷(-b) = - (a ÷ 𝑏)
(-a) ÷(-b) = + (a ÷ 𝑏)
Example1:
i. (+9) x (+4) = + (9 x 4) = +36
ii. (+17)x (-3) = - (17 x 3) = - 51
1 1 1
iii. (+ ½ ) x (+ ¼ ) = + (2 𝑥 4) = + 8
iv. 3 x (-1.2) = -(3 x 1.2) = -3.6

NOTE: Teachers should give more illustrations especially on (negative multiplier)

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 i. Negative multiplier
In general: (-a) x (-b) = -(a x b)
(-a) x (-b) = + (a x b)

Example 2:
Simplify the following:
a. (-7) x (+4) = -(7 x 4) = -28
b. (-5) x (-18)= + (5 x 18) = 90
1 2 1 2 2
c. (− 3) 𝑥 (+ 5)= - (3 𝑥 5) = -15
d. (-4) x (-2.2) = + (4 x 2.2) = +8.8

CLASS ACTIVITY
Fill in the gap questions:
1. (+9) x (+4) = ----------
2. (+17)x (-3) = -----------
3. (+ ½ ) x (+ ¼ ) = -----------
4. 3 x (-1.2) = -------------
5. (-5) x (-18) = ----------
ESSAY
Simplify the following:
1
1. (-8) × (− 2) × (-30)
2. (-9) × (-5) × (-3)
4 x (−3)
3. Simplify −2 𝑥−6

SUB-TOPIC 2
DIVISION WITH DIRECTED NUMBER
The rule involved in multiplying directed numbers is equally applicable for division. In division, note that: i. Two
like signs give a positive result ii. Two unlike signs give a negative result.
EXAMPLE1
Divide: a) -63 by 7
b) 125 by 5
c) -6 by -18
Solution:
−63
a) -63 ÷ 7 = +7
= -9
+125
b) 125 ÷ 5 = = + 25
+5

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 −6 1
c) -6 ÷ -18 = −18 = + 3
Example 2
(– 6)𝑋(−5)
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦
−10
(–6)𝑋(−5)
Solution
−10
((−6)𝑋(−5) +30
= = =−3
10 ÷ −10
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Divide these expressions:
a) -3 by 24
b) 4 by -32
c) 28 by 7
d) -20 by -4
4 x (−3)
2. Simplify
−2 𝑥−6

INVERSE AND IDENTITY

ADDITIVE INVERSE

Additive identity is the value obtained when a number is added to its inverse. Thus additive identity is 0.
MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

Multiplicative identity is 1.

CONCLUSION
CLASS ACTIVITY
Question 1: What is the result of (-5) + (-3)? A) -8 B) 8 C) 2 D) -2
Question 2: Which of the following represents the product of (-2) and 7? A) 14 B) -14 C) -7 D) 7
Question 3: What is the quotient of (-24) divided by (-6)? A) 4 B) -4 C) 6 D) -6
Question 4: Simplify the expression: (-9) - (-3). A) -12 B) 6 C) -6 D) 12
Question 5: Evaluate the expression: (-2) * (-9) + 5. A) 23 B) -23 C) 13 D) -13
Question 6: If you add (-8) and 15, what is the result? A) -23 B) 23 C) 7 D) -7
Question 7: Calculate the product of (-3) and the sum of (-4) and 6. A) 6 B) -18 C) -2 D) 18
Question 8: What is the value of (-16) divided by 4? A) -4 B) 4 C) -12 D) 12
Question 9: If you subtract (-7) from 10, what do you get? A) 17 B) -17 C) 3 D) -3
Question 10: Determine the result of (-11) multiplied by 0. A) -11 B) 11 C) 0 D) -1
Remember to provide the correct answers alongside these questions for students to reference.
Fill in the gap questions:
Question 1: The ___________ of a number "a" is another number "b" such that when "a" is added to "b," the
result is 0.
Question 2: The additive inverse of 8 is ___________.
Question 3: The ___________ of a non-zero number "a" is another number "b" such that when "a" is
multiplied by "b," the result is 1.
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
Question 4: The multiplicative inverse of -0.25 is ___________.
Question 5: The multiplicative inverse of a number "x" is denoted as ___________.

ESSAY
1. State the additive identity of:
a) +14; b) -23 c) – ½
2. State the multiplicative inverse of:
a) +5; b) – ¼; c) + 2/7
ASSIGNMENT
1. Copy and complete the multiplication table in the figure below.
Second number
X -6 -4 -2 +2 +4 +6

+6
First number +4

+2

-2

-4

-6

2. Copy and complete the division table in the figure below.

Second number
÷ -6 -4 -2 +2 +4 +6

+6

+4

+2

-2

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction

 -4

-6

First number

GLOSSARY/KEY WORDS/VOCABULARY
Additive inverse and multiplicative inverse.
PUZZLES/BRAIN TEASER
The Mysterious Number Path
You're given a starting number on a number line: -10. You can only move in increments of 3 or -2. Your goal is
to reach the number 25. Can you find a sequence of moves that will get you from -10 to 25 using only these
two increments?
Give it a try and see if you can solve it!
INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
1. "Just as in math, where negative numbers can lead to positive outcomes, challenges in life can pave the way
to success." - Unknown
2. "Life's arithmetic is a balance of positives and negatives. Embrace both to find your equilibrium." -
Anonymous

WEEK 9
TOPIC: TABLES, CHARTS AND SCHEDULES
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson students should be able to:
i. find the square and square root tables
ii. Solve problems on charts, records and schedules of tabulated data, flight schedules and timetables
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Students are familiar with square and square root.

SUB-TOPIC 1
CONTENT:
Square and Square root tables.
Charts, records and schedules (tabulated data, flight schedules and timetables)
Square and Square root tables.
The statistical/four figure table can be used to find the squares and square roots of four-digit numbers.
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
Example:
1. With the use of tables, evaluate:
a) 33.622 b) 0.362
Solution:
a) 33.622
33.62 lies between 30 and 40. Therefore 33.622 lies between 302 and 402
302 = 900
402 = 1600
Thus, 33.622 lies between 900 and 1600.
Locate 33 under the letter x. Move to the right and locate the number under 6. This number is 1129. Locate
the number under difference 2.
This number is 1. Add 1 to 1129 to give 1130.
Therefore, 33.622 = 1130
b) 0.36 = 3.6 x 10-1
0.362 = (3.6 x 10-1)2
= 3.62 x 10-2
3.6 is between 3 and 4
32 = 9
42 = 16
Therefore 3.62 is between 9 and 16.
From the table of squares of numbers
3.62 = 12.96
Thus,
0.362 = 12.96 x 10-2
= 0.1296
EXAMPLE2:Use tables to find:
a) √3.8; b) √38; c) √380
Solution:
a) √3.8
Look for 3.8 under x in the four figure table. Locate the four-digit number under 0.
The required number is 1.949
b) 38 lies between 36 and 49. Therefore, √38 lies between 6 and 7.
Look for 38 under x. Locate the four digit number under 0, the required number is 6.164. Thus √38 = 6.164
c) 380 = 3.8 x 102
√380 = √3.8 x √102
= √3.8 x √100
= √3.8 x 10
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
From (a)
√3.8 = 1.949
Thus,
√380 = 1.949 x 10
= 19.49
CLASS ACTIVITY
Fill in the gap questions:
Question 1: The square of 9 is ___________.
Question 2: The value of the square root of 64 is ___________.
Question 3: If x2=25, then x is equal to ___________.
Question 4: The square root of 144 is ___________.
Question 5: If y2=36, then the value of y is ___________.

ESSAY
Use four figures table to evaluate
1. a) 5.232 b) 3.72 c) 0.562
2. a) √5.4 b) √37.62 c) √0.463

SUB-TOPIC 2
Charts, records and schedules (tabulated data, flight schedules and timetables)
Use of tables are the most convenient and concise way of presenting numerical data. Tables have a wide range
of uses.
They are used to convey a large amount of information.
EXAMPLE: Monthly rainfall chart

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Sokoto O O O 10 48 91 155 249 145 15 15 0

Jos 3 3 28 56 203 226 330 292 213 41 3 3

Ibadan 10 23 89 137 150 188 160 84 178 155 46 10

Port 66 109 155 262 404 660 531 318 518 460 213 81
Harcourt

Use the table to find the average rainfall for the following
1. Use the table to find the average rainfall for the following;
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
 (i) Sokoto in January
(ii) Jos in May
(iii) Ibadan in july
2.For each town ,name the month which has the highest rainfall.
3. For each town , name the month(s) with the lowest rainfall.
Solution
1 (i) 0mm
(ii)203mm
(iii) 160mm
2. For sokoto August has the highest rainfall with 249mm
For Jos , July has the the highest rainfall with 330mm
For Ibadan, June has the highest rainfall with 188mm
For Port Harcourt, has the highest rainfall with 660mm
3. For sokoto ,January, February,March and December have the lowest rainfall
For Jos , January, February,November and December have the lowest rainfall
For Ibadan , January and December have the lowest rainfall
For Port Harcourt , January has the lowest rainfall.

CONCLUSION
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The Social Services Department (SSD) of a large city has fixed budget . Table bellow shows how the SSD
allocates its budget for raising public awareness in four key areas for the year 2008 to 2010
Resource allocation

Public awareness areas 2008 2009 2010

Out-of school children 25% 20% 15%

HIV/AIDS prevention 60% 60% 60%

Parenting skill 5% 5% 5%

Substance abuse 10% 15% 20%

Total 100% 100% 100%

Social Service allocation

a. What appears to be the greatest priority for the SSD?
b. What appears to be the lowest priority?
c. What appears to be a growing area of concern over the period?
2. Find the square roots of the following using table:
www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction
a) 63; b) 7.3; c) 720
3. Find the square of the following using tables:
a) 3.85 b) 2.4 c) 135.
GLOSSARY/KEY WORDS/VOCABULARY
Schedules and flight
PUZZLES

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES
1. "Just as a square grows stronger when each of its sides is lengthened, we too become stronger when we
push ourselves to reach greater heights."
2."Embrace the power of squaring your efforts; the results will not only be multiplied but will also reflect the
strength within you."

THE END OF FIRST TERM.

www.deeperlifehighschool.org …leadership with distinction