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The explanation

The document provides an overview of various mathematical concepts, including algebra, factoring formulas, product formulas, root formulas, and powers. It explains the significance of variables in algebra and presents several examples of factorization and expansion of expressions. Additionally, it outlines properties of roots and powers with corresponding examples to illustrate the concepts.

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2 views

The explanation

The document provides an overview of various mathematical concepts, including algebra, factoring formulas, product formulas, root formulas, and powers. It explains the significance of variables in algebra and presents several examples of factorization and expansion of expressions. Additionally, it outlines properties of roots and powers with corresponding examples to illustrate the concepts.

Uploaded by

anita.patil050391
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math formulas

Algebra :-

Algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with symbols and


the arithmetic operations across these symbols. These symbols do not
have any fixed values and are called variables. In our real life problems,
we often see certain values that keep on changing. But there is a
constant need to represent these changing values. Here in algebra,
these values are often represented with symbols such as x, y, z, p, or q,
and these symbols are called variables. Further, these symbols are
manipulated through various arithmetic operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division, with an objective to find the
values.

Factoring formulas :-

Factorization, also known as Factoring, is a process of breaking down a


large number into several small numbers. When these small numbers
are multiplied, we will get the actual or original number.

1. a² – b² = (a + b)(a – b)

Example:
Factor: x² - 4 y²

Solution:
x² - 4 y² = x² - (2 y)²

x² - 4 y² = (x - 2 y)(x + 2 y)

2. a³ – b³ = (a – b)(a² + ab + b²)

Example:
Factor: 8x³ - 27 y³
Solution:
8x3 - 27y³ = (2x)³ - (3 y)³

= (2x - 3y)[(2x)² + (2x)(3 y) + (3 y)² ]

= (2x - 3 y)(4x² + 6xy + 9y² )

3. a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² – ab + b²)

Example:
Factor: 54x³ + 16 y³

Solution:
54x³ + 16 y³ = 2(27x³ + 8 y³ )

= 2[(3x)³ + (2 y)³ ]

= 2(3x + 2 y)[(3x)² - (3x)(2 y) + (2 y)² ]

= 2(3x + 2 y)(9x² - 6xy + 4 y²)

4. a⁴ – b⁴ = (a – b)(a + b)(a² + b²)

Example:
Factor: 48x⁴ - 3y⁴

Solution:
48x⁴ - 3y⁴ = 3(16x⁴ - y⁴ )

= 3[(4x2)² - ( y2)²]

= 3(4x² - y²)(4x² + y² )

= 3(2x - y)(2x + y)(4x² + y² )

5.a⁵ – b⁵ = (a – b)(a⁴ + a³b + a²b² + ab³ + b⁴ )

6. a⁵ + b⁵ = ( a + b)(a⁴ - a³b + a²b² - ab³ + b⁴ )


7. If n is odd, then a n + b n = ( a + b)(a n-1 – a n-2 b + a n-3 b² - … -
ab n-2 + b n-1).

8. If n is even, then a n – b n = ( a - b)(a n-1 + a n-2 b + a n-3 b² + … +


ab n-2 + b n-1). a n + b n = ( a + b)(a n-1 – a n-2 b + a n-3 b² - … + ab
n-2 - b n-1).

Product formulas :-

A product is a number or a quantity obtained by multiplying two or more


numbers together.

1. ( a – b )² = a² – 2ab + b²

Example:
Expand: (x - 4 y)²

Solution:
(x - 4 y)² = x² - 2(x)(4 y) + (4 y)²

= x² - 8xy + 16 y²

2. ( a + b )² = a² + 2ab + b²

Example:
Expand: (x + 2y)²

Solution:
(x + 2 y)² = x² + 2(x)(2 y) + (2 y)²

= x² + 4xy + 4 y²

3. ( a – b )³ = a³ – 3a²b + 3ab² – b³

Example:
Expand: (4x - 3y)³
Solution:
(4x - 3y)³ = (4x)³ - 3(4x)² (3y) + 3(4x)(3y)² - (3y)³

= 64x³ - 144x²y + 108xy² - 27 y³

4. ( a + b )³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³

Example:
Expand: (2x + 3)³

Solution:
(2x + 3)³ = (2x)³ + 3(2x)²(3) + 3(2x)(3)² + (3)³

= 8x³ + 36x² + 54x + 27

5. ( a – b )⁴ = a⁴ – 4a³b + 6a²b² – 4ab³ + b⁴

6. ( a + b )⁴ = a⁴ + 4a³b + 6a²b² + 4ab³+ b⁴

7. (a+b+c)² = a²+ b²+ c²+ 2ab + 2ac + 2bc

8. ( a + b + c+ . . . . )² = a² + b² + c² + . . . . + 2(ab + ac + bc + . . . .)

Root formulas :-
Root, in mathematics, a solution to an equation, usually expressed as a
number or an algebraic formula.

Bases : a, b

Powers (rational numbers) : n, m

a,b ≥ for even roots(n = 2k, k ∈ N)

1. n√ab = n√a n√b

2.
Powers :-

Bases (positive real numbers) : a, b

Powers (rational numbers) : n, m

1. a⁰ = 1
Example:
20 = 1

2. a¹ = a
Example:
21 = 2

3. (am) n = (an) m = a mn
Example:
(a3)2 =a6

4. a m . a n = a m+n
Example:
21.22 =2(1+2)
=23
=8

5. a -m = 1/a m
Example:
4−3= 1/43

= 1/64

6. a m/a n = a m-n = 1/a n-m


Example:
23/21 =2(3-1)

= 22
=4

7. (ab) n = a nb n

8. (a/b) n = a n/b n

9. a m/n= n√a m

10. (a m b n) x =a mx b nx

Example:

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