The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.

1 include: Central Processing Unit, through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit, computer.
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is
the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is
notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the
the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable
through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk, secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard
Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing
printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will
which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called
of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected
computer. through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the
computer.

The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit,
Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate
results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is
often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is
volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit,
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk, computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate
which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is
of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is
computer. volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing
the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will
notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called
the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected

Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit,
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit, computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard
results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing
often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is
results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will
volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the
often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable
volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called
the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected
notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the
through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected computer.
Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the
which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
computer.
of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit,
computer. Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit,
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate
Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing
results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is
the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will
often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is
notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called
volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the
the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable
through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard
Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing
printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will
which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called
of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the
the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected
computer.
through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the
The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit,
computer.
Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit,
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will
results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called
often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected
volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the
notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called computer.
the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected
through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit,
printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
computer. to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate
The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit, results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is
Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the
Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected
results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing computer.
the major units and their interconnections for a simple personal computer (PC). If you open the CPU cabinet of your PC, you will
notice that it contains a printed circuit board on which a number of devices are plugged in. This printed circuit board is often called
the mother board. All other major components of the computer are either plugged in directly to this mother board or connected
through a bunch of wires. CPU, RAM and Device Cards are plugged in various slots of the mother board. Devices like Hard Disk,
Floppy Drive, CDROM Drive, which are attached to the CPU cabinet, are connected through wire ribbons. The mother board has
printed circuitry which allows all these components to communicate with each other. CPU cabinet also houses a power supply unit
which provides power to all the components of the computer system. On the back end of the CPU cabinet, you can notice a number
of connection slots. These slots are used to connect various input/output devices such as keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, to the
computer.

The key elements of a digital computer, as elaborated in the block diagram given in Figure 2.1 include: Central Processing Unit,
Input, Output and Memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is like the brain of the computer. It is responsible for executing
instructions. It controls and coordinates the execution of instructions. It is comprised of a Control Unit (CU), an Arithmetic & Logic
Unit (ALU) and registers. The CU controls the execution of instructions by decoding the instruction and generating micro-operations
to be performed for executing that instruction. The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logic operations. Execution of
an instruction involves almost all parts (CU, ALU & Registers) of the CPU. Hence, CPU is known as the most vital component of a
computer system. Input devices are used to read the instructions and data to be processed and output devices display the results
obtained after executing the program. Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner are examples of input devices, whereas Monitor, Printer and
Plotter are examples of output devices. Memory is used as a working storage for temporarily storing the data and intermediate
results generated during program execution. Computers use two kinds of memories: primary & secondary. The primary memory is
often referred to as RAM in everyday language. It is a read/write memory used to store both the program and data. Since RAM is
volatile, computers also use a second level of memory- secondary memory- to permanently store the contents. Hard Disk is the
non-removable secondary storage device which stores virtually everything on the machine. Computers also use other removable
secondary memories like CD-ROMs, Magnetic tapes and recently Flash Drives to permanently take backup of the data onto Hard
Disk or to transfer data from one machine to another. A more practical description of a digital computer can be given by describing