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MODULE 1:
PLANTATION AND ADOPTION OF TREE

TREE PLANTATION:

Tree planting is the process in which tree seedlings are transplanted generally for
forestry, land reclamation, or landscaping purposes. Tree plantation is very necessary
because trees provide oxygen to the environment and make the air quality better. If
more trees are planted, then the world's environment will become a safer place to
live in. Tree plantation also reduces pollution, thus making the life of future
generations secure.

Some of the top advantages of growing trees include:

•Providing fruits and leaves that serve as food for birds, animals as well as human
beings. Maintaining bio diversity.
•Providing wood, rubber and other raw materials that are used for manufacturing
various goods such as furniture, doors, windows, utensils,stationary items and
decorative items.
•Conservation of water.
•Habitat for birds and animals.
•Climate Control.

PLANTATION OF NEEM PLANT IN CAMPUS:

We decided to plant neem plant whose scientific name is Azadirachta indica in our
college campus as it has too many benefits of a evergreen tree that can grow upto
24meters tall with green leaves and bright basic. Thectree is a native of India and

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southeast Asiatic regions, and it is highly valued for its medicinal properties.

There are numerous benefits and uses of neem leaves as follows:

1. Treats AcneNeemhasananti-inflammatory property which helpsreduces acne.

Azadirachta Indica also helps reduce skin blemishes.

2. Nourishes Skin Neem is a rich source of Vitamin E which help repair damaged
skin cells.

3. Treats Fungal Infections Neem has scientifically proven antifungal property which
helps treat fungal infections.

4. Insect & Mosquito Repellent You can burn a few neem leaves to ward off
theinsects. This is also effective against different types of mosquitoes.

5.Prevents Gastrointestinal Diseases Neem's anti- inflammatorypropertieshelpreduce

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inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract which helps reduce aseriesof diseases like
constipation, stomach ulcer, flatulence, etc.

6. Treats Wounds Neem leaves have an antiseptic property which is why it is used to
heal wounds. Reduces Dandruff Neem is extensively used in shampoos and
conditioners. Azadirachta Indica has anti fungal and antibacterial properties which
help eliminate dandruff and strengths your hair.

7.Exfoliates skin Neem isan excellent exfoliant.It helps remove dead cells from the
surface of the skin which will help prevent the growth of blemishes.
MODULE 2:

HERITAGE WALK AND CRAFTS CORNER

HERITAGE WALK IN SRI BHOGANANDISWARA TEMPLE:

The Bhoganandishwara is the northern temple of the twin. It is the oldest surviving temple
in Nolambavadi-style of Dravidian architecture in Karnataka. The Arunachaleswara
temple was added to its south shortly thereafter. The complex underwent restorations and
additions through the Vijayanagara Empire period. The temples are notable for its large
and intricately carved sabha-mandapa, the inscriptions, and artwork, much of it to
Shaivism, but also significantly for Vaishnavism (Narasimha, Vishnu), Shaktism (Durga,
Lakshmi) and Vedic deities (Surya, Agni).

The temple is protected and managed as a monument of national importance by the

Archaeological Survey of India.

Nandi village is located at the base of Nandi Hills (or Nandidurga). It is 8 kilometres (5
mi) southwest from Chikkaballapur town, and about 55 kilometres (34 mi) northeast from
Bengaluru city, the capital of Karnataka.

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HISTORY:

The history of the eastern regions of south Karnataka traces to ancient times. They
developed under the reign of the Rashtrakuta and Ganga dynasties. By the 8th-
century, the Hindu Nolambas – also known as Nolamba-Pallavas – were governing
this region for the Rashtrakuta and Ganga dynasties. The reign of Mahendra I (860–
895 CE) brought renewed powers and economic prosperity after he defeated the
Banas. After the death of Mahendra I, his mother Devalabbarasi came to power
assisted by her second son Iriva-Nolamba. She was a great patron of arts, used the
epithet Nolamba for her sons, and she built the Nolamba-Narayanaswami temple.
The style that emerged from this period (850–1000 CE) reflects a synthesis of
regional Hindu arts, and is now called the Nolambavadi style.

Early 9th-century inscriptions found near Nandi village refer to a temple for Shiva.
However, these inscriptions do not mention this temple complex. According to the
Archaeological Survey of India, these inscriptions can be attributed to the Nolamba
dynasty ruler Nolambadiraja and the Rashtrakuta emperor Govinda III, and they date
from c. 806 and 810 CE. Copper plate inscriptions found about 10 kilometers away

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near Chikkaballapur refer to the wife of Bana Vidhyadhar making a gift to the
temple. These are indirect references, as they do not specifically mention either of
the two large twin temples. Based on architecture and iconography, the
Bhoganandiswara and the Arunachaleswara temples are dated to no later than the
10th-century and no earlier than the 9th-century.

TEMPLE PLAN:

The temple complex has two large shrines: the Bhoganandiswara and the
Arunachaleswara temples. They have very similar architecture, but not exactly the same.
The "Arunachaleswara" shrine to the south of the two is newer and has a slightly more
complex artwork. Both share a large courtyard and open sabha-mandapa. Each has a
navrang, an antarala, a sukanasi, a garbhagriha and a Dravida-style vimana.The vestibule
and hall are provided with perforated stone screens called jali. Each shrine has a nandi

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mantapa in front (hall with the sculptured image of Nandi the bull) facing the sanctum.

In between the twin temples is a small intervening shrine called the "Uma-Maheshwara"
shrine with a kalyana mantapa ("marriage alter") supported by ornate pillars in black
stone with reliefs depicting of the Hindu gods Shiva and his consort Parvati,Brahma and
saraswathi, Vishnu and Lakshmi, the Vedic god of fire Agni and Swaha Devi. In front is a
meticulously carved black stone kalyana-mantapa with decorative creepers and birds, one
that "excels beyond those found in later era Hoysala temples", according to ASI.

According to the art historian George Michell, the temple is a typical 9th-10th
century Nolamba construction with pilasters on the outer walls of the shrines,
perforated decorative stone windows which contain figures, of a dancing Shiva
(south wall of the Arunachaleshwara shrine) and Durga standing on a buffalo head
(north wall of Bhoga Nandeshwara shrine). Pyramidal and tiered towers (shikhara)
rise from the two major shrines. Each major shrine has a large linga in the sanctum
(the universal symbol of the god Shiva) with a sculpture of Nandi (the bull) in a
pavilion facing the shrine. According to Michell, during the 16th century

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Vijayanagara period, a pavilion with elegant pillars was added in between the two
major shrines. The pillars crafted out of grey-green granite have relief sculptures of
attendant maidens. Michell feels the minor "Uma-Maheshwara" shrine was added in
between the two major shrines (behind the pavilion) during the post Vijayanagara
rule of the Gowdas of the Yelahanka dynasty. The minor shrine has a procession of
deities and sages in wall relief. The wall that links the two major shrines was
cleverly constructed so as to be in-distinguishable from the two original shrines. A
spacious pillared hall was also added in front of the two major shrines.

CRAFTS CORNER :

Hurting down the highway flanked by rows upon rows of shops sporting colorful wooden
toys, briefly halting there to pick up a few of the objects that greatly tempt with their
brightly colored presence and then speeding off again to the eventual destination … this
used to be my story and also probably that of many others who have frequented the
Bangalore Mysore highway.

Not once did I manage to make the time or create the opportunity to check out the actual
Toy Story behind these delightful articles which are iconic to the town of Channapatna in
the district of Ramanagara, Karnataka, India.

Well there is a right moment for every event and finally I got my chance to delve deep and
explore this fascinating and age old craft of wooden toy making, when I was invited on a
wonderfully educative tour organised by India Tourism Bengaluru in order to raise
awareness and promote these crafts.

And like Alice in Wonderland, Caroline in Toyland traipsed through the little villages and
factories of Channapatna, bobbing in and out of artisan’s homes watching their deft
fingers shape bobble headed dolls and other such playthings.

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Channapatna is a town in the Ramanagara district of Karnataka. Its claim to fame are
the wooden toys that have been manufactured here for several years. Being situated
along the Bangalore Mysore highway, this place is easily accessible to travellers
along this route.

History of these iconic toys –

While the exact history might be buried with time, it is said that the origin of these toys
goes back nearly 300 years and they actually gained prominence around 250 years ago
when Tipu Sultan came across them and was enamoured to the extent that he brought in
Persian craftsmen to help the locals hone their skills at this craft.

Channapatna is the hub of wooden toy production in Karnataka with a cluster of around
3000 artisans who are engaged full time in manufacturing these iconic items.

It is also called Gombegala Ooru of Karnataka which translates to Toy Town.

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Famed for their signature wooden toys that are produced by local artisans, this craft has
also been accorded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

The products are sold across the country and also exported.

The items are traditionally made from the wood of the Wrightia Tinctoria aka Ivory wood
or Aale mara and while some of the artisans continue with the tradition of hand crafting,
much of the production is now also mechanised to facilitate mass production since the
demand for these toys has gone up in recent years.

The items make meaningful gifts and many corporations are now including them in their
gift hampers.

Manufacturing these toys however, is not child’s play (the irony notwithstanding). The
artisans, especially those who craft these objects mainly by hand, toil for hours over tiny
hand worked lathes and also work with precision with their paints and brushes to produce
near perfect objects time after time.

The government is doing its bit by giving them certain facilities and also aiding in
marketing.

While some of the villages like Neelasandra still manufacture these items using hand
lathes, the larger bulk production has now been mechanised and is based out of larger
factories.

The Channapatna Crafts Park (CCP) is a 14 acre space which was built around 10 years
ago. This was developed by the government to uplift the standards of production and give
the local manufacturers a better infrastructure. Originally the production used to take place
in the old town and the narrow roads and poor facilities made it difficult for prospective
buyers including those from the international market. But with the establishing of the

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CCP, accessibility to buyers has greatly improved, thus facilitating better business for the
producers.

The various plots have been bought by private factories, some of which are producing
these wooden and lacquer ware items using state of the art wood working machines that
have been provided in a common facility center, to facilitate mass production of these toys
and other similar objects of utility.

The CCP is a registered society with representation from the Department of Industries and
Commerce, Government of Karnataka, Karnataka State Small Industries Development
Corporation Limited, Visvesvaraya Trade Promotion Centre, Karnataka State Handicrafts
Development Corporation Limited and six manufacturer exporters (this excerpt is from
the website of CCP).

Channapatna toy production and factory tours –

While there are no structured or organised tours as such, some of the villages like
Neelasandra where we visited, do allow the public to stroll in and interact with the artisans
who produce these toys in their homes.

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We visited the home of Jogaiar and his wife Roopa, a local artisan couple who have been
crafting these items since 35 years and witnessed the working of the hand lathe and
production of small knick-knacks like key chains, traditional dolls, spinning tops etc.

MODULE 3:

ORGANIC FARMING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

ORGANIC FORMING

Organic farming can be defined as an agricultural process that uses biological

fertilisers and pest control acquired from animal or plant waste. Organic farming was
actually initiated as an answer to the environmental sufferings caused by the use of
chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilisers. In other words, organic farming is a
new system of farming or agriculture that repairs, maintains, and improves the
ecological balance.

Advantages of Organic Farming

Economical: In organic farming, no expensive fertilisers, pesticides, or HYV seeds are

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required for the plantation of crops. Therefore, there is no extra expense.

Good return on Investment: With the usage of cheaper and local inputs, a farmer can
make a good return on investment.

High demand: There is a huge demand for organic products in India and across the globe,
which generates more income through export.

Nutritional: As compared to chemical and fertiliser-utilised products, organic products

are more nutritional, tasty, and good for health.

Environment-friendly: The farming of organic products is free of chemicals and

fertilisers, so it does not harm the environment.

System of farming that uses organic inputs like green manures, cow dung, etc., for
cultivation.

Need of organic farming

● Excessive use of chemical fertilisers reduces the fertility of soil.

● Excessive use of chemicals has led to soil, water, and air pollution.

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● To conserve ecosystem.
● To promote sustainable development.
● Inexpensive farming.
● Increased demand of organic products due to safety of food.

Benefits of organic farming

● Environment-friendly.
● Promotes sustainable development.
● Healthy and tasty food.
● Inexpensive process.
● It uses organic inputs.
● Generates income.
● Generates income through exports.
● Source of employment.
● Organic farming is more labour intensive. Hence, it generates more employment.

Limitations of organic farming

● Less output.
● Higher price.
● The lack of awareness.
● Organic products generally demand a higher price due to a higher demand.
● Shorter shelf life.
● Organic products have a shorter shelf life due to the absence of artificial
preservatives.

Organic farming system is a method of farming system which primarily aimed at

sustainable agricultural production in an eco-friendly pollution free environment and
being followed from ancient time in India. Organic Production system, keep the
environment and ecology alive and in good health by use of natural resources to harness

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desired agricultural production for human consumption. In Organic production,
environment focus is on using naturally available resources as inputs, such as organic
wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic wastes) and other biological materials along
with beneficial microbes (biofertilizers/ bio control agents) to release nutrients to crops
and protect them from insect pest and diseases for increased agricultural production.

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

● Principle of health: Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of
soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible. In view of this it should
avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may
have adverse health effects.
● Principle of ecology: Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological
systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them. Those
who produce, process, trade, or consume organic products should protect and
benefit the common environment including landscapes, climate, habitats,
biodiversity, air and water.
● Principle of fairness: Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure
fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities. Fairness

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requires systems of production, distribution and trade that are open and equitable
and account for real environmental and social costs.
● Principle of care: Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and
responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future
generations and the environment. Decisions should reflect the values and needs of
all who might be affected, through transparent and participatory processes.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

The Hazardous Substances Management Division (HSMD) is the nodal point within
the Ministry for management of chemical emergencies and hazardous substances.
The main objective of the Division is to promote safe management and use of
hazardous substances including hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes, in order
to avoid damage to health and environment. The Division is also the nodal point for
the following four International Conventions viz. Basel Convention on Control of
transboundary movement of Hazardous waste and their disposal; Rotterdam
Convention on Prior Informed Consent Procedure for certain Chemicals and
Pesticides in International trade; Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants, the Minamata Convention on Mercury and Strategic Approach to
International Chemicals Management.

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Municipal solid waste management including plastic waste management:

As per information, municipal areas in the country generate 1, 33,760 metric tonnes per
day of municipal solid waste (MSW), of which only 91,152 TPD waste is collected and
25,884 TPD treated. The Ministry has notified the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management
and Handling) Rules, 2000 for management of the municipal solid waste. These Rules,
inter-alia, provide for mechanisms to be set up by the Municipal Authority for
management of the waste within their jurisdiction. However, the Municipal Authorities are
facing difficulties in implementation of these Rules. The matter was discussed with
stakeholders and it has been decided to amend the existing rules on the Municipal Solid
Waste. The Ministry published the draft (Municipal Solid Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2013 inviting comments/ suggestion from the public. The Comments/
suggestions received were analyzed for the finalization of the new rules on the municipal
solid waste. The emphasis is on management of the waste through a sustainable business
model which includes segregation of municipal solid waste at source, door to door
collection by involving waste collectors, processing of segregated waste in to useful
products such as methane, compost, etc

Electricity generation in the country is and would remain predominantly coal based

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in the near future. The Indian coal is has high ash content of the order of 30 -45%,
generating large quantity of fly ash at coal/lignite based thermal power stations in
the country. The management of fly ash has thus been a matter of concern in view of
requirement of large area of land for its disposal because of its potential of causing
pollution of air and water. To address environmental problem of fly ash disposal, the
Ministry of Environment & Forest and Climate Change (MoEF) issued Notification
on fly ash utilization in 1999 prescribing therein the targets for fly ash utilization for
Coal/Lignite power based Thermal Power Stations with an aim to achieve 100%
utilization in a phased manner. The targets of 1999 were further revised in 2003 and
2009.

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MODULE 4:
WATER CONSERVATION

Water is one of the basic necessities for every living being and we cannot imagine a life
without water. It is the natural resource and the main constituent of our planet earth. Water
is the universal solvent and plays a key role in the existence of various forms of life on the
planet earth. It is widely used for various purposes such as washing, bathing, cleaning,
cooking, drinking, and other industrial and domestic uses.

Water is a colourless and odourless substance that is essential for the survival of living
beings. There are various sources of water such as wells, rivers, ponds, lakes, oceans,big
dams and streams. As we all know, nearly 70 to 80 percent of the Earth’s surface is
covered by water, among which only 1-2 per cent water is pure and suitable for human
use.

Conservation of water mainly refers to protect, preserve, and control the usage of

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water and its resources. It is the system introduced to manage freshwater, reduce the
wastage and protect the water and its resources in order to reduce and to avoid the
scarcity. Therefore, we all should come forward to create awareness about
conservation of water among our own friends, family, neighbours, society, etc.
Conservation of water is very much essential as it saves life on earth.

Conserving water helps us by supplying more amount of water for longer usage. It has
become necessary in all areas because these natural resources are reducing along with the
increasing population and their usages.

There are several ways to conserve water. Here are some important and easy ways for the
conservation of water

● Keeping the tap closed when not in use.

● Check for the openings or leaks in water distribution pipes.
● Make sure to use collected rainwater for gardening or washing purpose.
● Always have a measure of how many buckets of water is wasted in a day and try to
reduce.
● Do not run more water than necessary while washing and cleaning clothes, utensils,
etc.
● Do not prolong your bathing. Go for a quick shower rather than wasting buckets of
water
● Rainwater harvesting is one of the best method used for conserving water. There are
different methods used to preserve rainwater instead of getting it wasted.

Effective Water Conservation Strategies

Several practical strategies can be adopted to promote water conservation at both

individual and community levels:

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1. Fixing Leaks. Identifying and repairing leaks in water supply systems can prevent
significant water loss over time.

2. Water-Efficient Appliances. Encouraging the use of water-efficient appliances such as

low-flow toilets and high-efficiency washing machines can save substantial amounts of
water.

3. Rainwater Harvesting. Capturing and storing rainwater for non-potable uses like
irrigation can reduce the demand for freshwater resources.

4. Public Awareness Campaigns. Educating the public about water conservation practices
can foster a culture of responsible water use.

Water is a finite and precious resource that sustains all life on earth. With the increasing
global population and the ongoing impact of climate change on weather patterns, water
scarcity has become an escalating concern.

In response to this challenge, water conservation has emerged as a crucial strategy to

ensure the availability of clean water for future generations.

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MODULE 5:
FOOD WALK

A food walk is a guided tour that explores a city's food culture, history, and traditions

through food tasting. Food walks are also known as culinary tours or gastronomy
tours. During a food walk, you'll usually be led by a local expert who shares
information about the food, local traditions, and sightseeing spots.
Walk through Bangalore's most famous food street . Savour South Indian butte dosa,
idli vada or the local favourite hollige. Taste North Indian chat items like samosa,
sev puri or bhel puri. Pav Bhaji and Dabeli are also irresistible. Donot miss the
Gulkund icecream for dessert. Walk through Bangalore's largest wholesale market
for spices, flowers and fruits & vegetables for a sensorial delight!

Food Walk
On this food walk we take guests on a journey across the old ‘Petta’ or City. We
scoure the streets, lanes & by-lanes within the erstwhile mud fort built by Kempe
Gowda I in 1500s in search of the tastiest vegetarian delicacies of Bengaluru. Some
of the bakeries and restaurants here are nearly 100-year old. These food joints have
die-hard foodies flocking despite the traffic chaos that plague the area. In between
bites of food, we give some bytes of the local history too.

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Introduction
Pizza is a popular Italian dish that has become a staple in many cuisines around the
world. Its origins date back to ancient times, but the modern version of pizza as we
know it today originated in Naples, Italy.

History of Pizza
The word "pizza" was first mentioned in a Latin text in 997 AD. However, the
modern version of pizza is credited to Raffaele Esposito, a Neapolitan baker, who in
1889 created a pizza topped with tomato sauce, mozzarella cheese, and fresh basil
leaves for Queen Margherita of Savoy.
Types of Pizza
There are several types of pizza, including:
1. Neapolitan Pizza: A classic Italian-style pizza with a thin crust, fresh toppings,
and a soft center.
2. New York-Style Pizza: A thin crust, foldable pizza often topped with classic
combinations like pepperoni and mushroom.
3. Chicago-Style Pizza: A deep-dish pizza with a thick crust, thick layers of cheese
and toppings, and a thick tomato sauce on top.
4. California-Style Pizza:A non-traditional pizza with unique toppings and flavor
combinations, often featuring fresh, locally-sourced ingredients.

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Ingredients and Toppings

Pizza ingredients and toppings vary widely, but common ingredients include:
1. Crust: Made from wheat flour, water, yeast, and salt.
2.Sauce: Typically made from crushed tomatoes, garlic, and herbs.
3.Cheese:Mozzarella, parmesan, and gorgonzola are popular pizza cheeses.
4. Toppings: Meats (pepperoni, sausage, bacon), vegetables (mushrooms, onions,
bell peppers), and herbs (basil, oregano).

Cultural Significance
Pizza has become an integral part of many cultures around the world. It's a popular
food choice for social gatherings, parties, and family events.

Conclusion
Pizza is a delicious and versatile dish with a rich history and cultural significance.
From its humble origins in Naples to its global popularity today, pizza continues to
be a beloved food choice for people of all ages.

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