Course Teacher

Alok Kumar Paul

ACKNOWLEDGENENT

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdul Goffar Khan

Md. Abdul Malek
We will follow this
book
Another text book
We will need
Like a dictionary, you
may collect and
preserve this book for
your life.
Another Book
Another Book
Basics of devices
given in this Book
 Course outline
• Diode rectifiers (Uncontrolled rectifier )
• ac-dc converters ( Controlled rectifiers)
• ac-ac converters ( ac voltage controllers )
• dc-dc converters ( dc choppers )
• dc-ac converters ( Inverters )
• Static Switches.
 What is POWER ELECTRONICS
Power electronics combines power, electronics, and control.

Control deals with the steady-state and dynamic characteristics of closed-loop systems.

Power deals with the static and rotating power equipment for the generation, transmission, and distribution
of electric energy.

Electronics deal with the solid-state devices and circuits for signal processing to meet the desired control
objectives.

Power electronics may be defined as the application of solid-state electronics for the control and
conversion of electric power

Solid-state-electronics are semiconductor electronics: electronic

equipment that use semiconductor devices such
as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs)
 Power Electronics

Advantages of power electronics converter:

• Highly reliable
• Less loss of power
• Efficient
• Fast response
• Long life
• Small size and less in weight

Disadvantages of power electronics converter:

• Low overload capacity
• Harmonics are generated
• Expensive
 Power Electronics

Problem of Harmonics:
i. Increase losses
ii. Degrade the insulating nature of transformer winding
iii. Create unwanted resonance
iv. Malfunctioning of protective devices
v. Increase error of measuring instrument
 Application

Industries: Welding, lighting, electroplating, pumps, and compressors,

induction heating, boiler, conveyors, cranes, electromagnets, electric
vehicles and furnaces, etc.

Home Appliances: Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing machines,

sewing machines, dryers, mixers and grinders, air conditioning, etc.

Commercial: Computers, electric fans, vending machines, audio

amplifiers, battery charges, photocopiers, etc.

Medical: Medical instruments and machines, fitness and test machines, etc.

Transportation: Motor drives, trains, trollies and subways, locomotives,

streetcars, elevators, magnetic levitation, etc.
 Application

Power systems: Static circuit breakers, thyristor controlled reactors,

energy storage systems, harmonics suppression, etc.

Telecommunication: DC power supply, UPS, wireless communication,

transmitters, and receivers, etc.

Aerospace: Satellite systems, aircraft and space vehicles, spaceship power

systems, etc.
Power Electronics vs Linear Electronics

Power Electronics Linear Electronics

Power electronics is a field of engineering that Linear electronics deals with the amplification,
focuses on the conversion, control, and filtering, and processing of small electrical signals.
conditioning of electric power using electronic
devices and circuits.
Power electronic devices, such as power Linear electronic devices (op-amps, BJT, etc)
transistors, thyristors, and IGBT, etc, operate in operate in a linear mode (Active region), which
switching modes. means they are designed to amplify or process
small signals without significant distortion.
Power electronic systems can achieve high Linear electronic systems typically have lower
efficiency due to their switching operation. efficiency compared to power electronics. This is
because linear devices dissipate power as heat,
especially when amplifying signals.
Power electronic circuits and systems tend to be Linear electronic circuits are generally simpler in
more complex compared to linear electronics. terms of design and implementation compared to
They often require more advanced control power electronics. They involve fewer components
techniques, complex protection circuits, and and straightforward signal processing techniques.
thermal management systems due to the high
currents and voltages involved.
 These can be Base of the transistor
Example: can be fed with
implemented by
Suppose a DC motor is to be operated at a variable
different signals.speed
simple electronics
to meet the industry requirement. A variable DC power
supply is required for it, which can be meet as follows.

DC
Vb
Case 1 : Constant dc voltage SUPPLY

Highest
t speed
Vb Power
Case 2 : Ton >Toff transistor

Medium
t speed
Vb
Case 3 : Ton <Toff

Variable
Lowest speed DC
t speed motor
 Question

Q.1.1 What is ‘Power Electronics’? Explain

with an example.
 Modern Power
Electronics uses
two things :

Power semiconductor Microcontrollers /

devices that can be microelectronics that
regarded as the can be regarded as
muscle the brain
Modern Power
Semiconductor
Devices has two
aspects :

Can handle much

High switching
more power
speed
 Power semiconductor
Devices Different types of Thyristors:
Different types of devices: • Forced commutated
• Power Diode • Line commutated
• Thyristors • Phase controlled Thyristors (Silicon
• Power bipolar transistors, BJT controlled rectifier) SCR
• Power MOSFET • Bidirectional Triode thyristors TRIAC
• Insulated gate bipolar transistors • Gate Turn Off thyristors GTO
IGBT • Reverse conducting thyristors RCT
• Static Induction Transistors SIT • Static Induction Thyristor SITH

Different types of Diodes: • Gate assisted Turn Off Thyristor GATT

• General purpose • Light Activated Silicon Controlled

Rectifier LASCR
• High speed (fast recovery)
• MOS controlled Thyristor MCT
• Schottky
• More…..
 Symbols &
Characteristics

Diode ID

ID
A K

VAK

VAK
 Symbols &
Characteristics

Thyristor IA
G
IA
A K

VAK

VAK
 Symbols &
Characteristics
G

IA
A K
SITH

G ID

A K
GTO VAK

A K
MCT

G
 Symbols &
Characteristics
ID

IA
A K
TRIAC VAK
G
 Symbols &
Characteristics

LASCR IA

IA
A K

VAK
G
 Question

Q.1.2. Draw and explain (i) the symbols and (ii) I-V
characteristics of the following.
• Power diode
• Thyristor
• Static Induction Thyristor, SITH
• Gate Turn Off Thyristor, GTO
• MOS-controlled Thyristor, MCT
• TRIAC
• Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier, LASCR
 Symbols &
Characteristics
C
IC
IBn > IB1
BJT (npn) IBn

B
IB1

VCE

E
 Symbols &
Characteristics

C IC
VGn > VG1
IGBT IC VGn

IG
G VG1
VT

VCE

E
 Symbols &
Characteristics
D

MOSFET ID
VGn > VG1
ID VGSn

VGS1

G
VGS0

VDS

S
 Symbols &
Characteristics
D
ID
SIT VGS1 < VGSn
VGS= 0V

VGS1
G
VGSn

VDS

S
 Question

Q.1.3. Draw and explain (i) the symbols and (ii) I-V characteristics
of the following.
• Power BJT
• Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, IGBT
• Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor, MOSFET
• Static Induction Transistor, SIT
Control Characteristics of Power Devices
# Uncontrolled turn on and off
# Power diode is a uncontrolled
device
Vi
A K

+ +
VS

R t
VO
VS VO

VS

- -
t

## Current will start flowing immediately after the supply voltage is

applied and we do not have any control over it.
Vi
Control Characteristics
of Power Devices
VS Controlled
Thyristor does
turn
not
on andunless
conduct G+
Once fired, it will
Vgk Uncontrolled
the
continue gate is
t conduction
A
turn
fired / off V
triggered. K
gk

operation
till the anode voltage
-
+
+
is higher than the
cathode voltage.
R
t VO
VS
VO

- -
VS

t
 G
Vi

A K
SITH Conduction
Do not starts
conduct unless and
the continues
Conduction gate
mayis again start if gate
once
fired gateGis
is+fired.
/ triggered. VS
fired by positive pulse.
Vgk Vgk
t
A Conduction
K stops if gate is fired by
GTO -
negative pulse.
+ Controlled turn on and
+

turn off operation

A K
MCT R t
VS VO VO
G

- VS
-

t
 Vi

VS
C
E
- t
+ VBE
Controlled turn
+
on and
turn off
V BE

R
operation
+
VS VO
B
t
VO

- -

VS

t
D MOSFET S

VGE

IGBT

C E
- t
+ + VO

VgE
R
+
VS VS
VO
G
t

- -
Question
Q.1.4. Explain the control mechanism of
the following Power Devices by
drawing (i) circuit diagram and (ii)
voltage vs time characteristics.
• Thyristor
• GTO
• Power Transistor
• IGBT
• MOSFET
 Classification of Power Semiconductor Switching Devices:
Based on Triggering technique.

Turn-on Turn-off Trigger Example

Uncontrolled Uncontrolled - Power Diode

Controlled Uncontrolled Pulse SCR, Thyristor

Controlled Controlled Pulse SITH, GTO, MCT

Controlled Controlled Continuous BJT, IGBT, SIT

Q.1.5. Draw proper circuit diagram and V-t characteristics to
explain the following switching operation.

Turn-on Turn-off Trigger

Uncontrolled Uncontrolled -

Controlled Uncontrolled Pulse

Controlled Controlled Pulse

Controlled Controlled Continuous

 Classification of Power Semiconductor Switching Devices:
Based on Operating Voltage & Current

Unipolar Voltage BJT, MOSFET, IGBT, GTO

Bipolar Voltage SCR, GTO, Thyristor

Unidirectional
SCR, GTO, BJT, IGBT
Current

Bidirectional
TRIAC, RCT
Current
 Types of Power Electronics Circuits :
• Diode rectifiers (Uncontrolled rectifier )
• ac-dc converters ( Controlled rectifiers)
• ac-ac converters ( ac voltage controllers )
• dc-dc converters ( dc choppers )
• dc-ac converters ( Inverters )
• Static Switches.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.1 What is power electronics?
1.2 What are the various types of thyristors?
1.3 What is a commutation circuit?
1.4 What are the conditions for a thyristor to conduct?
1.5 How can a conducting thyristor be turned off?
1.6 What is a line commutation?
1.7 What is a forced commutation?
1.8 What is the difference between a thyristor and a TRIAC?
1.9 What is turn-off time of a thyristor?
1.14 What is a converter?
1.15 What is the principle of ac–dc conversion?
1.16 What is the principle of ac–ac conversion?
1.17 What is the principle of dc–dc conversion?
1.18 What is the principle of dc–ac conversion?
1.19 What are the steps involved in designing power electronics equipment?
1.20 What are the peripheral effects of power electronics equipment?
1.21 What are the differences in the gating characteristics of GTOs and thyristors?
1.22 What are the differences in the gating characteristics of thyristors and transistors?
1.23 What are the differences in the gating characteristics of BJTs and MOSFETs?
1.24 What is the gating characteristic of an IGBT?
1.27 What are the differences between BJTs and IGBTs?
1.30 What are the conversion types and their symbols?
1.31 What are the main blocks of a typical power converter?
1.32 What are the issues to be addressed for the design of a power converter?
1.33 What are the advantages of SiC power devices over the Si power devices?
1.34 What are the guidelines for the device choices for different applications?