INDEX

SL.NO CONTENTS PG.NO

1. UNDERTAKING 1
2. CERTIFICATE 2
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
4. GEOMETRIC 4
INTERPRETATION
OF
DIFFERENTIATION
5. APPLICATION OF 5-14
DEREVATIVES
6. GOMETRIC 15-18
INTERPRETATION
OF INTEGRATION
7. APPLICATION OF 19-23
INTEGRALS
8. BIBILOGRAPHY 24
 UNDERTAKING

WE DECLARE THAT THE WORK PRESENTED IN

THIS PROJECT ENTITLED “GEOMETRIC
MEANING OF DIFFERETIATION AND
INTEGRATION WITH THEIR APPLICATIONS”
SUBMITTED TO SK MUJAFFOR FOR THE
AWARD OF CBSE-AISSCE CLASS XII
CERTIFICATE.I HAVE NOT PLAGIARIZED OR
SUBMITTED THE SAME WORK FOR ANY OTHER
EXAMINATION.IN CASE THIS UNDERTAKING IS
FOUND INCORRECT WE ACCEPT THAT OUR
CERTIFICATES MAY BE UNCONDITIONLLY
WITHDRAWN.
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS
MATHEMATICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
THE TOPIC “GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION
OF DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGARTION
WITH THEIR APPLICATIONS” HAS BEEN
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED BY GANTI
SUBHRAMANYAM OF CLASS XII UNDER THE
GUIDANCE SK MUJAFFOR IN PARTICULAR
FULFILMENT OF CURRICULUM OF CENTRAL
BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION {CBSE}
LEADING TO THE AWARD OF ANNUAL
EXAMINATION OF THE YEAR 2024-2025

TEACHER’S SIGN EXTERNAL’S SIGN

HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

It is with pleasure that I acknowledge my sincere

gratitude to our teacher, SK MUJAFFOR who taught
and undertook the responsibility of teaching the subject
mathematics. I have been greatly benefited from his
classes.
I am especially indebted to our Principal DR.
DIBAKAR MISHRA who has always been a source
of encouragement and support and without whose
inspiration this project would not have been a
successful I would like to place on record heartfelt
thanks to him.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation
for all the other students in my batch their friend & the
fine time that we all shared together.
 GEOMETRIC
INTERPRETATION OF
DIFFERENTIATION:
 APPLICATION OF
DEREVATIVES:
Applications of Derivatives in mathematics are applied
in many circumstances like calculating the slope of the
curve, determining the maxima or minima of a function,
obtaining the equation of a tangent and normal to a
curve, and also the inflection points. Some applications
of derivatives in mathematics are given below:
o Application 1: Rate of Change of a Quantity
o Application 2: Approximation or Finding
Approximate Value
o Application 3: Equation of a Tangent and Normal
To a Curve
o Application 4: Maxima and Minima
o Application 5: Point of Inflection
o Application 6: Determining Increasing and
Decreasing Functions
1. Rate of Change of Quantities
If a given equation is of the form y = f(x), this can be
read as ‘y’ is a function of ‘x’. Now if we say that ‘y’
changes when there is some change in the value of ‘x’.
Then the rate of change of ‘y’ w.r.t ‘x’ is given by the
formula:

Δy/Δx=y2−y1/x2−x1
 The above formula is also read as the average rate of
change in the function.
Now if we consider a case where the rate of change of a
function is defined at specific values i.e. a specific
value of ‘x’. This is called the instantaneous rate of
change of the given function at that particular point.
Mathematically saying we can state that if a quantity
say ‘y’ varies with another quantity i.e. ‘x’ such that
y=f(x) then: dy/dx or f′(x) denotes the rate of change of
y w.r.t x.
Also, [dy/dx] x=a or f’ (a) denotes the rate of change of
y w.r.t x at a specific point i.e. x=a.
In simple terms if, y = f(x). Then dy/dx denotes the rate
of change of y w.r.t x and its value at x = a is denoted
by:
[dy/dx] x=a
 2. Approximation Value
For the calculation of a very small difference or
variation of a quantity, we can use derevative rules to
provide the approximate value for the same. This
approximate value is interpreted by delta △. Derivative
of a function can further be applied to determine the
linear approximation of a function at a given point. The
linear approximation method was suggested by Newton.
According to him, obtain the value of the function at the
given value and then find the equation of the tangent
line to get the approximately close value to the function.
The equation of the function of the tangent is given by
the equation.
L(x)=f(a)+f′(a) (x−a)L(x)=f(a)+f′(a) (x−a)
We can read the above equation as for a given function
f(x), the equation of the tangent line is L(x) at a point
x=a.
 3. Equation of a Tangent and Normal to a Curve
Next in line is the application of derivatives to
determine the equation of tangents and normals to a
curve. A tangent is a line drawn to a curve that will only
meet the curve at a single location and its slope is
equivalent to the derivative of the curve at that point.
The normal is a line that is perpendicular to the tangent
obtained.

The equation of tangent and normal line to a curve of a

function can be obtained by the use of derivatives. If the
curve of a function is given and the equation of the
tangent to a curve at a given point is asked, then by
applying the derivative, we can obtain the slope and
equation of the tangent line. Similarly, we can get the
equation of the normal line to the curve of a function at
a location.
Let y = f(x) be the equation of a curve, then the slope of
the tangent at any point say, (x1, y1) is given by:
m= [dy/dx] (x1,y1) .
The normal is perpendicular to the tangent therefore the
slope of normal at any point say is given by:
m= - [dx/dy] (x1,y1)
Equation of tangent at any point say (x1, y1) is given
by:
y−y1 / x-x1 = [dy/dx] (x1,y1)
Equation of normal at any point say (x1, y1) is given
by:
y-y1/x-x1 = -[dx/dy](x1,y1)
If a tangent line to the curve y = f (x) executes an angle
with the x-axis in the positive direction, then;
dy/dx= slope of tangent= tanθ
 4. Maxima, Minima and Point of Inflection
Under this heading of applications of derivatives, we
will understand the concept of maximum or minimum
values of diverse functions by utilising the concept of
derivatives. For a function f defined on an interval I the
maxima or minima ( or local maxima or local minima)
in I depends on the given condition: f(x)≤ f(c) or f (x) ≥
f(c), ∀ x ∈ I and c is a point in the interval I.
This can also be read as:
At x=c if f(x)≤f(c) for every value of x in the domain
we are operating on, then f(x) has an absolute
maximum; this is also known as the global maximum
value.
Similarly,
At x=c if f(x)≤f(c) for every value of x on some open
interval, say (r, s), then f(x) has a relative maximum;
this is also known as the local maximum value.
In the same manner:
We can state that at x=c if f(x)≥f(c) for every value of x
in the domain we are operating on, then f(x) has an
absolute minimum; this is also known as the global
minimum value.
Similarly, at x=c if f(x)≥f(c) for every value of x on
some open interval, say (r, s), then f(x) has a relative
minimum; this is also known as the local minimum
value.
We can also understand the maxima and minima with
the help of the slope of the function:
o When the slope of the function changes from +ve
to -ve moving via point c, then it is said to be
maxima.
o When the slope of the function changes from -ve to
+ve moving via point c, then it is said to be
minima.

Point of Inflection
In the above-discussed conditions for maxima and
minima, point c denotes the point of inflection that can
also be noticed from the images of maxima and minima.
The point of inflection is the section of the curve where
the curve shifts its nature from convex to concave or
vice versa.

5.Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Under this heading, we will use applications of

derivatives to discover whether a function is
increasing, decreasing or none. By the use of
derivatives, we can determine if a given function is an
increasing or decreasing function. The increasing
function is a function that appears to touch the top of
the x-y plane whereas the decreasing function appears
like moving the downside corner of the x-y plane.
Consider y = f(x) to be a function defined on an interval
I, contained in the domain of the function f(x).
Let x1,x2 be any two points in I, where x1,x2 are not
the endpoints of the interval. Then;
# f(x) is increasing function if;
x1<x2 ⇒f( x1)≤f(x2), ∀ x1, x2 ∈I
i.e dy/dx≥0 or f′(x)≥0
# f(x)is strictly increasing function if;
x1<x2 ⇒f( x1)<f(x2), ∀ x1, x2 ∈I
i.e dy/dx>0 or f′(x)>0
# f(x) is decreasing function if;
x1<x2 ⇒f( x1)≥f(x2), ∀ x1, x2 ∈I
i.e. dy/dx≤0 or f′(x)≤ 0
#f(x) is a strictly decreasing function if;
X1<x2 ⇒f( x1)>f(x2), ∀ x1, x2 ∈I
i.e dy/dx<0 or f′(x)<0
f(x) is constant if;
f(x)=c, ∀ x ∈I, where c is a constant
i.e dy/dx=0 or f′(x)=0
6. Application of Derivatives in Real Life
o The applications of derivatives are used to
determine the rate of changes of a quantity w.r.t the
other quantity.
o It is also applied to determine the profit and loss in
the market using graphs.
o Derivatives are applied to determine equations in
Physics and Mathematics.
o The equation of tangent and normal line to a curve
of a function can be determined by applying the
derivatives.
o Derivative of a function can also be used to obtain
the linear approximation of a function at a given
state.
o Derivative further finds application in the study of
seismology to detect the range of magnitudes of the
earthquake.
o The derivative also finds application to determine
the speed distance covered such as miles per hour,
kilometres per hour, to monitor the temperature
variation, etc.
 GEOMETRIC
INTERPRETATION OF
INTEGRATION:
Geometrical Meaning of Integration
The geometrical meaning of integration is closely tied
to the concept of area under a curve. Integration is
essentially a mathematical operation that allows you to
find the accumulation of quantities over a certain
interval. In terms of geometry, integration is often used
to calculate the area bounded by a curve and the x-axis
within a given interval.
Here's a breakdown of the geometrical meaning of
integration:
Area under a Curve: Consider a function f(x) defined on
an interval [a,b]. When you integrate f(x) with respect
to x over this interval, denoted by ƒabf(x) dx, you're
essentially finding the area of the region bounded by the
curve y=f(x) and the x-axis between the points x=a and
x=b.
Partitioning: To calculate this area, the interval [a,b] is
often divided into smaller subintervals, and the area
under the curve within each subinterval is
approximated. The approximation becomes more
 accurate as the width of the subintervals decreases,
approaching zero, using methods like Riemann sums or
calculus techniques like limits.
Summation of Areas: Integration sums up the areas of
these approximated rectangles, trapezoids, or other
shapes that collectively cover the region under the
curve. As the width of the subintervals approaches zero,
this summation converges to the exact area under the
curve.
Negative Area: If the curve dips below the x-axis within
the interval, the area is considered negative because it's
below the x-axis. When calculating the integral, this is
represented by negative values, indicating a decrease in
the accumulated quantity.

Geometric Interpretation beyond Area: While the area

under the curve is the most common geometric
interpretation of integration, integration can represent
other geometric quantities as well. For instance,
integrating a velocity function over a time interval gives
the displacement, and integrating a density function
over a volume gives the mass.
In essence, integration geometrically represents the
accumulation or aggregation of quantities, often
visualized as the area under a curve, but it can represent
various geometric measures beyond just area.

Definite Integrals, Properties of Definite Integrals

Definite Integrals
Definite integrals represent a fundamental concept in
calculus, offering a precise method for calculating the
accumulated quantity of a function over a specified
interval. Unlike indefinite integrals, which yield a
family of functions with an arbitrary constant, definite
integrals produce a single numerical value. This value
corresponds to the net area bounded by the function's
graph, the x-axis, and the vertical lines defining the
interval.

Mathematically, the definite integral of a function f(x)

over the interval [a,b] is denoted by ƒfb(x) dx. The
result represents the net signed area between the curve
and the x-axis within the interval [a,b].
Properties of definite integrals include linearity,
meaning that the integral of a sum is the sum of the
integrals, as well as additivity over intervals, which
states that integrating over a union of intervals is
equivalent to integrating over each interval separately
and summing the results. Additionally, definite integrals
obey the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which
establishes a connection between integration and
differentiation.
Definite integrals find widespread applications in
various fields, including physics, engineering,
economics, and statistics. They are indispensable for
solving problems involving accumulation, such as
computing total distance traveled, total volume, or total
accumulated value over time.
 APPLICATION OF
INTEGRALS:
Area Under the Curves
(a) Area of Plane Regions:
V. Curve Tracing

To find the area surrounded by many curves, a preliminary sketch of the target component is
required. For the purpose of tracing a cartesian curve f(x,y)=0, the following procedures are
quite helpful.

Step 1: Symmetry
(i) The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis if all of the powers of y in the supplied curve’s
equation are even.

(ii) The curve is symmetrical about the y-axis if every power of x in the provided curve’s
equation is even.

(iii) The curve is symmetrical about the line y=x if the supplied curve’s equation does not
change when x and y are switched.

(iv) The given curve is symmetrical in opposing quadrants if the equation stays the same
when x and y are substituted with −x and −y, respectively.

Step 2: Origin
The algebraic curve goes through the origin if there isn’t a constant term in its equation.
The lowest degree terms in the equation of the given algebraic curve are then equated to zero
to get the tangents at the origin.

Step 3: Intersection with the Co-ordinates Axes

(i) To estimate the sites of intersection of the curve with the x-axis, find the relevant values of
x by solving the provided curve’s equation with y=0.

(ii) To estimate the sites of intersection of the curve with the y-axis, find the corresponding
values of y by substituting x=0 in the equation of the provided curve.

Step 4: Asymptotes
Discover where the curve’s asymptotes are.

(i) The provided algebraic curve’s vertical asymptotes, or asymptotes parallel to the y-axis,
are obtained by setting the coefficient of the largest power of y in the supplied curve’s
equation to zero.

(ii) By setting the coefficient of the largest power of x in the equation of the supplied curve to
zero, the horizontal asymptotes of the given algebraic curve, or asymptotes parallel to the x-
axis, are obtained.

Step 5: Region
Determine which areas of the plane contain no portion of the curve. We solve the provided
equation for y in terms of x, or vice versa, to find such regions. Assuming y turns imaginary
for x>a, the curve does not fall inside the x>a area.

Step 6: Critical Points

Around these moments, y typically shifts from being a rising function of x to a decreasing
function of x, or the opposite.

Step 7:
Trace the curve with the help of the above points.
 BIBILOGRAPHY
1. CLASS XI MATHEMATICS NCERT
2. CALCULUS MADE EASY BY SILVANUS
P.THOMPSON
3. WIKIPEDIA