B.M.S.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
BENGALURU,DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Dept. of Math., BMS Unit 5: Matrices and System of Equations

For the Course Code: 22MA1BSMCV, 22MA1BSMES, 22MA1BSMME & 22MA1BSMCS

I. RANK OF MATRICES

1. Find the rank of the following matrices by reducing them into echelon form.
II.
1 2 3  1 2 3 2 
1 4 2  2 3 5 1
   
 2 6 5  1 3 4 5 
a) Ans:  =2 .
g) Ans:  =2 .
0 1 3 1
1 1 2 3 0
0 1 1  2

 4 3 2 
3 1 0 2
  3 2 1 3
1 1 2 0   
6 8 7 5
b) Ans:  =2 .
h) Ans:  =3 .
 2 3 1 1
1 1 2 1 2 
 4   3 6 
3 1 3  
2  7 1
   
6 3 0 7 
i) 4 5 
c) Ans:  =3 .
5 6 7 8
1 4 5  6 7 8 9
2 6 8   
  11 12 13 14 
 3 7 22   
16 17 18 19 
d) Ans:  =3 .
j) Ans:  =2 .
1 3 4 3
3 9 12 3  1 2 2 3 
   2 5 4 6 
1 3 4 1  
 1 3 2 2 
e) Ans:  =2 .  
 2 4 1 6 
1 1 1 1  k) Ans:  =4 .
1 1 2 1
 
3 1 0 1 
f) Ans:  =2 .

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

b 1 1 1 0  b  2 b  6
 4 4 3 1 
 
b 2 2 2 
 
1. Find ‘ ’ if the rank of  9 9 b 3  is 3. Ans: or .
III. Consistency and solution of linear system of equations:

n  Number of Unknowns
1. Discuss the consistency of the following system of linear equations
x  2 y  3z  0 d)
3x  4 y  4 z  0 4x  2 y  6z  8
a) 7 x  10 y  12 z  0 x  y  3z  1
15 x  3 y  9 z  21
Ans: Consistent and has trivial solution.
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions
x  1, y  3k  2, z  k
b)
2 x1  3x2  4 x3  x4  0 2x  3y  7z  5
x1  x2  x3  2 x4  0 3 x  y  3 z  13
5 x1  x3  7 x4  0 2 x  19 y  47 z  32
7 x1  8 x2  11x3  5 x4  0 e) Ans: inconsistent
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions

x1 
 k1  7k2  , x 
 6k1  3k2  , x  k1 , x4  k2 2 x1  3 x2  x3  1
2 3
5 5 3 x1  4 x2  3 x3  1
c) 2 x1  x2  2 x3  3
5x  3 y  7 z  4
3 x1  1x2  2 x3  4
3x  26 y  2 z  9
f) Ans: Inconsistent
7 x  2 y  10 z  5
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions
7  16k k 3
x y zk
11 11

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

x  2y  z  3
2x  3y  2z  5
3x  5 y  5 z  2
3x  9 y  z  4
Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
g) x  1, y  1, z  2
2 x  6 y  11  0
6 x  20 y  6 z  3  0
6 y  18 z  1  0
h) Ans: inconsistent

2 x1  2 x2  4 x3  3 x4  9
x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  6
2 x1  2 x2  x3  2 x4  3
x1  x2  x4  2
i) Ans:Inconsistent

2x  y  z  0
2 x  5 y  7 z  52
x y z 9
Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
j) x  1, y  3, z  5
3x  2 y  2 z  0
x  2y  4
10 y  3z  2
2x  3y  z  5
Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
k) x  2, y  1, z  4
x1  x2  2 x3  x4  3 x5  1
2 x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  6 x5  2
3 x1  2 x2  4 x3  3 x4  9 x5  3
Ans : Consistent and
has infinitely many solutions
l) x1  1, x2  2a, x3  a, x4  3b, x5  b

m)
  2x  3 y  5z  9
7x  3y  2z  8
2. Investigate the values of and so that the equations 2 x  3 y   z   have (i) no solution
(ii) unique solution (iii) infinite number of solutions.
Ans: (i) If   5 and   9 (ii)   5 and  can be any value (iii)   5 and   9 .

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

x  2 y  3z  6
x  3 y  5z  9
3. Determine the values of a and b for which the system 2 x  5 y  az  b have (i) no solution (ii) unique
solution (iii) infinite number of solutions.
Ans: (i) If a  8 and b  15 (ii) a  8 and for any b (iii) a  8 and b  15 .

4. Find the value of

a for which the system x  2 y  z  3 ; ay  5 z  10 ; 2 x  7 y  az  b has a

unique solution. Also find the pair of values  a, b  for which it has infinitely many solutions.
Ans:
a b x  ay  z  3
x  2 y  2z  b
5. Find the values of and for which the system of equations x  5 y  3 z  9 is consistent.
Ans: If a  1 and b =6 equations will be consistent and have infinite number of solutions.
If a  1 and b has any value, equations will be consistent and have a unique solution.
3x  4 y  5 z  a a  c  2b
4x  5 y  6z  b
6. Show that the equations 5 x  6 y  7 z  c do not have a solution unless .
2 x  y  z  a a, b c
x  2y  z  b
7. Test for consistency x  y  2 z  c where and are constants.
Ans: if a  b  c  0 inconsistent , if a  b  c  0 , then infinitely many solution.
IV. Gauss elimination method:
1. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss elimination method:

2 x1  x2  x3  10 2 x1  x2  4 x3  12
3 x1  2 x2  3 x3  18 8 x1  3 x2  2 x3  20
x1  4 x2  9 x3  16 4 x1  11x2  x3  33
a) Ans: x1  7, x2  9, x3  5. e) Ans: x1  3, x2  2, x3  1.

x1  4 x2  x3  5
2 x  2 y  z  12
x1  x2  6 x3  12
3x  2 y  2 z  8
3 x1  x2  x3  4
5 x  10 y  8 z  10
117 81 148
51 115 35 Ans: x1  , x2   , x3  .
Ans: x  ,y ,z  f) 71 71 71
b) 4 8 4
2 x1  x2  3 x3  1
4 x1  4 x2  7 x3  1
2 x1  4 x2  x3  3
2 x1  5 x2  9 x3  3
3 x1  2 x2  2 x3  2
g) Ans: x1  1 / 2, x2  1, x3  1.
x1  x2  x3  6
c) Ans: x1  2, x2  1, x3  3.
2 x1  7 x2  4 x3  9
10 x  2 y  z  9
x1  9 x2  6 x3  1
2 x  20 y  2 z  44
3 x1  8 x2  5 x3  6
2 x  3 y  10 z  22
h) Ans : x1  4, x2  1, x3  2
d) Ans: x  1, y  2, z  3

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

5 x1  x2  x3  x4  4
x1  7 x2  x3  x4  12
x1  x2  6 x3  x4  5
x1  x2  x3  4 x4  6
i) Ans: x1 1, x2  2, x3   1, x4  2

  5 3x  y  4 z  3   5
x  2 y  3 z  2
2. Show that if the system of equations 6 x  5 y   z  3 have a unique solution. If
show that the equations are consistent. Determine the solution in each case.
4 9 4  5k 13k  9
Ans: when   5, x  , y  , z  0 when   5, x  , y , zk
7 7 , 7 7 .

5 x  3 y  2 z  12 c  74
2x  4 y  5z  2
3. Prove that the equations 39 x  43 y  45 z  c are incompatible unless ; and in that case the
equations are satisfied by x  2  t , y  2  3t , z  2  2t t
, where is any arbitrary quantity.

x  y  z 1
2x  y  4z  k
4. For what values of k the equations 4 x  y  10 z  k have a solution and solve them completely in
2

each case. Ans: when k  1, x  3 z , y  2 z  1 , when k  2 ,

x  1  3 z , y  2 z.

V. Iterative methods:

Gauss-Seidel Iteration method

The solution converges if the system is diagonally dominant.

Suppose
AX  B
is diagonally dominant with
A   aij  , X   xi  and B   bi  .

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

1
x1n 1 
a11
 b1  a12 x2n  a13 x3n ⋯⋯
1
x2n 1 
a22
 b2  a21 x1n1  a23 x3n ⋯⋯
1
x3n 1 
a33
 b3  a31 x1n 1  a32 x2n 1 ⋯⋯

Then the iterative formula is ⋮

20 x  y  2 z  17 8 x1  x2  x3  8
3 x  20 y  z  18 2 x1  x2  9 x3  12
2 x  3 y  20 z  25 x1  7 x2  2 x3  4
a. Ans: x  1, y  1, z  1 . i. Ans: x1  1 x2  1, x3  1 .
5 x  2 y  z  12 4 x1  2 x2  x3  11
x  4 y  2 z  15  x1  2 x2  3
x  2 y  5 z  20 2 x1  x2  4 x3  16
b. Ans: x  0.996, y  2, z  3 . Ans: x1  1, x2  2, x3  3 .
j.
2x  y  6z  9
k. Start with  2, 2, 1 and solve
8 x  3 y  2 z  13 5 x1  x2  x3  10
x  5y  z  7
2 x1  4 x2  12
c. Ans: x  1, y  1, z  1 .
x1  x2  5 x3  1
d. Ans : x1  2.5555, x2  1.7222, x3  1.0555
28 x  4 y  z  32
10 x1  x2  x3  12
x  3 y  10 z  24
2 x1  10 x2  x3  13
2 x  17 y  4 z  35
Ans: x  0.9876, y  1.5090, z  1.8485 2 x1  2 x2  10 x3  14
. l. Ans: x1  x2  x3  1 .

10 x  2 y  z  9 27 x1  6 x2  x3  85
2 x  20 y  2 z  44 6 x1  15 x2  2 x3  72
2 x  3 y  10 z  22 x1  x2  54 x3  110
e. Ans: x  1, y  2, z  3 . m. Ans: x1  2.4255, x2  3.573, x3  1.926 .
83 x  11 y  4 z  95 x1  8 x2  3 x3   4
7 x  52 y  13 z  104 2 x1  x2  9 x3  12
3 x  8 y  29 z  71 8 x1  2 x2  2 x3  8
f. Ans: x  1.06, y  1.37, z  1.96 . n. Ans : x1  x2  x3  1 .
54 x  y  z  110  2 1 0 0   x  0 
2 x  15 y  6 z  72  1 2 1 0   y  0 
 
 x  6 y  27 z  85  0 1 2 1  z  0 
g. Ans: x  1.926, y  3.573, z  2.425 .     
 0 0 1 2   u  5 
5 x1  x2  9 o. Ans: x  1, y  2, z  3, u  4 .
 x1  5 x2  x3  4
 x2  5 x3  6
h. Ans: x1  1.99, x2  0.99, x3  1 .

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

VI. Characteristic values (Eigen values) and characteristic vectors (Eigen vectors)
If A is a square matrix, then  is said to be an eigen value of the matrix if there exists a non-zero vector
X such that AX   X . X is called the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value  .
 X   IX   A   I  X  0 . We seek non-trivial solution of  A   I  X  0 .
X is non-trivial if   A   I   n  A   I  0 .

If
A is matrix of size 3  3 then  3  Tr  A   2   M ii22   A  0 .
1 1 3  2 1 1
1 5 1  1 1 2 
   
3 1 1  1 2 1 
Ans:   2,3,6; x1  [ k ,0, k ], Ans :   1, 1, 4; x1  [2, 1,1],
a. x2  [k ,  k , k ], x3  [k , 2k , k ] . g. x2  [0,1,1], x3  [1, 1,1] .
3 1 4
0 2 6 
   1 2 2
0 0 5   0 2 1
 
Ans:   2,3,5 x1  k1[1, 1,0]  1 2 2 
b. x2  k2 [1,0,0], x3  k3 [3, 2,1] Ans :   1, 2, 2; x1  k1[1,1, 1],
 8 6 2  h. x2  k2 [2,1,0], x3  k3 [2,1,0] .
 6 7 4 
 
 2 4 3 
2 2 1
Ans :   0,3,15 x1  [1, 2, 2], 1 3 1 
x2  [2,1, 2], x3  [2, 2,1]
 
c. 1 2 2 
2 0 1 Ans:   5,1,1; x1  [1,1,1],
0 2 0
  i. x2  [1,0, 1], x3  [2, 1,0] .
1 0 2   3 10 5 
Ans:   1, 2,3 x1  [1,0, 1]  2 3 4 
x2  [0,1,0], x3  [1,0,1]  
d.  3 5 7 
 2 2 3 Ans :   2, 2,3
 2 1 6 
  j. x1  x2  [5, 2, 3], x3  [1,1, 2]
 1 2 0 
2 2 2
Ans :   5, 3, 3 x1  k[1, 2, 1] 1 1 1 

x2  [3k1  2k2 , k2 , k1 ]
e. .  1 3 1
6 2 2  Ans :   2, 2, 2
 2 3 1 k. x1  x2  [0,1,1] x3  [4, 1,1]

 2 1 3   3 2 5
Ans:   8, 2, 2; x1  [2, 1,1],  4 1 5
 
f. x2  [1,0, 2], x3  [1, 2,0] .  2 1 3
Ans:   5, 2, 2
l. x1  [3, 2, 4], x2  x3  [1,3, 1]

Dominant Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

(Rayleigh-Power method)

APPLICATIONS
1. Find the traffic flow in the net of one-way streets directions shown in the figure

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