(31) Probability Scan QR

Code
for
Watching
Vide,

AND FORMULAE

.
II.
Experiment: An operation
which can produce

Random Experiment: An experiment

cannot be predicted
in advance, is
in
IMPORTANT FACTS

called.a
some
which
random
well-defined
all possible

experiment.
outcomes is called an experiment
outcomes are known
and the exact
output

a Random Experiment:
Examples of Performing
() Rolling an unbiased dice

(ii) Tossing a fair coin

cards
a pack of well-shuffled
from
(i1) Drawing a card
balls of different colours
a bag containing
a ball of certain colour from
(io) Picking up
Details :
a Head (H)or.a Tail (T) appears.
() When we throw a coin, then either

a cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively.

(i) A dice is solid
upperface.
a the outcome is the number that appears on its
When we throw die,

(ii) A pack of cards has 52 cards.

It has 13 cards of each suit,namely Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.

Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.

Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.

There are 4 honours of each suit.

These are Aces, Kings, Queens and Jacks.

These are called face cards.

possible outcomes called
S of is the

Sample Space: When we perform an experiment, then the set all

L

Sample Space.
Examples of Sample Spaces:
() In tossing a coin, S (H, T}. =
(i) Iffwo coins are tossed, then S =(HH,HT, TH, TT).
(ii) In rolling a dice, .we hdve, S =(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).

V. Event :Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

V. Probability of Occurrence of an Event:

Let S be the sanplespace and let E be an event. Then, E c S.
n (E)
P (E)=
n(S)

VI. Results on Probability:

(i) P (S) =1 (i) 0 P (E) 1 (iii) P (¢) =0

(iv) Fo any events A and B, we have :
p (AUB)= P (A)+ P (B) -P (AoB)
(p) If denotes (not-A), then P (A)=1-P (A).

796
 Probability 797
a throw a coin,
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. ln
of

Ex. find the

Sol.
Here S=(H, T) and E = (H).
probability of
getting a
head.

P (E) = n (E) 1

n (S)

Ex 2. Two wbiased coins are tossed.

Sol. Here S={HH, HT, TH, TT).
What is the
probability
Let E =event of getting at most one head.
of
getting at most one head?
E= (TT, HT,TH.
n (E) 3
P(E) =
n (S) 4

Ex. 3. An unbiased die is tossed. Find the

Sol. Here S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6). probability of
getting a
multiple of 3.
Let E be the event of
getting a
Then, E = (3, 6}. multiple of 3.

2
P (E) = n (E) 6
1

n (S) 3
x4 In asimultaneous
throw
Sol. Here, n (S) =(6 x 6) =36.of a pair of dice, find the probability of getting a total more than
Let E =Event of getting a
7.
than 7 total more
-{(2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4,
5), (6, 6)}. 6), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5,
5), (5, 6), (6, 2),
(6, 3), (6, 4), (6,

P (E) = nn (E) 15 5
(S) 36 12
E 5. A bag contains
6 white and 4 black
that they balls. Two balls are
are of the same drawn at random. Find the probability
colour.
Sol. Let S
be the sample
space. Then,
=
n (s) Number of ways
× =
"C, (10 9) 45.
of drawing 2 balls out
Let E = of (6 4) + = =
Event of getting both balls of (2x 1)
the same colour. Then,
=
n (E) Number
of ways of drawing (2balls out
of 6) or (2 balls out
of 4)
= (C, Cz) (6x 5) + (4 x 3) (15 +6) =
+ = =
21.
(2x 1) (2x 1)
21 7
.. P (E) n (E)

n (S)
=
45 15
6.Two
dice
thrown together.
are What is the probability that the sum
is of the numberson thetwo
divisible by 4 or 6? faces
Sol.
Clearly,
Let E
n (S) =6x
6 = 36.
bethe
event that the sum of the numbers on the two faces is
E (1, divisible by 4 or 6. Then
3), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2,4), (2, 6),
(3,1), (3,3), (3, 5), (4, 2), (4, 4), (5,1),
n (E) 14. = (5,3), (6, 2), (6, 6)}

n (E) 14 7
Hence, P (E)
= n (S) 36 18
7.
Two
cards are drawn at random from a pack 52 cards. What
4re black or both are
of is
the probability that either both
queens
Sol.
We have
(52 x 51)
n(s) = C - 1326.
Let (2 x 1)
A =
event of
getting both black cards;
B=event of getting both queens.
798 Quantitative Aptitude
queens of black cards.
AnB= event of getting
(4 x 3)
=6 and n (AnB)= C, =1.
325, n (B) =C, = (2x 1)
(26x 25)
n(A) = 0C,
=
(2 x 1)
(An B) 1

P (AnB) = n (S)
n
n (B) 6
n (A) 325 and 1326
-;P(B) =
P (A)= 1326 n (S) 1326
n (S)
6 1 330 55
325

(AU B) =P (A) + P (B) -P (An B) 1326 1326/ 1326 221

P
1326

EXERCISE
(OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS)
of red colour? (MH CET, 2018]
1. In a bag there are 8 red and 7 green balls.
balls
12 23 15 63
Two balls are picked at random. What is the
(6) (c) (d)
and one is green (a)
221 221 338 676
probability that one ball is red
in colour? (e) None of those given as options

In a bag there are four marbles of red colour

(a)
3 (b)
11

15
(a) 5 6.

and five marbles of blue colour. Two marbles

are chosen randomly. What is the probability
3 [IBPS PO that both are of same colour? [RRB ASST PRE,2020)
(e) 5 Pre, 2019]

5
A drawn at random from a well-shuffled
card is 4
2.
(a) (b) (a)
pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of 9
getting a two of hearts or a two of diamonds? None of these
(e)
3 1 4
7. Three fair dice are thrown simultaneously. What
(a) (c) (d) 13
26 26 is the probability that the sum of numbers on
(e) other than those given as options their tops, is at least 6? [CLAT,2018]
[IBPS PO RRB ASST, 2017]
103 17
5 1

3. In a factory where toys are manufactured, ma (a)

108
(b)
24
(c
108
(d)
18
chines A, B andC
produce 25%, 35% and 40%
8. During the next year, the probability that
of the total toys respectively. Of their output, 5%, The
a Company A releases a mobile is 0.7.
4% and 2% respectively, are defective toys. If a
probability that mobile is a success, given that
toy drawn at random is found to be defective,
what is the probability that it is manufactured it is released by the Company A is 0.8. The
on machine B? [MAT Dec, 2018] probability that a mobile is a success and released
by a Company B is 0.28. A mobile released by
17 28
(a) (b) either Company A or Company B during the
69 69 next one year is a success. Find the probability
35 released by Company A. [CMAT, 2021|
(d) None of these that it is
(c)
69
1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4
4. Brother and Sister both appear for an interview. 3 2 3
1
The probability of the selection of brother is 9. The probability of the availability of dragon truit

8 day What
in the market on any given is 0.5. 1s

4 the minimum number of days that a persou

while the probability of rejection of sister is
5 should visit the market so that the probabily
is more
What is the probability that only one of them of the fruit on at least one day
finding
[DU JAT, 2020]
is selected? than 0.9?
[CMAT,2020]
11 6 9 (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (a) 5
(6
(4)
40 40 (c)
40
(d)
40 10. A committee of 3 is to be formed from a g

5. If two cards are drawn at random from a deck of 2 boys and 2 girls. What is the prrobability
1 girl?
of cards one after
the other without replacement, that the committee consists of 2 boys and
1
what is the probability that one is even numbered
2
card of black colour and the other is a face card (a) (6) c) 4
3 INDA,
2U20|