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FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
I. Numbers
In Hindu-Arabic system,we have ten digits, namely 0, 1, 2,3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.

A number is denoted by a group of digits, called numeral.

For denoting a numeral, we use the place-value chart, given below.
Ten- Crores Ten Lakhs Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Crores Lakhs Thousands

2 8 6 7 9
(D)

6 7
(ii) 4 3
(iii) 3 5 2 1 8
(iv) 5 6 1 3 7 0 9

The four numerals shown above may be written in words as:

() Five lakh twenty-eight thousand six hundred seventy-nine
(i) Forty-three thousand nine hundred sixty-seven
lakh eighty
(ii) Three thousand nine
crore fifty-two lakh eighteen
(iv) Fifty-six crore thirteen lakh seven thousand ninety
Now, suppose we are given the following four numerals in words:
(i) Nine crore four lakh six thousand two

(ii) Twelve crore seven lakh nine thousand two hundred seven
(iii)Four lakh four thousand forty
fourteen
(io) Twenty-one crore sixty lakh five thousand
as under:
Then, using the place-value chart, these may be written in figures
Lakhs Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Ten Crores Ten- Ten

Crores Lakhs Thousands

9 4 6 2
()
2 7 2 0 7
(i) 1

4 4
(iü)
6 0 5 0 1 4
(iv) 2 1

Face value and Place value (or Local

>
Value) of a Digit in a Numeral
() The face value of a digit in a numeral is its own value, at whatever place it may be.
Bx. Inthe numeral 6872, the face value of 2 is 2, the face value of is 7, the face value of 7 8 is 8 and
the face value of 6 is 6.
(1) In a given numeral:
digit) x 1,
Place value of ones digit = (ones
Place value of tens digit
(tens digit)=x 10,
Place value of hundreds digit (hundreds =
digit) x 100 and so on.

Ex. In the numeral 70984, we have

Place value of 4 (4 x 1) = 4, =
Place value of 8 = (8 x 10)
80, =
Place, value of 9 (9 x =
100) =900,
3
4 Quantitative Aptitude

Place value of 7 = (7 x 10000) =70000.

Note: Place value of 0in a given numeral is 0, at whatever place it may be.
III. Various Types of
Numbers
1. Natural Numbers: Counting numbers are called natural numbers.
Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, are all natural numbers.

2. Whole Numbers: Allcounting numbers, together with 0, forn the set of whole numbers.
Thus, 0, 1, 2,3, 4, .. are all whole numbers.
3. Integers: All counting numbers, zero and negatives of counting numbers,form the set of integers.
Thus, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 3, ....... a.re all integers.
2,

Set of positive integers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ......

Set of negative integers -1, = -2, -3, -4, -5, -6,....
Set of all non-negative integers =
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .......
4. Even Numbers: A
number divisible by 2 is called an even number.
counting
Thus, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, etc. are all evern numbers.
5. Odd Numbers: counting number not divisible by 2 is called an odd
A
number.
Thus, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, etc. are all odd numbers.
6. Prime Numbers: A
counting number is called a prime
1.
number if it has exactly two factors, namely itself and

Ex. All prime numbers less than 100 are:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37,
41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79,
7. Composite 83, 89, 97
Numbers: Al counting numbers, which are not prime, are
A composite number has more than 2 factors.
called composite numbers.
8. Perfect Numbers: A number,the sum of whose factors (except the number itself),
called a perfect number, e.g. 6, 28, 496
is equal to the number, is

The are 1, 2, 3 and 6. And, 1

factors of 6

The factors of 28are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14

6. +2+3=
9. Co-primes (or
and 28. And, 1 4 +7+14 28. +2+ =
Relative Primes): Two numbers
whose H.C.F. is 1 are called co-prime
Ex. (2, 3), (8,9) are pairs of numbers,
co-primes.
10.Twin Primes: Two prime
numbers whose difference is 2 are called
Ex. (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13) twin-primes,
are pairs of twin-primes.
11.Rational Numnbers:
Numbers which can be expressed in the
form ,wherep and q are
are called rational numbers. integers and q 0,
Ex
-8 .2
8'11 0, 6, 5etc.
3

,
12.Irrational Numbers:
Numbers which when expressed in decimal would
repeating form, are be in non-terminating
called irrational numbers. and non
Ex. V2, V3,J5, V7, e, 0.231764735....
IV. ImportantFacts:
1.All natural numbers are
whole numbers.
2.All whole numbers are
not natural numbers.
0 is a whole number which is not a
3. Even number + Even natural number.
number Even number =
Odd number Odd number + Even number' =
Even number + Odd
number Odd numnber =
Even number Even number- Even number =
Odd number Odd number - Even number =
Even number Odd number - =
Odd number Even number Odd - number
=
Odd number
Even number x Even number =
Even number
Odd number x Odd number Odd number =
Even number x Odd number Even
number =
4. The smallest prime number is 2.
5. The only even prime number is 2.
6.Thefirst odd prime number is 3.
 Number System5
7. 1 is a unique number -
neither prime nor composite.
8. The least compositenumber is 4.
9. The least odd composite number is 9.

10. Test for a Number to be Prime:

Let p bea given number and let n be the smallest counting number such that n² p.
Now,test whether p is divisible by any of the prime numbers less than or equal to n. If yes, then
is not prime otherwise, p is prime.
Ex. Test, which of the following are prime nunbers?
(i) 137 (ii) 173 (iii) 319 (iv) 437 (v) 811
Sol. (i) We know that (12)² > 137.
Prime numbers less than 12 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11.
Clearly,none of them divides 137.
:: 137 is a prime number.
(i) We know that (14) > 173.
Prime numbers less than 14 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13.

Clearly, none of them divides 173.

.:. 173 is a prime number.

(ii) We know that (18)² > 319.

Prime numbers less than 18 are 2, 3, 5, 7,11, 13, 17.
Out of these prime numbers, 11 divides 319 completely.
..319 is not a prime number.
(io) We know that (21) > 437.
Prime numbers less than 21 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19.
Clearly, 437 is divisible by 19.
437 is not a prime number.
(v) We know that (30)> 811.
Prime numbers less than 30 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29.

Clearly, none of these numbers divides 811.

.:. 811 is a prime number.

V. Important Formulae:
()(a + b² = a + b2 + 2ab (ii) (a - b)² =a² + b²- 2ab

(a+ b)² + (a -b)² = 2(a? + b) + b)?- (a - b)² =4ab

(ii)

(v) (a + b)³ =a3 + + 3ab (a + b) ³ (iv)

(vi)
(a
(a - = a3- – 3ab (a -b)
b)
a2 -b2 =(a + b) (a -b)
(vii) (a + b+ c =a?+ b² + c² +2(ab + bc + ca)

(vii)

(ix) a + b³ =(a + b) (a²+ b²- ab) (x) a-b= (a -b) (a² + b2+ ab)
(xi) a + -3abc = (a + b + c) (a² + b2 + c²
b³ +
- ab-bc - ca)
(xiil) If a +b+ c =0,
then + b + c =3abc a

TESTS OF DIVISIBILITY
1. Divisibility By 2:
2, 4, 6, 8.
number is divisible by 2 if its unit digit is any of 0,
A

by 2, while 86945 is not divisible by 2.

Ex. 58694 is divisible

2. Divisibility By 3: by
number is divisible by 3 only when the sum of its digits
is divisible 3.
A

= which is divisible by
Ex. (i) In the number 695421, the sum of digits 27, 3.

.. 695421 is divisible by 3.
(ii) In the number 948653,
the sum of digits 35, which is = not divisible by 3.

.:.948653 is not divisible by 3.

3. Divisibility By 9:
A number is divisible by 9 only when the sum of its digits isdivisible by 9.

Ex. () In the number 246591, the sum of digits =27, which is divisible by 9.

:. 246591 is divisible by 9.

734519, the sum of digits = 29, which is not divisible by 9.

:(i) In the number
34519is not divisible by 9,
6Quantitative Aptitude

4. Divisibility By 4:
number formed by its last two digits is divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 4 if the
Ex. () 6879376 is divisible by, 4, since 76 is divisible by 4.
(ii) 496138 is not divisible by 4, since
38 is not divisible by 4.
5. Divisibility By 8:
Aumber is divisible by 8 if the number formed by its last three digits is divisible by 8.
by
Ex. () In the number 16789352, the number formed by last 3 digits, namely
352 is divisible 8.

.. 16789352is divisible by 8.

In the number 576484, the number formed by last 3 digits, namely 484 is not divisible by
(ii)
8.
:. 576484 is not divisible by 8.
6. Divisibility By 10:
A number isdivisible by 10 only when its unit digit is 0.
Ex. () 7849320 is divisible by 10, since its unit digit is 0.
(ii) 678405 is not divisible by 10, since its unit digit is not 0.
7. Divisibility By 5:
A number is divisible by 5 only when its unit digit is 0 or 5.
Ex. () Each of the numbers 76895 and 68790 is divisible by 5.

8. Divisibility By 11:
A number is divisible y 11 if the difference between the sum of its digits at odd places
and the sum of its digits at even places is either O or a number divisible by 11.
Ex. () Consider the number 29435417.
(Sum of digits at odd places) -(Sum of
its digits at even places) its

=(7 +4 +3+ 9) -(1 +5 + 4 + 2) =(23 - 12) = 11, which divisible is by 11.

.. 29435417 is divisible by 11,
(ii) Consider the number 57463822.
(Sum of its digits at odd places) (Sum - of its digits at even places)
= + (2 8 + 6 + 7) – (2 3 4 + 5) (23 + + = -14) =9, which is not divisible by 11.
.:. 57463822 is not divisible by 11.
9. Divisibility By 25:
A number is divisible by 25 if the number formed by its last two digits is either 00 or
divisible by 25.
Ex. () In the number 63875, the number formed by last 2 digits,
namely 75 is divisible by 25.
..63875 is divisible by 25.
(ii) In the number 96445,the number
formed by last 2 digits, namely 45 is not divisible by 25.
.:. 96445 is not divisible by 25.

10. Divisibility By 7 or 13:

Divide the numbergroups of 3 digits (startingfrom right) and find the difference
into

between the sum numbers in odd and even places, If the difference is 0 or divisible
of the
by 7 or 13 (as the case may be), it is divisible by 7 or 13.
Ex. (i) 45377924 / 537 / 792
+ =
(792 4) – 537 259,which is divisible by 7 but not by
13.
.:. 4537792 is divisible by 7 and not by 13.
(ii) 579488 - 579 / 488
=
579- 488 91, which is divisible by both 7 and 13.
.. 579488 is divisible by both 7 and 13.
11, Divisibility By 16:
A number is divisible by 16, if the number formed by its last 4
digits is divisible by 16.
Ex. () In the number 463776,the number
formed by last 4 digits, namely 3776,is divisible by 16.
.. 463776 is divisible by 16.
(ii) In the number

12. Divisibility
.
16.
895684,the numberformed by last 4 digits, namely 5684,is

895684 is not
By 6: A number
divisibl

is
by 16.

divisible by 6, if it is
not divisible by

divisible by both 2 and 3.

 Number System 7

13. Divisibility By 12: A number is divisible by 12,if it is divisible 3 and 4.

by both
14. Divisibility By 15: A number is divisible by 15,if it is divisible 3 and 5.
by both
15. Divisibility By 18: A number is divisible by 18, if it is divisible by both 2 and 9.

16. Divisibility By 14: A number divisible is by 14, if it is divisible by both 2 and 7.

17. Divisibility By 24: A given number is divisible by 24, ifit is divisible by both 3 and 8.

18. Divisibility By 40: A given number is divisible by 40, if it is divisible by both 5and 8.

19. Divisibility By 80: A given number is divisible by 80, if it is divisible by both 5 and 16.
Note: If a number is divisible bypas well as q, wherepand q are co-primes, then the givern number is
divisible by pq.
Ifp andq are not co-primes, then the given number need not be divisible by pg, even when it is divisible by

bothp and 4.
Ex. 36 is divisible by both 4 and 6, but it is not divisible by (4 x 6) = 24, since 4 and 6 are not
co-primes.
VI. Factorial of 'a Number
Let n be a positive integer.

Then, the continued product of first n natural numbers is called factorial n, denoted by n !or n.
Thus, n !=n(n-1) (n - 2) ....... 3.2.1
Ex. 5 !=5 x 4 x 3 x 2x 1 =120.
Note: 0!=1
VII. Modulus of a Number
= x, when
x >0
lxl
-x,when x<0
Ex.– 5| =5, |4| =4, |-1| =1, etc.

VIIL. Greatest Integral Value

The greatest integral value of an integer x, denoted by [x], is defined as the greatest integer not exceeding x.

=2, etc.
Ex 1.35] =1,H-2-2
DK Multiplication BY Short cut Methods
1. Multiplication By Distributive Law:
(i) a x (b +c) =4 b +a c (ii) a x (b- c) =a x -a c
Ex. (i) 567958 x 99999 = 567958 × (100000 – 1) = 567958 × 100000 – 567958 x 1

= (56795800000) -567958) = 56795232042.

(ii) 978 x 184 +978 x 816 =978 x (184 + 816) = 978 x 1000 =978000.
of a Number By 5": Put n zeros to the right of the multiplicand and divide the number
2. Multiplication
so formed by 2".

Ex. 975436 x 625 =975436 x 54 = 9754360000

16
=609647500.

Division Algorithm or Euclidean Algorithm

a given number by another number,
then:
If we divide
Dividend =
(Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder
mportant Facts:
1. () (r" a") is divisible- by (x - a) for all values of n.
(ii) ("- a") is divisible by (r + a) for all even values of n.

(iii) +
(" a") is divisible by (x + a) for all odd values of n.

find the highest power of a prime number p in n !

2.To

of p in n! where p <n<p'tl
Highestpower
8 Quantitative Aptitude

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1. What value will replace the question
mark in each of the following questions?
?
(i)1936248= 1635773
-

- (ii) 9587 -? 7429 – 4358 =

Sol. () Let x 1936248 1635773. Then, x = 1635773 + 1936248 3572021. = =
(ii) Let 9587 x - =
7429 – 4358.
Then, 9587 X 3071 x= - =
9587 3071 6516. - = 5P9
Ex. 2. What could be the
maximumn value of Q in the following
equation?
3 R7
5P9 +3R7 + 208 = 1114 2Q8
Sol. We may analyse the given equation 1114
as shown:
Clearly, 2 + P+ R +Q = 11.
So, the maximum value of O
Ex. 3. Simplify: (i)
can be (11 -2), i.e. 9 (when P =0, R =0).
5793405 x 9999 (ii) 839478 x 625
Sol. ()
5793405 x 9999 = 5793405 x (10000– 1) =57934050000–
5793405 =57928256595.
(ii) 839478 x 625 = 839478 x 54 =839478 839478 10* 8394780000 >x

x
Ex. 4. Evaluate: (i) 2 =524673750.
986 x 137 + 986 x 863 24 16
983 x 207 -983 x 107
Sol. (i) 986 x 137 + 986 x 863
=986 x (137+863)(ii)
= 986 x 1000 =986000.
983 x 207 -983 x 107 =983 x
(207-107) =983 x 100 =
(ii)

Ex.5. Simplify: (i) 98300.

1605 x 1605
Sol. (i) 1605 x 1605 = (1605)² =(1600 + 5)² = (1600)² +1398 x 1398
52 + 2 x 1600 x 5
(ii)

= 2560000 +25 + 16000 = 2576025.

(ii) 1398 x 1398 = (1398)? =(1400-2)² =
(1400)² + 22- 2 x 1400 x 2
1960000 + –5600= 4
1954404.
Ex. 6. Simplify: (i) ×789 +211x 211x 211
789 x 789
789 ×789 –789 ×211 -
658 x 658x 658 328x 328 x 328
+211x 211 (ii)
658x 658 + 658x 328 +328 x 328
Sol. () Given = (789) (789)
exp.
+ (211) a+b
-(789 211) + (211) a-ab + b² x (where a = 789 and b =211)
= (a+ b)=(789+ 211) =1000.
(ii)Given exp.
= (658) (658) -(328)
+ (658 x 328)+(328) a'+ab +b² (where a =658 and b = 328)

= (a -b) =(658-328) = 330.

(893+786) -(893-786)
Ex. 7. Simplify:
(893x 786)

Sol.Given
= (a+ b) -(a - b

exp.
ab
(wherea =893,b=786) = 4ab
ab
= 4.
Ex. 8. Which of the following
are prime numbers?
()241 (ii) 337 (iii) 391 (iv) 571
Sol. () Clearly, 16 > V241.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2,
3, 5,7, 11,13.
241 is not divisible by any
of them.
:. 241 is a prime number.
(i) Clearly, 19 > V337. Prime numbers
less than 19 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17.
337 is not divisible by any one of
them.
:. 337 is a prime number.
(iii) Clearly, 20 > V391. Prime numbers
We find that less than 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19.
391 is divisible by 17.
391 is not a prime number.
 Number
System 9

(iv) Clearly,24 > V571. Prime numbers less than 24 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,23.
571 is not divisible by any one of them.
571 is a prime number.
Ex. 9. Given that 1² + 22 + 32 + ...+ 10 =385, then find the value of 22+4' + 6 + ....+ 202.
Sol. 22 + 42 + 62+ .... +20 =22 (12 +22 +32 + ... + 10²) = 22 x 385 =4 x 385 = 1540.
Ex. 10. Which of the followingnumbers is divisible by 3?
(i) 541326 (ii) 5967013
Sol. (1) Sum of digits in 541326 =(5 + 4 + +3+ 2 + 6) =21, which
1 is divisible by 3.
Hence, 541326 is divisible by 3.

(i) Sum 5967013 (5+9 + 6

of digits in = +7+0+ 1 +3)=31, which is not divisible by 3.

Hence, 5967013is not divisible by 3.

Ex. 11. What least value must be assigned to * so that the number 197"5462 is divisible by 9?
Sol. Let the missing digit be x.
Sum of digits = (1 + 9 +7+x 5 + 4 +6 + 2) =(34 + x).

For (34 +
x) to be divisible by 9, x must be replaced by 2.
Hence, the digit in place of * must be 2.
Ex. 12. Show that 4832718 is divisible by 11.

Sol. (Sum of digits at odd places) – (Sum of digits at even places) =(8 + 7+3+ 4) - (1 + 2 + 8) = 11,
which is divisible by 11.

Hence, 4832718 is divisible by 11.

Ex 13.If the number 3422213pq is divisible by 99, find the missing digits p and q.
Sol. 99 =9
x 11, where 9 and 11 are co-primes.

Since the number is divisible by 9,we have:

(3 + 4 + 2
17 + (p +
p+
18 or 27
q=1
= )
+2+2+1+3
+ p+ a multiple of 9

...()
)
Clearly, a number is divisible by 99 if it is divisible by both 9 and 11.

=
or p+q= 10 .(i)
Since the number is divisible by 11, we have:

(g+3+2 +2 +3) – (p + 1+ 2 + 4) =0 or multiple a of 11

(10 + q) -(7 + p) = 0 or 11
3+ (g-p) = 0 or 11
4-p =-3 or q-p= 8

p- =3 q
.(ü) Or q-p= 8 ..(iv)

Clearly, if (i) holds, then neither (i)nor (iv) holds. So, () does not hold.

Also, solving (i) and (ii) together, we get: p =6.5, which is not possible.

Solving (i) and (iv) together, we get:p=1, q =9.

number is completely divisible by 8, then the smallest integer in place of x will be:
Ex. 14.If the 1005x4
() 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 4 (iv) 2 (SSC 2020) CGL
by 8, a number is divisible by 8it its last 3 digits are divisible
Sol. According to the rule of divisibility

by 8.
last three digits of 1005x4 are 5x4.
So, the
number in the form of 5x4, which is divisible by 8 is 504.
The smallest
Hence, =0
number 985x3678y divisible by then the value of (4r -3y) is: (SSC CGL 2019)
Ex. 15. If a nine-digit is 72,

()5 (ii) 4 (ii) 6 (iv) 3.

72,number should be divisible by both 9 and 8
Sol. For divisibility by

And for
.
For divisibility by 8, last 3 digits of number (78y) should
y= 4
divisibility by 9. Sum
be divisible by

of the digits of the number should be

8

divisible by 9.
 10 Quantitative Aptitude

=9 +8 +5+ x+3 + 6 +7+8 + y

Sum of the digits (:" y= 4)

=46 + X+ 4
= 50 + X
..x=4
.. 4x -3y = 16 - 12 =4
5601 and 7092 is divided by the greatestpossible numhe
of 4749,
Ex. 16. Ifr is the remainder when
each
(SSC CPO 2019)
d (>1) the value of (d+r) will be:
(ii) 298 (iv) 282
(i) 276 (ii) 271
remainder
by which when we divide 4749, 5601 and 7092
leave the y
Sol. The greatest number (d)

=HCF of (7092 -4749), (7092 -5601) and (5601 4749) -

=HCF of (2343, 1491, 852)
2343 =(3) x 11 x
1491=(3) x 7 x 71)
852 =2 x 2 x (3)
:. d =3x 71 =213
Now,dividing the given number by 213, we get
4749 =
213 x 22+ 63
5601 =213 x 26 +63
7092=213 x 33 +63
r= 63
..

So, d + r =213 + 63 =276

Ex. 17.What least number must be subtracted from 2000 to get a number exactly by 17?

: divisible
Sol. On dividing 2000 by 17, we get 11 as remainder.
Required number to be subtracted 11. =
Ex. Find the number which is nearest to 3105 and is

.
18.
exactly divisible by 21.
Sol. On dividing 3105 by 21, we get 18 as remainder.
Number to be added to 3105 (21 18) 3. = - =
Hence, required number 3105 + 3 =3108. =
Ex. 19.Find the smallest number of five
digits which is exactly divisible by 476.
Sol. Smallest number of
digits 10000. 5 =
On dividing 10000by 476, get 4 as we
.Number to be added =(476–4) =472.
remmainder.

Hence, required number = 10472.

Ex. 20.Find the greatest number of five digits which is exacty

Sol. Greatest number divisible by 47.
of 5 digits is 99999.
On dividing 99999by 47, we get 30 as remainder.
:.Required number =(99999 – 30)=99969.
Ex. 21. When a certain
number is multiplied by 13, the
Find the smallest product consists entirely offives. 42735
such number.
Sol. 13)555555
Clearly, we keep on dividing 52
55555.....by 13 till we get 0 as
35
:.Required number 42735. = remnainder.

Ex. 22. What is the

unit's digit in the
81 x 82 x 83 x product? 91
89? 45
Sol. Required unit's digit =Unit's digit in the product 1 x 2 x 3 X....9 =0 39
65
65
Ex. 23. Find the unit's
digit in the product
[: 2 x 5 =10]
(2467)153 x (341)".
Sol. Clearly, unit's digit in the
Now, 74 gives unit digit 1.
givenproduct unit's digit in
7153 = x 172,
 Number System 11

7152 gives unit digit 1.

.:.
.. 7153 gives unit digit (1 x 7) =7. Also, 12 gives unit digit 1.

Hence, unit digit in the product = (7 x 1) =7.

Ex. 24. Find the unit's digit in (264)102 + (264)103,

Sol. Required unit's digit =unit's digit in (4)102 + (4)103,

:
Now, 42 gives unit digit

(4)102 gives unit digit 6.

(4)103 gives unit digit of

6.

the product (6 x 4) i.e., 4.

Hence, unit's digit in (264)102 +(264)109 = unit's digit in (6 + 4) = 0.

Ex. 25.Find the total number of prime factors in the expression (4)11 x (75 .
x (11

Sol. (4)" x (7)5 x (11) = (2 x 2)" x (7)9 x (11= 2l1 x 21l x 75 x 112 =22 x 7 x 11?.

:.Total number of prime factors =(22 + 5 + 2) = 29.

Ex. 26. On dividing 15968 by a certain number,the quotient is 89 and the remainder is 37. Find the divisor.
Dividend– Remainder 15968 37 -
Sol. Divisor = Quotient 89
=179.

Ex. 27. A number being successively divided by 3, and 8 leaves remainders 5 1, 4 and 7 respectively. Find
the respective remainders if the order of divisors be reversed.
Sol. 3
5 y-1
-4
.:. =
z (8 x 1 +7) = 15 y = (5 z + 4) ; = (5 x 15 + 4) =79;
8 z x=(3y + 1) =(3 x 79 + 1) =238.
1-7
Now, 8 238
5 29 -6
3 5–4
1-2
Respective remaindersare 6, 4, 2.
.:.
sum, the divisor is ten times the quotient and five times the remainder. If the remainder
Ex. 28.In a division
is 46, determine the dividend.
230
Sol. Remainder = 46;Divisor =5 x 46 =230 ;Quotient = 10 =23.
Dividend = Divisor x Ouotient + Remainder =230 x 23 + 46 =5336.
.:.
Ex. 29. If7126 is divided by 48, find the remainder.

Sol. 7126 = (7263 = (49)63

Now, -a") is divisible by (x -a) for values of

since (x all n,

so
. -1] or
[(49)63 - 1) divisible by (49 =1) 48.
Remainder obtained when
a common
(7126

divided by 48 =
is

(7)126 is

+ 97127)and (12797 + 9797).

i.e.

1.

.
Ex. 30. Find factor of (127127

Sol. (x" + a") is divisible by (x + a) for odd values of n.

all

(127127 4 97127) as well as (127 + 97) is divisible by (127 + 97), ie. 224.

Hence, required common factor = 224.