PRELIMS - Week 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Histopathology (LEC)

Mesoderm
INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PATHOLOGY ➔​ Middle layer; germ layer that arises during GASTRULATION,
and is present between the ectoderm, which will turn into skin
General Pathology
and central nervous system cells, and the endoderm, which
➔​ The assessment of cellular mechanism–how cells adapt to a
will produce the gut and the lungs
certain stress or stimuli
➔​ Cardiac muscle cells, Skeletal muscle cells, Tubule cells of
➔​ A broad and complex scientific field which seeks to understand
the kidney, Red blood cells, Smooth muscle cells (gut)
the mechanism of injury to cells and tissues, as well as the
body's means of responding towards a certain stress or Ectoderm
stimuli and repairing injury ➔​ Outermost germ layer; source of various tissue structures such
●​ Stress – non-ideal to the body as skin cells of epidermis of the skin, neurons of the brain and
●​ Stimuli – ideal/normal to the body; not stressful to the pigment cells
cell as it undergoes apoptosis (cell death) which is a
normal function of the body. An example is menstruation
➔​ Areas of study include:
●​ Cellular adaptation to injury
●​ Necrosis – ABNORMAL cell death due to the presence
of diseases and unexpected cell death.
○​ Apoptosis – PROGRAMMED / NORMAL cell
death due to physiologic or normal conditions
●​ Inflammation
●​ Wound healing
●​ Neoplasia
➔​ Forms the foundation of pathology to diagnose diseases in
both humans and animals
➔​ Describes the practice of both ANATOMICAL and CLINICAL
pathology
●​ Anatomical Pathology – Autopsy (from a diseased
person), Biopsy (from an alive person)
●​ Clinical Pathology – Histopathology, Laboratory
tests, Blood extraction, Body fluid testing

Clinical Injury → Cellular Adaptation → Cell Death

If the adaptation is unsuccessful, it will proceed to cell death.

●​ Before the doctors conclude that the person is diseased, they

have to observe the primary signs of death and then the
secondary signs of death
●​ Somatic death – secondary death
4 Types of Tissue
Fundamentals of Histology

Embryonic Stages of Development

Endoderm
➔​ Innermost germ layer; aggregates formation of cells that
organize early during the embryonic life and from which all
organs and tissues develop
➔​ Lung / alveolar cells, Thyroid cells, Digestive / pancreatic
cells

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PRELIMS - Week 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Histopathology (LEC)

Divisions of Pathology

1.​ Gross Pathology – SOCO. Forensic. MedTechs are allowed to

do this
2.​ Microscopic Pathology – where MedTech belongs
a.​ Anatomical Pathology – where Histopathology is
under; AUTOPSY
b.​ Clinical Pathology
➔​ Those who can do an autopsy are those who have
legal binding. There is a legal reason for the
autopsy. Usually given to government hospitals
●​ Collagen – major ingredient in all connective tissue i.​ Clinical Chemistry
●​ Loose CT – soft consistency ii.​ Clinical Microscopy – URINE
●​ Dense – much firmer iii.​ Immunology / Serology – Serum or
●​ Loose connective tissue works to hold organs in place and is plasma; antigen & antibody
made up of extracellular matrix and collagenous, elastic and iv.​ Bacteriology
reticular fibers. Dense connective tissue is what makes up v.​ Hematology – BLOOD
tendons and ligaments and consists of a higher density of
collagen fibers
●​ Spongy – soft
●​ Compact – hard

Importance of HISTOLOGY in General Pathology

●​ Disease processes affect tissue in tissues in distinctive ways,

which depend on the type of tissue, the disease itself and how it
has progressed
○​ Disease interpretation is under General Pathology
○​ If you do not know the cells present, you cannot correlate
it in General Pathology
■​ Cell Type of Skin: Stratified Squamous
●​ Understanding the changes that are characteristics of a 1.​ GROSS Pathology – changes in the tissue that can be seen by
disease requires a detailed knowledge of the normal the NAKED EYE
histology of cells and tissues, and the range of normality 2.​ MICROSCOPIC Pathology – changes in the tissue that can be
○​ You cannot interpret if your foundation in Histology is seen through a MICROSCOPE
very poor 3.​ CLINICAL Pathology – composition of body fluids (saliva,
●​ Knowing the types of tissue and their composition is important urine, sputum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid etc.), tissues,
in the selection of the appropriate histologic technique and secretions, exudates and transudates
stain to be used 4.​ ANATOMICAL Pathology – removal of an organ/tissue in the
○​ You should know WHAT is your specimen (Carbs, Lipid, body for examination or diagnosis
Protein) because they have different stains from one
another Examples:
○​ Lipids have different stains. Lipids contain cholesterol so ●​ Blood extraction – CLINICAL
the stain used should be capable of interacting with fats ●​ Submit sputum or saliva – CLINICAL
●​ These changes within cells and tissues can be visualized using ●​ Submit poop – MICROSCOPIC & CLINICAL
HISTOPATHOLOGIC TECHNIQUES ●​ Forensics, Autopsy – GROSS (gunshot), ANATOMICAL,
○​ One of which is using the microscope (main) CLINICAL CHEM (if toxic eme)
●​ Biopsy – MICROSCOPIC (), ANATOMICAL (technique)
Pathology Disease
➔​ Is of ABNORMAL CAUSE ➔​ Any change from a state of health as a result of certain stress
➔​ “Pathos” and “Logos” which mean study of suffering (OR or stimuli
disease) ➔​ Is of PATHOLOGIC cause
➔​ Study of the mechanisms of disease both STRUCTURAL and ➔​ An abnormal condition of an organ or part of an organism that
FUNCTIONAL changes in the cells, tissues, and organs impairs the function of the involved organ/s
●​ Structural changes: Assess / gross examination of
size, thickness, consistency 4 Aspects of Disease Process
●​ Functional changes: Why is there a lump? What is its
function? Ex: Uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells Etiology / Root Cause
➔​ The cause or origin of a certain disease be it genetic (inborn) or
Physiology – is of NORMAL cause or NORMAL changes of the body
acquired (from environment)
Histopathology ○​ Too much exposure to sunlight causes skin cancer
➔​ Underlying cause of death / structural or functional changes
Pathogenesis
➔​ Structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs
➔​ The mechanism of the development of the disease
➔​ Molecular bases of diseases
➔​ All stages of the diseases progress inside the body
Father of Modern Pathology: Rudolf Virchow ➔​ Sequence of events of which the disease develops
Father of Medicine: Hippocrates

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PRELIMS - Week 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Histopathology (LEC)
Morphologic Changes IRREVERSIBLE Injury
➔​ The structural, biochemical and molecular alterations in cells ➔​ Will eventually lead to cell death
or tissues that are either characteristic of a disease or diagnostic ➔​ Types:
of an etiologic process ●​ Apoptosis – due to normal stimuli
●​ Necrosis – due to abnormal root cause
●​ If a cell cannot handle the stimuli/stress anymore, it will undergo
successful or unsuccessful cell adaptation. If unsuccessful, it will Liver cirrhosis
undergo cell death in the form of apoptosis ●​ Causes: Virus, Alcohol
(normal/programmed cell death) and necrosis (abnormal cell ●​ Consistent drinking of alcohol, the liver is stressed → liver injury
death; of abnormal etiology) → liver inflammation
●​ Evident biochemical change during cell death: Lysosome ●​ Later on, you will be sober because the liver detoxifies the
produces lysozyme that will undergo chemical changes system
○​ There will be high concentration of LYSOZYME ●​ If there is consistent drinking of alcohol, there will be damage.
because this enzyme is responsible for cell There will be liver scars. It can still revert back. The liver will still
decomposition be functional but it already has scars.
●​ However, if there is still constant drinking of alcohol, the liver
Clinical Manifestation CANNOT revert back to its normal function which could lead to
➔​ Functional consequences of the changes liver cancer or liver failure
➔​ Ex: Cancer: Lumps on mammary glands (observed on lactating ●​ Virus: hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV)
women)
Liver
Signs – effects that are observed by others ➔​ First pass phenomenon
Symptoms – effects that are observed by the person himself such ➔​ All nutrients should pass the liver because it will sort out /
as PAIN control the distribution

Stages of the Cellular Response to Stress and Injurious Stimuli Tan effect of UV Rays
➔​ A form of cell injury
➔​ Stress: UV

Other Responses

Autophagy (Self-eating)
➔​ Cell eating
➔​ The cell recycles nutrients because it is deprived of nutrients

●​ Normal cells handle physiologic changes through homeostasis

●​ Homeostasis – act of maintaining a steady state
●​ Normal cells are vital for homeostasis or the balance of
chemicals (gaseous materials)
●​ If the cells are impaired / stressed, homeostasis is not
maintained anymore and chemicals will not be retained
●​ When body tissues consume nutrients, the end product /
by-product is ACID
●​ The cells will either ADAPT or NOT ADAPT

Adaptation
➔​ The ability of the cells to adjust or adapt and respond to the
changes in the environment
➔​ Could be SUCCESSFUL or UNSUCCESSFUL

Cell Injury
➔​ Altered cell structure or function due to
●​ Inability to adapt
●​ Exposure to injurious stimuli
●​ Deprivation from essential nutrients
➔​ Can be in the form of REVERSIBLE or IRREVERSIBLE
➔​ When there is a severe injury / stress / stimuli, there will be cell
injury. However, the body has its own means of coping up with a
certain injury

REVERSIBLE Injury
➔​ Revert back to NORMAL

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PRELIMS - Week 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Histopathology (LEC)
Intracellular accumulation of substances such as lipids, proteins,
biotin, glycogen, and pigments
●​ Ex: Causes of Fatty liver : Fatty food, Alcohol

Pathologic calcification
➔​ Accumulation of calcium salts
➔​ Calcium salts deposits can be seen in the kidney (kidney
stones) and gallbladder (gallstones)

Cellular aging
➔​ Normal

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