No.

Experiment #

ofTriangular
Calibration Notch

Object: agiven
Tocalibrate triangular anddevelop
notch itscalibration
equation.
Also
draw
between
thegraph

i)DischargeQoc VS Head(H)onsimple
graphsheet
ii) Ooc
Discharge VS Head(/1)onlog-log
sheet

required:
Apparatus Stop
watch, apparatus,
triangular scale

Valve
Supply
BafMe Plates

HookGiuge

V-Notch

Channel

Measuring
Tank

Piezometer

Fig.
1V-Notch
Apparatus

Theory: Inopenchannelflows,
weirs
andnotches
arecommonlyused regulate
toeither orto
measurethevolumbtricflow A triangular
rate. notchismadeofthin
metallic
plate V'
háving
shapedopening, isdischarged
sothatwater thisopening
through only.
Generallyatriangular
notch toa rectangular
ispreferred notch lowdischarges.
formeasuring Thisissobecause
withlowdischargesifrectangular areused
notches thentheheadover ofthenotch
thecrest
may besosmall thatitmay notbepossible
tomeasure A triangular
itaccurately. notchis
usefulformeasuring lowdischarge
fairly because
thehead over
thecrestiscomparatively
which
large, canbemeasuredmoreaccurately.

Thebasic
principle
isthatdischarge
isdirectly tothewater
related depthabove
thebottom
of
thenotch
andthisdepthiscalled
astheheadover
thenotch(H).
 H

Ho

Fig.
2 Flow
over
triangular
notch

Theexpression
fordischarge
over notch
a triangular isgiven
by,
8
tan
15

= KxH2
where K=158 tan2 V2g
=the
angle
vertex
H-Head
over
thecrest

Actual
discharge
through canbe determined
the channel using
the collecting
tankand
stopwatch andisgiven
setup by

Qact
Volume
of water inmeasuring
collected tank ()m'/sec
()
Timetaken

Formula
used:
8
15 tan
2gxH?

K=1s
8
where,

Qoctand Qn.
Actual
andtheoretical
discharge
Ca Coefficient
ofdischarge
Headover
thecrest
Vertex
angle
Experimental
procedure:
1,Measure ofVnotchandcalculate
thedimensions angle
thevertex '0'
2. Measure oftheapex
the height fromthebedofthechannel
'M,'.
3. Regulatetheinletvalveforattaining
a constant Waitforsometime
discharge, till
the
become
flow stendy.
thehookgauge
4. Adjust thenewwater
to touch andnote
level The
dovwnthereading,
differenceofthishook gaugereadingH'' withheightof theapex 'M/ gives
the
head
over thecrest(/I).
5. Collect
thewater inthecollecting
tankandmeasure thetimeIsec, to calculate
the
actual
discharge.
6. Repeatsteps3 to flow
5 fordiferent ratesby adjusting
theinletvalve opening
and
tabulate
thereadings.
7. Complete andfindthemeanvaluc
thetabulation ofCl.
8. Drawthenecessary and
graphs calibratethenotch.

Observations:
from thebed
oftheapex
1. Height ofthechannel
H,=
angle =
2. Vertex
3. Areaof measuring
tank = axb
4. Constant
riseof water tank=h
inmeasuring
5. Volumeof measuringtank =axbxh
Observation
Table
H= Calibrated % error
Volume Time
(H'-Ho) Ln=KH2
cm'/sec C,
= discharge Le KH
No. () cm ()sec cm°/sec cm

C=
 Calculations:

Discussion
andResults:

Questions
forfurther
diseussion:
indetail
1.Describe devices
different used
fotmeasuring inanopen
thedischarge
channel
low.
2. between
Differentiate notches
andweit.
3.Define
Cippoletti
weir
andstatetheadvantages weit.
ofthis
4.Explain
theadvantages
oftriangular
notchoverrectangular
notch.
between
S.Differentiate broad
crestedweirandnarrow weir.
crested Find
thecondition
formaximum discharge
overabroad weir.
crested
 Experiment
No.2
MinorHead
Losses

Object:Todeterminetheloss
ofheadduetosuddenenlargement
andsudden
given contraction
ina
pipe
flow andhenceplot
thegraphbetween
i. Lossof head
duetoexpansionh/exp)
Versus(V-V2)and
ii.Headloss duetocontraction
hcon)Versus
V2

Apparatus
Required:
Hydraulic minorloss
bench, apparatus,
measuring
watch. tankand stop

Piczometers

Valve
Valve
Flow

Sudden Sudden
Expansion Contraction
Measuring
Tank

Stands
Piczometer

Fig.
1 MinorLosses
Agparatus
Theory:
 Used:
Formula

1.Forexpansion 2g
V-)
2g

(b)(,),1.
2g
-V'

2.ForContraction (a)[o,),L P-P), V'-V)

2g

or ),
h,
V-V)
J = (h,-h,) 2g
+

(b)(,
),].=0,5) 2g

Volume
3. Discharge Q= Tine cm'/sec

procedure:
Experimental
valve.
Waitforsome sothatflow
time isstabilized.
1. Opentheregulating out:
arecarried
airi n
themanometer. thefollowingsteps
Forthis
2. Remove throughthe
andexit alve sothatwater
slightly flowing
starts
Openthe inlet
bendmeter. and
inlet
ofthemanometer andthenadjust
simultaneously
Openpressure tappings the
ofwater thetappingsconinecting
outlet valves thereisa freeflow
till through
manometer columns.
3. Notedown thedifference levels.
inthepiezometric
4. Measurethedischarge inthe tank.
collecting
thevelocities
5. Calculate sections.
attwodifferent
ofobservations
sets forsudden
Repeats teps 3, 4 and 5 inordertogetdifferent
6. 1,

expansionandcontraction.
aswel!
andfindtheexperimental headloss
astheoretical for
7. Complete thetabulation
expansion andcontractionforthesamedischarge.
bothsudden
8. Drawthenecessary graphsona simplegraphpaper.
Observations:
For sudden
expansion
1.Diameter
'D'and
D;'
2. Piezometric
levelsand'l1 'h' =
Forsudden
expanston CktnloO
3.Diameter
D,'and
D,'=
4. Piezometric
levels
'h;' =
and'h,'
5. Areaof measuring
tank=axb
6. Constant
rise inmeasuring
of water tank=h
7. Volume of measuring
tank =axbxh
Observation
Table
No.1
AI
FerSudden
Expansion A2 V2

Time ischarge Velocities Difference Headloss Headloss

Difference
of ofKinetic(experental)
(theoritical)
No. (sec) Q
(cm'/sec)
(cm/sec)
Piezometricenergy %
error
V-Q/A,
V,-QUA,
head h (ch,).).
(cm) 2g
Cbservation
Table
No.2
ForSudden V
Contraction V

Time Discharge
No. (sec) VelocitiesDifference
(em'/sec) (cm/sec) of Difference Headloss Headloss
of Kinetic
Piezometricenergy (experental)
(theoritical)
V-QA,V,-Q/A;head h %
(cm) (V} -V}) (h,).J error
2g

Caleulations:
Discussion
andResults:
Questions
forfurther
discussion:
1. Describe
different
typesoflosses
ina pipe
flow.
2. Howwill
youdetermine
themajorheadlossduetofriction
ina pipe
anopen flowaswell
asin
flow?
channel
3. Derivesemi-empirical
equationoftheDarcyWeisbach
equation
forcalculating
headloss major
ina pipe
flow aswellasinanopen c hannel
flow.
4. Derivetheequationforthelossofheadduetosudden
expansion
andshowthatioss
of
headisdirectly
proportional
tothekinetic
head.
5. Derive
theheadloss equationduetosuddencontraction
andshowthat
theheadloss
duetocontraction
isdirectly
proportional
tothevelocity
head.
 Experiment
No.3

ofBend
Calibration Meter

Object: ofagiven
Calibration pipeBend meter
andto plot
graph
between

Q v/sH onsimple
graph
paper
Qncv/s1H onlog-log
graphpaper

Required:
Apparatus measuring
Bendmeter, scale,
measuring
tank, stopwatch,
mercury/
CCl,manometer.

Valve Bend

Valve

Differential
Manometer

Measuring
Tank:

Piezometer

1Bendmeter
Fig. Apparatus

Theory:
Formula

2.

3
Used:

Where,
VRxr
1
Ave

Ry

Ris line
thecentral arcradius
r istheinner
face
arc radius
C,isthemeancoeficient
discharge
of

H is ofmanometric
thedifference head

Experimental
procedure:
valve.
1. Opentheregulating Waitforsome timesothatflowisstabilized.
2. Removeairinthemanometer.Forthis
thefollowing arecarried
steps out:
Opentheinlet andexitvalve slightly
sothatwaterstartsflowing
through
the
bendmeter.
Openpressure ofthemanometer
tappings simultaneously
andthenadjust
inlet
and
valves
outlet till isa freeflowofwater
there throughthetappings
connecting
the
manometer
columns.
3.Notedownthedifference levels
inthemanometric 'y'.
4. Measurethedischargeinthecollecting
tank.
5. Repeatsteps1,3 and4 inorder
toget setsofobservations.
different
andfindthemeanvalue
6. Complete thetabulation ofC¢.
7. Drawthenecessary graphsandcalibrate
thebendmeter.

Observations:
1. line
Central arcradius R=
2. Inner
facearc radiusr=
3. tank=axb
Areaof measuring
4.Constantriseof waterinmeasuring
tank=h
5. Volume tank'y=axbxh
of measuring
 Observation
Table

S Calibrated
Volume Tine % error
a
No. () cm V
()scc cm'sec Cm (S-)ycm'%ec CH= discharge
"cm'/sec

Calculations:
Discussion
andResults:

Questions
forfurther
discussion:
1.Describe flow
various measuring
devices flow.
inpipe
2. Explain onwhich
theprinciple works.
bendmeter
ofusing
3. What stheadvantage bendmeter?
4. What arethedifferent
losses
inpipe
bendmeter causes?
andwhataretheir
5. Describe various
tine offlow
types withexamples.
 t+ (
No.
Experiment
MajorHeadLoss

offlowandheadloss with
associated eachtype of low.
Plot
the
Object:
Tostudy thenature
graphbetweenheadloss and velocity
perunitlength to findoutthe critical
Reynold's
numberanditscritical
velocity.

Required:
Apparatus watch,
stop
flowapparatus,
Pipe scale
measuring caliper
andvernier
Valve

Flow

head
Constant

Piezometer
Pipe Valve

tank
Measuring

Piezometer

Stand

Fig.1 HeadLoss
Apparatus

Theory:
Formula
Used:
VD
1. R,=
2.
h2gD
3. h,= 32VL -Lf
64
4. f
R
5. f=
0.316
R
025
n
Where,

h istheheadloss,
fisthefriction
factor,
Vis offlow
thevelocity
D isthediameterofpipeand
isthe kinematicviscosity
isthedynamic viscosity
Y isthespecific ofthefluid
weight

procedure:
Experimental

1. Fill
thewater andallow
tankwithwater forsome
ittostand time
sothatwater
comes
torest.
ofwatertofindtheviscosity
2. Notethetemperature atthattemperature.
3. Measurethepipedameterinwhichflowis established.
valve
4. Opentheinlet fully
andregulatetheflowwiththehelpofexit
valve.
5.Collect
waterinthecollecting
tankandmeasure I
thetimesec, tocalculate
theactual
discharge.
6. Calculate offlow
velocity Reynold's
and corresponding number
fora particular
discharge.
7. Repeatsteps4 to 6 inorderto setsofobservations,
getdifferent at least
15
observations
eachforlaminar zoneand2 to3 observations
andturbulent intransition
Zone.
8.Complete
theobservations
andfindfriction fandheadloss
factor perunit
lengthh/l.
9.Draw the graphh versusV and findupperand lowercritical
velocitjes
and
Reynold's
corresponding no.

L cR

Re
Observations:
1. Temperatureof water
T

viscosity
2. Kinematic at T
3. Diameterof glasspiped
4. Areaofpipe A
$. Volume of watercollected V'
inbeaker/measuring
tank
Obseryatíon
Table
Friction
Type
Head
per

Flow
Factor
length

of
unit

loss
Velocity
Turbulent
Laminar
Turbulent
Laminar
Qact=
VD
f
T
V=Q/A
R
-32uV

h,
h,
Transition Turbulent=:
Laminar
S. No.
cm/sec
0.316 R

(sec)
025

64 R,
f=
2gD

cm'/sec
Calculations:
Results:
Discussion
and
Questions
forfurther
discussion:

1. Drive
by using concept
semi-empirical andshowthat
equation
ofDarcy-Weisbach
equation
this forall
isvalid offluid
kinds flow.
thatmaximum
Z. State in
velocitya circular
pipe ofthemeanvelocity
istwotimes for
laminar
flow.
ofheadina pipeflow
for loss
equation flow
forlaminar
Hagen-Pouiselle's
3. Drive
conditions.
between
pressure
gradient forflowbetween
andsheargradient
4. Derive
therelationship
twoparallel (fixed)
plates theviscous
under flow.
ismaximumatthe forall
surface
boundary kinds flow.
offluid
5. Showthatshear
stress
 No.10
Experiment
Friction
Factor

Object:
To verify between
therelationship factor andReynold's
friction /
number'R,
f
between
by
and
using
Moody'sdiagramfora smooth
b surface
oundary andplot
t hegraph
onlog-log
'R,' graph
sheet.

Required:
Apparatus Reynold's stopwatch,
apparatus, scale
measuring andvernier
caliper

Piezometer KMNO,

headtank
Constant

Glass Tube
Flotr
Nozzle Valre

Dye Filament

Stand Discharge
measuring
tank

Piezometer
Valve

1 Reynold's
Fig. Apparatus

Theory:
Theflowofreal canbebasically
fluid occurs;undertwoverydifferent
regimesnamely;
laminar
andturbulent
flow.Thelaminar flowischaracterized
by fluid movinginthe
particles
formoflaminae over
sliding eachother suchtht atanyinstant atall
thevelocity pointsin
laminae
particular isthesame.Theturbulentflow ischaracterized
byconstantagitation
and
offluid
intermixing particles, velocity
suchthattheir changes topoint
frompoint andevenat
thesamepointfromtimeto time.Thistypeofflow inlowdensity
occurs fluids,
flowing
wide
through passagewith
highvelocity.

Reynold's
conducted onhisapparatus,
anexperiment inFig.1,forobservation
asshown and
determination
oftheseregimes
offlow. afinefilament
By introducing ofdyeintotheflowof
water
through a glass
tube,
atitsentrance,
hestudied typesofflows.
thedifferent At low
velocities
thedyefilament
appeared line
as straight throughout ofthe tube
thelength and
toitsaxis,
parallel laminar
characterizing isincreased,
flow.Asthevelocity thedyefilament
becomes
wavythroughout
indicating flow.
transition inereasing
On further thevelocity,
the
upanddifuses
breaks
filament completely
indicating flow
turbulent showninFig.
(as 2).

strai
ght filament-
Laminar
flow

wavyfilamant-
Transition
flow

Fig.
2 Dyefilament

When a fluid
flowsthrough
a pipe frictional isoffered
resistance topthemotionofthefluid
which inthedissipation
results ofcertain
amountofenergy,
therebycausing
a reduction
in
pressure
energyinthe direction
offlow.Thelossofheadinthepipe canbeexpressedby
equation
Darcy-Weisbach h,=
2gD, where"/istheheadloss,fis
thefriction Vis
factor,
the velooity
offlowandD isthediameter ofpipe.
When waterflows througha pipe
the
offlow
velocity attheboundary iszerobecause
ofnoslipcondition,
however,
thevelocity
andshear
gradient stresses
areinducedintheflowfield.
Flow
throughpipemay belaminar
orturbulent
dependingupontherelative
predominance
oftheviscous andinertia
force force.
A convenient
measureoftherelative ofthetwoforces
importance istheReynold'snumber
VD
which
isgiven ofinertia
astheratio toviscous
force i.e.
force K,= Visthekinematic
viscosity.
Theflowremainslaminarfor lowvelocity
throughthe pipei.e.
for Ke<2000,
when lies
R
between
isturbulent.
Theloss
2000and4000theflow
ofheadduetofriction
isintransition
inthecase
andfor
state,
offlowthrough
ks 4000theflow
pipe
maybecorectly
predicted canbeevaluated
factor.f
ifthefriction Ingeneral
accurately. friction f
factor

uponReynold"'s
depends R,andrelative
number roughnessofthepipeD wherekisthe
average
height wall
ofpipe roughness. factorforlaminar
Friction andturbulent
floware
as
calculated

f=64
R, forlaminar
flow

f=0.316forturbulent
0.25 flow uptoR,< 10°
valid
R,

Moody's
diagram the samerelationship
exhibits between
friction f andReynold's
factor
R' inlaminar
number andturbulent
flowforsmooth used
pipe, forvalidation
ofresults.
Formula
Used:

1. R,=VD

2. h,
2gD
64
3. f=
R
0.316
4. f= 023
R,"

Where,

hyis
thehead
loss,
fis
thefriction
factor,
Visthevelocity
offlow
D ofpipe
isthediameter and
Vis
thekinematic
viscosity

procedure:
Experimental
1. Fill
thewater tankwithwater
andallow ittostandforsometime comes
sothatwater
torest.
2.Notethetemperature ofwater
tofind atthattemperature.
theviscosity
3. Measure the pipe
glass diameter
inwhich f is
low established.
4. Open theinletvalve theflow
andregulate
fully withthehelpofexitvalve.
water inthecollecting and
tank measure thetime sec,
to theactual
calculate
5. Collect t

discharge.
6. velocity
Calculate Reynold's
offlowandcorresponding numberfor a particular
discharge.
at least
setsofobservations,
togetdifferent 10
7.

8.
9.
steps4 to 6 inorder
Repeat
ZOne.
andfindfriction
theobservations
Complete
Re and
Drawthegraphfversus validate
.
zone
andturbulent
eachforlaminar
observations and

factor
results
2 to.3

diagram.
withMoody's
intransition
observations

Observations:

1. Temperature T=
of water
2. viscosity
Kinematic atT=
3. Diameter pipe
of glass d
A=
4.Areaofpipe
5. ofwater
Volume collected tank
inbeaker/measuring ''=
3
Observation
Table
Factor
Friction
TypeofFlow
Velocity VD Turbulent
Laminar
S. T R, 64 0.316
No. (scc)cm'/sccV-Q/A
cm/sec
Turbulent=
LaminarTransition R, R,
025

Caleulations:
Discussion
andResults:

Questions discussion:
forfurther

1.Define
Reynold's
number
anddiscuss
itssignificance.
between
2.Differentiate hydrodynamically
smoothand roughboundary
by using
NIkurdseexperiment.
3.Discuss
Moody's diagramforall ofboundary
types surfaces.
4. Whatarethefactors onfriction
thathaveinfluence factor?
anexpression
5. Obtain forfriction interms
factor ofshear
stress.
 Experiment6
No.

Hydraulic
Jump

Object: ofhydraulic
Tostudythecharacteristics jumpina rectangular
channel
through

sluice
gateandplot between
thegraph ofenergyE, andinitial
loss
relative Froude
number
E

(F).
Required:
Apparatus Rectangular
flume gauging
stopwatch,
setup, scale.

h
y2 y2

L;

A BY Fig.l jump
A hydraulic flow
ina channel

Theory:

Cd o.60) 4 4

f
enula
ugod

E=

El-E
 Used:
Formula

Experimental
procedure:
1. thechannel
Adjust tohorizontal
position thepump.
andstart
2. Wait until level
water rises level
inthetanktothehighest mark of thetank.
3. Setup thesluicegatesothatitsbottomandthebase oftheflumehas a gapof
-0.7 c m.and allowthewatert o passthrough opening.
this When
approxinately
0.5
ofthe
passesthrough theopening ofthesluice gate,the energy
potential
thewater hence t hehydraulic
to thekineticenergyof thedownstream and
changes
upstreann
jumpisformed. at which
4. Measure distance between thesluicegateopening andatthesection
jumpisformed.
hydraulic
5 Measurey,andy;andlength ofthejump L'.
6. Measuretheactualdischargeoct measuring
through tank.
7. Calculate
Froudeno. andloss ofenergyEL.
8. Repeat 3 and7 fordifferent
steps readings.

Observations:
1. Volume of collecting
tank=
2. (B)
Widthofchannel =
 of

Length
Jump
L
of
Height
jump H

sluice
jump
gate
of
Location

from

of
Relative
loss
energy

E;
Energy

No.
F2

Froude
Fi
V2

Velocity VI
(cm/sec)
depth

(cm)

Jump

(Q)
Discharge cm°/sec

(t)
Table

sec
Time

S.No.
Observation
104

Exp-(2
Experimental
1'ydraulies
Engineering

ChapterA

ofJet
Impact

Object:
To verifythemomentum equation
experimentally
through
impact andplot
ofjetexperiment theoretical
thegraphbetween
jetforce( F)a ndweight
onthe pan(F).
balancing
Required:
Apparatus
Impact apparatus,
ofjet andstopwatch.
weights

lcver

Fulcrun Tans Tally

Novels
Itansprent
luder
Dlagram
AMoody
romsurrly

tank

Fig14.1
Arrangement
of Apparatus
 107
ofJet
Impact
106 Hydraulics
Experimental Engineering

Theory:
isbasedonlawofconservationof Or
The momentum equation
momentumoronthemomentumprinciple whichstate
t hatthe
Where,a istheareaofthejet.
sumofexternal
algebraic applied
forces to volume
control offluid

inanydirection totherateofchange
equal ofmomentum inthat fATFLAT. HEX0SPWERE

Theforce
direction. onthefluid
acting onNewton's
massisbased
of motion.
2n law
Theexternalforcesincludethecomponent
oftheweight of
andoftheforces
thefluid exerted upontheboundary
extermally
ofcontrol
surface volume.Ifaverticalwaterjetmovingwith

velocity r madetostrike
a target(Vane)
which is tomove
free,
invertical
direction,
forcewill onthetargetby the
be exerted ofplate
14.2 Shapes
Fig.
impactofjet. -/)
cup(V,=
Forhemispherical
Thewater jct movingwiththevelocityV,strikes which
aplate
isfreetomovein vertical thena forcewill
direction beexerted
on F=p2W,-(-V))
theplatebytheimpact jet.On thebasis
of ofmomentumtheorem, Or F=2pQV
thisforceis equaltotheforcerequiredtobring theplate
back in
position
HS Original isequal ofchangemomentum
tothe rate of of Or F=2p0
theflowing fluid
in direction.
that
byvolumetric
(Calculated
fromthenozzle
WhereQ=Discharge
Applying
momentumequation; method)
ofjet=(Qa)
V=Velocity
Forflatplate
Forcone
isa
angle
'Fexerted
Force bythejetonthevane
isgiven
by Fora cone half
included
whöse

F=pOV,-) F= cos
-(l+ a)
Where
ojet
V,isthevelocity inthevertical
direction striking
after Used:
Formula
(V,=
theplate 0).

F=pQV, plate)
(for
a
 109
108 Hydeaulies
Experimental Engineering ofJet
Impact

cup)
hemispherical
(tor
L00

-(l+cos
a)(for
triangular
cup) error

Experimental
procedure: force
Fa (kgh)
jet

Theoretical
1. Notedowntherelevant dimensions ofcollecting
asarca
tank
anddiameter ofnozzle.
2. Whenjet note
isnotrunning, downtheposition
ofupper

1
Weight
(kg)
disc
orplate.

balancing
3. Admitwater supplytothenozzle. Table

4. Asthejetstrikesthedise, movesupward,
now sec)
thedise jet
place
theweights back
tobring theupper
dise original
toits of(Cm

1elocity
position.
S. At thisposition
tind andnote
outthedischarge downthe

Observation
weightsplacedabovethedise.

(cm'/sec)
values

Discharge
6. Theprocedure
isrepeated
fordifterent ofdischarge.

Sec)
Observations: Time

1.Diameter
ofnozzle
(d)
= Final
(cm)

2. Areaofthenozzle =r
(A) d/4= position
ofwater
3. Massdensity = 1000kg/m
disc
4. Areaofcollecting
tank= (cm)
Initial of
position
5. Initial ofupper
disc=
position
l10
Experimental
Hydraulics
Engineering
Calculations: ofJet
Impact

Discussion
andResults:

Questions
forfurther
discussion:
1. State
the
momentum
equation. Simple
Graph
Sheet
How will
youapply
momentum
equationfordetermining
theforce
exerted
byaflowing liquid
ona horizontalplate?
2. What isthedifference
between momentum equation and
impulsemomentum equation?
3. Usethemomentum equation
fordetermining
theforcesexerted
bya flowing ona pipe
fluid bend.
4. Whatis afree ofliquid?
jet Deriveanexpression
forthepath
traversedby free
jetissuing
froma nozzle.
5. Using impulse momentum equation,
deterninethe forces
byaflowing
exerted onareducer.
liquid