CLAVE DE COLORES

Azul: Términos ALF

Verde: Términos exámenes anteriores
Rosa: Términos PECs
(***) Número de veces que se ha repetido el término, su color
determina en dónde
 The year of publication of two major and groundbreaking works of British
1922
Modernism: T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land and James Joyce's novel Ulysses
À LA RECHERCHE DU
Work by Marcel Proust. It greatly influenced authors of the period, particularly
TEMPS PERDU
modernist authors.
(1913-27)
Poem included in Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1900). It is an optimistic
commentary on the 19th Century belief in a world unified by technical progress.
Whitman envisions that the true unification will come when the ‘Poet’, whom he calls
the ‘Song of God’, will be the one to make sense of the secrets of the human soul and
the sufferings of the humankind.

“Beyond the railway— which runs parallel to the river— the land sinks, then
A PASSAGE TO INDIA
rises again rather steeply. On the second rise is laid out the little civil station, and
(1924)
viewed hence Chandrapore appears to be a totally different“

“Good and evil are different, as their names imply. But, in my own humble
opinion, they are both of them aspects of my Lord. He is present in the one,
absent in the other, and the difference between presence and absence is great, as
great as my feeble mind can grasp. Yet absence implies presence, absence is not
non-existence, and we are therefore entitled to repeat, 'Come, come, come, come”
Essay by V. Woolf 1929 after 2 lectures given at women's colleges at Cambridge, a
discussion of women's writing and its historical, economic and social underpinning.

A ROOM OF ONE'S Title of Virginia Woolf's groundbreaking essay where she explores her opinion
OWN (1929) that the ideal state of mind in which to produce art is an androgynous one (**)

“But this is woman in fiction. In fact, as Professor Trevelyan points out, she was
locked up, beaten and flung about the room”.
A ROOM WITH A Humorous novel about the experience of a young British woman, Lucy Honeychurch, in
VIEW (1908) Italy.
A TRIVIAL COMEDY
The subtitle of The Importance of being Earnest
FOR SERIOUS PEOPLE
Set up in Dublin in 1904 for the representation of the Irish Literary Theatre
productions. Plays performed in:
ABBEY THEATRE On Baile’s strand: Play by W.B. Yeats
Spreading the News: Play by Lady Gregory
Riders to the Sea: Play by J.M. Synge
ABINGER HARVEST
Collection of poetry, essays and fiction by E.M. Forster
(1936)
Genre of literature that focuses on experiences of characters who cannos find any
inherent purpose in life. Meaningless actions and events. Common enlements: satire,
dark humuor, incongruity. Common topisc: agnostic or nihilistic.
ABSURD
One final technique Wilde employs in this comedy is the absurd, as when
Algernon states “one cannot forget that one is married”.
AC SWINBOURNE
(POET), OSCAR
WILDE, ARTHUR Authors who expressed the moral and artistic views of Aestheticism.
SIMMONS, LIONEL
JOHNSON (WRITERS)
ACTS FOR THE
Debated at the turn of the century. Acts regulating people’s right to vote. In 1918 the
REPRESENTATION OF
right to vote to men over 21 and limited female suffrage to some women were given.
THE PEOPLE
 Young woman who arrives in India with Mrs Moore in order to become Mrs Moore' s
son's fiancée. She falsely accuses Aziz of improper behavior towards her
ADELA QUESTED
A character in E.M. Forster's A Passage to India who comes to India to marry Mrs
Moore's son (*)
ADOWA
 Boat on which Conrad
signed, sailing the
London-Rouen-London
route, after returning to
England from Africa
and recovering from
illness.
AESTHETES
 The followers of a
movement with a
particular vision of
art and way of life
based on aestheticism
and art for art's sake
contextualized at the
end of the 19th
Century, to which
Oscar Wilde belonged
Movement that followed and broadcasted the Art for Art’s Sake motto.

Movement inspired by the views of Immanuel Kant that argued that a pure
aesthetic experience arises from the contemplation of an object that provokes
pleasure for its own sake

Name the artistic movement that advocated the dictum “art for art’s sake.”.

A literary and artistic movement of the 19th Century. Followers of the movement
believed that art should not be mixed with social, political, or moral teaching; it should
be self-sufficient. The statement "art for art's sake" is a good summary of this
movement. The movement had its roots in France, but it gained widespread
AESTHETIC importance in England in the last half of the 19th Century, where it helped change the
MOVEMENT OR Victorian practice of including moral lessons in literature. Associated with Walter Pater
AESTHETICISM and John Ruskin who advocated that art should serve no useful purpose. A.C.
Swinburne, Oscar Wilde and Edgar Allan Poe were followers of the movement.

A French movement introduced in England by Walter Pater that influenced the

Decadent movement to Which Oscar Wilde belonged (**)

Movement born in France and inspired by Kant’s vies in relation to the aesthetics and
the pleasure obtained from viewing a work of art. Art was an end in itself almost to the
point of pseudo-religious belief. Art is useless and therefore it should be contemplated
for its value in terms of pleasure only. The Aesthete’s production follows the Art for
Art’s Sake motto. For many, the Aesthetes descended into an excess of hedonism. From
the 1880s to the start of the First World War, this movement liberated art from
pragmatism. For this movement, art and nature are separate and opposing forces.
If Conrad’s experience on board had taught him that fidelity was the only anchor a
human being could have against the evil of the universe, Forster seems to think that
affection is the key to the matter: “Why can’t we be friends now? said the other
holding him affectionately”.

AFFECTION The power that would unite people, nevertheless seems to be an elusive quality of the
human being. The non-event of Aziz’s trial with all charges dropped brings to the
surface the insurmountable confrontation between people. Fielding is the Promised
Land, lacking any prejudices he is the theoretical enabler of affection across cultures
and individuals, yet he fails because for all his good intentions he has not yet
understood the importance of communication.
After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into it.

During the 19th century there was a full-grown land seizure in it by the European
powers. It became a primary source of trade after 1880. This is called ‘the scramble for
AFRICA
Africa.’ For many reasons, according to Muriel Evelyn Chamberlain, the scramble for
Africa was fuelled not so much by conditions in Africa, but by the economic, social and
political conditions in Europe during the 2nd half of the 19th century.

AGITATION To try to get people to support or oppose something

 Term coined by T.H. Huxley to define an individual who neither believes nor dibelieves
in the existence of God.
AGNOSTIC
Term coined in the 1870s meaning the impossibility for the empirical mind to
either believe or not to believe. This conduces to a crisis of the individual.
Scientist who propounded the theory of relativity, which greatly influenced experience
ALBERT EINSTEIN
of time. These theories (1905 and 1916) refute Newtonian physics of permanence by
(1879-1955)
pointing out the possibility of change in matter.
ALFRED RUSSELL
He arrived at the same conclusions as Darwin about natural selection after reading
WALLACE
Malthus.
(1823-1913)
Emotional isolation or dissociation. The Great War changed the lives of Europeans
forever. What remained in its aftermath was a bitter insecurity, translated into a total
ALIENATION rejection of the positive humanistic traditional values held before the war, and a sense
of total alienation of the individual, producing literary works such as Pound's 'Hugh
Selwyn Mauberley' or T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922).
Conrad’s first novel which he began to write in 1889. In 1894, he sent it to T. Fisher
ALMAYER'S FOLLY
Unwin for publication
Language can never be fixed and meaning is always deferred (Jacques Derrida).
Repetition of a word is always somewhere else. Language is more important than story.
This feature and flexibility implied by this theory allowed the expression of it and
flexibility intuitively felt in language. Modern writing thus constantly plays with the
suspicion that language can never be fixed and that meaning, to see it from Jacques
Derrida’s viewpoint, is always deferred. Therefore, through the repetition of a word the
multiple and, in theory, infinite meaning is always somewhere else. This implies that
language, and not the story, is the most important feature in literature.

A statement which has two possible meanings. It also refers to a statement whose
meaning is unclear. Writers often use it in order to achieve special effects, e.g. to reflect
the complexity of an issue or to indicate the difficulty or even the impossibility of
determining truth.

This element is crucial to Heart of Darkness, because if it is agreed that reality is

different from appearances and that there are unknown to reality dark sides
constituting as much as part of reality as the visible, then language stops being self-
referential and informative, as it is in traditional fictional form .
AMBIGUITY
Conrad is suspicious of language because language is no longer a reliable tool with
which to express life experience. The end is a never-ending story comprised of an
unlimited number of possible conclusions.

Conrad is suspicious of language because language is no longer a reliable tool with

which to express life experience. In Heart of Darkness language is poetical and
condensed, with symbolism and diffuseness and this strategy as its main linguistic
features. The end is a never-ending story comprised of an unlimited number of
possible conclusions impinging upon the narrative the tensional contradiction brought
about by it y. The title contains this device, the same that impregnates the narrative.
The striking impression of the title is the apparent contradiction of the two terms,
‘heart’ and ‘darkness’. ‘Heart’ implies life, the very organ that makes human life
possible. ‘Darkness’ seems to imply the converse, death.

It is crucial to the story of HoD and this is so because, if it is agreed that reality is
different from appearances and that there are unknown to reality dark sides
constituting as much part of reality as the visible, then language stops being self-
referential and informative, as it is in traditional fictional form.
In literary prose or poetry, it often functions to increase the richness and subtlety of
AMBIGUITY language and to imbue it with a complexity that expands the literal meaning of the
original statement.
ANATOMY IS DESTINY Phrase which, according to Freud, means that the feminist struggle is pointless.
ANCIENT ART AND
Work in which Harrison suggests that art develops from ritual.
RITUAL
Woolf's account of the mind repudiates the idea of rejecting the feminine, since it is
important to the relationship between women and fiction that androgyny be proposed
as the ideal state of mind in which to produce art. Furthermore, she explicitly
expresses her fear that androgyny can, eventually, be equated to man, as is the case wit
ANDROGYNOUS Freud's theory of bisexuality. Women androgyny does not come from a desire to be a
(MIND) or man. Woolf's androgyny is a claim for further knowledge. The most unsettling aspect
ANDROGYNY of Woolf's androgynous ideal from a patriarchal perspective is the acknowledgement
of the two different sexes it conveys.

According to Virginia Woolf, the ideal state of mind in which to produce art: the
perfect balance or combination of the masculine and the feminine (**)
Theory by Havelock Ellis arguing that woman had been trapped in the intersection
ANGEL-IDIOT THEORY
between an angel and an idiot.
December 6th 1921. Ireland had Domain status. The 26 counties were to be called the
ANGLO-IRISH TREATY
Irish Free State. Ulster was partitioned.
ANTY TREATY
IRREGULARS OR Group within the IRA against the Treaty.
REPUBLICANS
Forster’s novel which definitively breaks with narrative convention both in form and
content. He was inspired by his experience. He visited India twice. The novel deals
with current preoccupation on the colonial occupation of India by the British in a
APASSAGE TO INDIA narrative where the political and the personal intermix. The last novel published
(1924) during Forster’s life.

A novel whose title is taken from Walt Whitman's poem of the same name
included in "Leaves of Grass"
Sentence containing wise or witty comment. Wilde's "The Importance of Being
Earnest" contains a lot of them. Also called EPIGRAMS.

A linguistic formula that takes the shape of a short sentence that mocks our own
preconceived ideas about life, society or beliefs, used recurrently to create satire
APHORISM
and parody in “the Importance of Being Earnest” (**)

A sentence containing a wise or witty comment; Oscar Wilde's style is identified

with this type of sentences. For example: “In married life three is company and
two none”
American writer of 18th century. She becomes the first middle-class woman writer
APHRA BEHN
able to earn her living by writing, althoug poor and deprived of society's approval.
APPARENT REALITY The reality made available under the umbrella of common-sense.
The world as revealed by the senses, as opposed to its real nature.

Reality is different from them and that there are unknown to reality dark sides
constituting as much part of reality as the visible,

Conrad submits his experiences to a creative process enabling both the blurring
of the line between fiction and reality, and the exploration of a truth found beyond
APPEARANCES
their world (that surrounds us). The transforming process of Conrad’s lively
imagination makes possible the transmutation of actual facts into facts wrapped in
romantic glamour and adventurous exaltation. Developed and civilised cities such as
Brussels are seen in the text as a “whited sepulchre” inhabited by hypocrites, hollow,
greedy people. The wilderness of the Congo, on the other hand, is at times sublimated
as the only surroundings where the noble and the true will rise to the surface and
break free from the world of them
 Doctrine which Oscar Wilde and some other British artists followed. It consisted
of pursuing beauty and pleasure as an end in itself, subverting Victorian
pragmatism.

Doctrine which defends pursuing fleeting beauty and pleasure as ends for themselves.
ART FOR ART'S SAKE
This doctrine is followed by the aestheticism, represented by Oscar Wilde.

Aesthetic dictum which Oscar Wilde and some other British artists followed. It
consisted of pursuing beauty and pleasure as an end in itself, subverting
Victorian pragmatism
Lawrence's motto meaning that he would become a master through the struggle
ART FOR MY SAKE
to become master of himself
A phrase that accompanied The Aesthetic movement referring to the pure
ART IS USELESS aesthetic experience of the contemplation of an object that provokes pleasure
for its own sake, with no other materialistic or utilitarian purposes.
He founded Sinn Féinn in 1905. He believed that the 1800 Act of Union was illegal and
was in favour of the withdrawal of the Irish MPs from Westminster to form an
ARTHUR GRIFFITH
independent assembly in Dublin. He proposed a system of dual monarchy, similar to
the one given to Hungary.
The reappearance in an individual of characteristics of some remote ancestors that
ATAVISM
have been absent in intervening generations.
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL First works of DH Lawrence (1909-12). Frustration is the key note. He presents the
PERIOD theme that will dominate his later works: the war between men and women.
A military term for the shock troops that open the way for an invasion. This term was
AVANCE GUARD apparently used in reference to art and literature in 1845 by Gabriel-Désiré Laverdant,
a disciple of the philosopher and social theorist Henri de Saint-Simon
From French “vanguard” or “avance guard”. People or works that are experimental or
innovative, with respect to art, culture and politics. Push in of the boundaries of what
is accepted as norm. Considered to be a hallmark of modernism., as distinct from
postmodernism.

Its aims at shocking the middle classes. More broadly, it aims at the innovation and
revolutionary reassessment of the techniques and role of art. Its works sometimes
AVANT-GARDE generate unfulfilled expectations leaving the reader or the viewer frustrated. It may
destroy our usual normal processes of identification and sympathy involved in reading.
The disclosure of meaning may be imminent, hinted at whether in a teasing or abrasive
manner, but never occur. It intends for art and life to interfere or contaminate each
other.

Describes ideas, styles, and methods that are very original or modern in comparison to
the period in which they happen.
They often imply that the established means of representation are impoverished and
AVANT-GARDIS
offer new modes of intelligibility and new ways to look listening and read.
AWARENESS the understanding that reality is beyond the immediate appreciation of an event.
AZIZ Muslim doctor. He represents emotional nature through Islam.
BE WHAT YOU ARE Motto of the Theory of the Superman.
US poets concentrated in California in the 1950s, noted chiefly by their rejection of
poetic as well as social conventions, exemplified through experimental, often informal
BEAT POETS phrasing and diction and formless verse that attempts to capture spontaneity of
thought and feeling. The sophistication and artificiality of the Decadents will reappear
with them, with multiple variations.
BEING AND TIME Work by Heidegger. He stated that individuals do not speak through language.
(1927) Language speaks through them.
 Belgian Limited Society for Trade in the Upper Congo. A subsidiary of Albert Thys’s
Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l’Industrie (CCCI), it was created in
BELGIAN SOCIETÉ
December 1888 when the CCCI merged with the Stanford Exploring Expedition. The
ANONYME POUR LE
Societé Anonyme Belge was administered in Brussels but maintained a number of
COMMERCE DU HAUT-
stations all over the Congo, especially along its major waterways. In 1890, Conrad was
CONGO
transferred to this company to command one of its Congo river steamers. This
experience became the basis of Heart of Darkness.
Lord of Beaconsfield, Conservative politician over 40 years, he was Prime Minister 2
times, his politics were nationalistic and imperialistic. Supporter of Victorian values,
defensor of aristocrazy in government and closely tied to Queen Victoria (fairy queen).
BENJAMIN Famous writter in his time (Sybill, Vivian Grey)
DISRAELI
Victorian politician. Imperialist, nationalistic and charming. The Queen seemed to have
enjoyed his company. Tory politician. He held power from 1874 to 1889, a reforming
government working largely under the politics established by Gladstone.
BERDICHIEF, THE
Konrad’s birthplace.
POLISH UKRAINE
November 15th 1884 - January 20th 1885: Under the chairmanship of Bismarck, it
BERLIN CONFERENCE
aimed at regulating the colonization and trade in Africa
Philosopher. Like Wittgenstein, he was not interested in a linguistic approach to
BERTRAND RUSSELL
language as a philosophical one. He a dissatisfaction with the imperfection of language
(1872-1970)
shared with him and with the members of the Vienna Circle.
BESTWOOD - HELL
Districts of high and low end in Sons and Lovers
ROW
A German word meaning 'development novel'. A novel that traces the
development and growth of the main character.

The literary genre in which Sons and Lovers could be clasified (**)

BILDUNGSROMAN The evolution of a concrete person, from earlier ages and times to adulthood, with a
general improvement and mature connotations.

A “novel of formation” i.e. one that traces the development and growth of the
main character, often from childhood/adolescence to madurity; D. H. Lawrence's
Sons and Lovers is an example of this narrative genre
BILLY BUDD Benjamin Britten’s opera whose libretto was written by Forster.
Former soldiers brought into Ireland by the government in London after 1918 to assist
BLACK AND TANS
the RIC (Royal Irish Constabulary).
The concealment or extinguishment of lights that might be visible to enemy aircraft
BLACKOUT
during an air raid.
BLACKWOOD'S
Magazine which serialized Heart of Darkness (1898- 1899) and Lord Jim (1899-1900).
MAGAZINE
Lawrence posits a fundamental conflict in human nature between the unconscious,
and "mindconsciousness"Lawrence wrote: "We are all of us conscious in both ways,
and the two ways are antagonistic in us". "the mind and the spiritual consciousness of
man simply hates the dark potency of blood acts: hates the genuine sensual orgasms,
BLOOD which do, for the time being, actually obliterate the mind and the spiritual
CONCIOUSNESS consciousness, plunge them in a suffocating flood of darkness".

It is unchosen. The ego is the author of its ideas, but not of the instincts, urges, and
intuitions of its body, and it finds that it has little control over these. So the blood-
consciousness stands as an affront to ego and its reason.
Event which took place on November 21st 1920. Eleven British intelligence officers
BLOODY SUNDAY were shot in Dublin by Michael Collins’ gunmen. Crown forces shot into the crowd at a
GAA match in Croke Park, killing 12 people and wounding sixty.
 The nickname used by Wilde to refer to a young aristocrat he had fallen in love
with and whose real name was Alfred Douglas. Douglas´s father accused Wilde of
BOSIE
homosexuality and after a series of trials, he was sentenced to two years in prison, first
to Wandsworth Prison and later to Reading Gaol.
Sound that represents the sound of echo. It is very similar to the Hindu syllable Ohm.
BOUM
When one meditates with that syllable, one can reach Brahman and expel evil.
BRAHAMAN ‘Soul of the world’. God representing ‘All that exists’.
Example case of Imperialism. The prevailing attitude regarding colonialism was that
expansion of British control around the globe was good for everyone and, around the
turn of the century, the colonies evolved into the 'dominions' of the Commonwealth.
From the late 15th Century onwards Britain’s foreign policy had been one of territorial
expansion. The supporters of imperialism did not see the acquisition of overseas
territories as domination or exploitation. Quite the opposite: it was considered a
BRITAIN means of liberating peoples from tyrannical rule and of bringing the blessing of the
Christian religion and, above all, the advantages of a superior civilisation to the
colonised.

Conrad had settled in England in 1883 because he was an Anglophile who thought that
it respected individual liberty. English was to become his third language, and, in an
apparent paradox, the language he chose for his writing.
BRITISH
ASSOCIATION FOR Founded in 1831 in order to promote science. In 1860 the results of Darwin’s
THE ADVANCEMENT investigations were discussed there.
OF SCIENCE
English trading company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast
BRITISH EAST INDIA Asia. It controlled business interests in India from 1600 until the Sepoy Mutiny in
COMPANY 1857, when its rule was transferred to the crown. The British-Indian Empire was
established under direct rule by the Queen in 1858.
Concept which started in the late 15th and early 6th century. It reached its peak from the
BRITISH EMPIRE
second half of the º9th century until º947, after the independence of India.
BRITISH MERCHANT
Company which Conrad joined when he arrived in England on 18 June 1878.
SERVICE
The city where the trading company that employs Marlow – and jad previously
BRUSSELS employed Kurtz – is based; it's a vividly described by the main narrator, who
defines it as “a whited sepulchre”
Term used by Oscar Wilde in his play "The importance to being earnest" to refer
to a non-existent friend, Algernon's alter-ego, used as an excuse to avoid social
engangements and lead a double life.
BUNBURY OR TO GO
BUNBURYING
In The Importance of Being Earnest, the name of Algernon's imaginary friend
used as an excuse by this younh gentleman to occasionally escape from London
and its strict codes of behaviour
A child’s fear or delusion of genital injury at the hands of the parent of the same sex as
punishment for unconscious guilt over oedipal striving. The often unconscious fear or
CASTRATION
feeling of bodily injury or loss of power at the hands of authority. The dénouement of
COMPLEX
the ‘castration complex’ for women leads to the acknowledgement of “the fact of her
castration, and with it, too the superiority of the male and her own inferiority”.
The set of rules of the late 19th Century English novel, where basic sexual relationships
are examined. At the time, explicit allusion to sex or sexual intercourse was considered
obscene and literary works were scrutinised by the censor. "The Rainbow" was seized
CENSORSHIP
by the police and declared obscene. Later attempts to explore in fiction the
complexities of human sexual behaviour were to follow the same fate. Lawrence ignore
these rules
In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, the name used to refer to the Congo
CENTRAL STATION headquarters of the trading company that employs Marlow and had previously
employed Kurtz
 CHANCE (1913) Novel by Joseph Conrad. It is his great critical and popular success.
Setting of A Passage to India. It is a prototypical Indian town, nether distinguished, or
exceptionally troubled. It is taken as symbolic of the rest of India rather than an
exceptional case. It has also been a passage to India, when India was an empire.
CHANDRAPORE
An imaginary setting established by E.M Forster as a prototypical Indian town in
A Passage to India; the first chapter of the novel is a rich description of its
historical past and social atmosphere
-
SUBJECTIVITY AND GENDER IDENTITY: Women tended towards the split,
fragmented, dispersed, and alienated subject because they felt split within an
external, male-dominated world; there was, on the one hand, an external public
vision of her, and on the other, an internal private self-different from cultural
prescription. That is they perceived a self that stood against the liberal humanist
view of a subject as fixed, autonomous, conscious, rational, unified, and unifying.
- HISTORY AND MYTH AND THE DISSOLUTION OF TIME: In their fiction past,
present and future intermingle; there is no chronology to be followed, just the path
CHARACTERISTICS OF of involuntary memory as a sound, a smell, may transport us elsewhere.
MODERNIST WOMAN - CITY: Modernist women write about urban places, about their experience within
WRITER:
the city (as, for example, in Mrs Dalloway) because the city is perceived as offering
new possibilities and as an unreal fragmentation
- THEIR ALLIANCE TO STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS: May Sinclair, when reviewing
the early volumes of Pilgrimage in 1918, noted that the novel centered on the
mental process, that is, on the thoughts, responses and interior emotional
experiences of a single central character; that it sometimes shifted point of view
among several key figures, and that there were interior monologues that
contrasted heavily with the silence outside of the character.
CHARLES
BAUDELAIRE AND Advocates of the Aesthetic movement.
THÉOPHILE GAUTIER
(1895-1915): Poet who was in Germany when the War broke out. He volunteered for
the army and died in the front. He accepted war as a necessary evil, but saw no glory in
CHARLES HAMILTON
war or in dying for his country (as Horace dictum goes). He also knew that when the
SORLEY
war ended, the former enemies would shake hands and the sacrifice of 'millions of the
mouthless dead' would be for nothing.
Naturalist scientific and author of The Origin of the Species by Means of Natural
CHARLES Selection. His scientific conclusions after their travels started to formulate the
DARWIN touchstone of his evolution theory: the principle of evolution by natural selection.

Two great thinkers, one scientist and one philosopher, from the 19th Century
C. DARWIN AND F.
whose work influenced enormously the new interpretations of the ever-
NIETZSCHE
changing world at the beginning of the 20th Century (**)
CHRONOLOGICAL The time of history and the time that marks our bodies in so far as we are living
TIME (LINEAR TIME) organisms.
Group of philosophers, scientists and mathematicians formed in the 1920s who met in
Vienna to investigate scientific language and scientific methodology. They are
CIRCLE OF VIENNA
associated with the movement called LOGICAL POSITIVISM. They were dissatisfied
with the imperfection of language.
 The economic movement from landownership to a modern urban economy was based
on trade and on manufacturing. This accelerated the migration from the countryside to
this. Several results of this migration:
1) A stimulus towards the development of 'city' professions such as law,
accountancy and management.
2) The growth of horrifying slums and cramped terraced housing.
CITY
By 1900, 80% of the population lived “organised” into geographical zones based on
social class: the poor in the inner and the better-off living away , giving way to a growth
of middle-class suburbs. This was made possible by the expansion of suburban rail
transport. Some suburban rail companies were required by law to provide cheap
trains for commuters to travel into it. The very notion of “time”, because of the
expansion of the railway, changed: it was standardised in order to create a timetable
based on London’s time.
"Sons and Lovers" constantly contrasts the sensuous, natural environment with that of
the cold, drab monuments of industrial town and its life. The contrast between it and
nature parallels the lack of harmony between man and society. Man is so satisfied with
his social, political and economic achievements in the twentieth century that he seems
to have lost the basic instincts and violence of the animal in him. But when the
pressure of the social community is unbearable, man escapes quickly to the boundary
CITY of civilisation, towards nature, to obey the rules of the 'spirit' and the flesh. Lawrence
presents nature as a kind of mother comforting people when they feel alone and as
strangers in a hostile world. The physical location in the novel is extremely important,
since it represents a moral situation, too.

The dualism town/nature, or factory/country, represents another modem dualism the

natural man versus the social or industrialised man.
Opposition which is brought into question by introducing the savage element within
the civilized world at the moment Marlow remembers the fact that in the past London
was a savage territory colonized by the romans. Marlow's description of the Roman
CIVILISED/SAVAGE
conquest of the British fits exactly with what he has found in the Congo.
A main opposite the metaphor of “darkness” and “light” symbolize in Heart of
Darkness. (Also Knowledge/Mystery)
CLARISSA DALLOWAY The eponymous protagonist of the novel by Virginia Woolf 1925
The [Virginia] Stephen family belonged to the upper-middle class that produced most
of the influential thinkers and artists of the day. Virgina Woolf has been seen in many
different and contradictory ways: as a privileged woman out of touch with working
class women; as a socialist working for the struggle of working class women. In Mrs
CLASS
Dalloway, a metaphorical 'web' is made up of invisible threads that connect all of the
characters into a common circle of experience, regardless of their class. Henke claims
that "Mrs Dalloway offers a scathing indictment of the British class system and a strong
critique of patriarchy".
Approach with dealing with colonial issues, such as the effects of colonialism and
imperialism. It includes thinkers such as Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak and Stuart Hall,
COLONIAL AND POST-
who have criticized European and American imperialism, and others such as Frantz
COLONIAL STUDIES:
Fanon or Kuan-Hsing Che, who have focused on individuals and language to detect the
particular and complex questions raised by colonialism, post-colonialism and culture.
The control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory or
COLONIALISM people. The system or policy by which a nation maintains or advocates such control or
influence.
Control of one power over a dependent area or people. It implies the implanting of
people in other territories. Its modern form, which began in the XV century, allowed
COLONIALISM
Europe to become very rich. It established the bases and contributed to the
development of capitalism.
COLONIALISM,
CIVILIZATION AND The elements introduced in the narrative of Heart of Darkness.
PROGRESS
 A country or area controlled politically by a more powerful country that is often far
away

A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and
occupied by settlers from that country.

In A Passage to India, however, the process is reversed in the sense that if Conrad’s
COLONY
narrative refers to the times when European people were colonised by other empires,
Forster’s empire is placed at the very heart of the British colony. It should be pointed
out that, although subordinated to London, India was in fact an Empire in itself, ruling
the modern states of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, and Sri Lanka. Therefore,
while substantiating the idea of the circularity of time present in Heart of Darkness,
Forster’s image of the Empire serves also to dignify India and contrast its past with the
treatment dispensed by the British.
Wilde is relying upon his audience’s familiarity with Restoration comedy (1660-1700)
COMEDY and the later comedy of manners (social habits and customs), specially among those of
the upper classes (Congreve and Sheridan, or Austen in the novel).
A comedy concerned with the social actions and behaviour of members of a
COMEDY OF MANNERS highly sophisticated, upper-class society. Such comedy emphasises wit, and more
often that not, takes an arch view of the love game
Feeling of apathy and lack of interest towards the suffering of others that may be
developed in the mind of soldiers' relatives as a way to keep mentally stable. Rose
COMPASSION FATIGUE Macaulay in her poem "Picnic" talks about this supposed indifference, represented in
the image of "walls", just to ironically convey the feelings and suffering that they can't
help having inside.
Characters made of two or more real life or fictional individuals, appearing in fictional
and non-fictional work.
COMPOSITE
CHARACTERS
Characters created from people the author actually knew but that he adapted to his
aesthetic needs
The area and continent Joseph Conrad explores in the novel studied in the
THE CONGO / AFRICA
course.
The Berlin Conference, held in 1885, set up rules to control colonization in
CONGO AND NIGER Africa, allowing free access to navigate two main rivers. One of them will be the
main geographical context for Heart of Darkness. Name these two rivers
Compulsory enrollment of people especial for military service. In 1916 there was a
CONSCRIPTION
threat of conscription being extended to Ireland.
CONTRASTIVE What main poetic device did Wilfred Owen use to create emotional impact in his
IMAGES AND poems? (*)
POWERFUL IMAGES
CRITIQUE OF Kat’s work which argues that a pure aesthetic experience is the contemplation of an
AESTHETIC object that provokes pleasure for its own sake, for no other materialistic or utilitarian
JUDGEMENT purposes.
CROKE PARK The GAA venue
CRYSTAL PALACE Building where the Great Exhibition took place.
Main topic in Forster's novels. His Italian novels are concerned with the cultural
barrier between English and Italians. In A Passage to India (1924), he deals with the
CULTURAL BARRIER
impossibility of finding a means of mutual understanding between Indians and British
Europeans.
CULTURE Ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society.
CUMANN NA
New party developed after the Irish Civil War. Pro-treaty.
NGAEDHEAL
CYCLICAL TIME In eternal recurrence, this concept is present in the idea of repetition or recurrence.
 Liberal character in the novel PASSAGE TO INDIA. He believes that "the world is a globe
CYRIL FIELDING of men trying to reach one another and can best do so by help of good will plus culture
and intelligence.
A man who places particular importance upon physical appearance, refined language,
and leisurely hobbies, pursued with the appearance of nonchalance in a cult of Self. In
the end of Victorian era, he can be seen as a political protestation against the rise of
levelling egalitarian principles, often including nostalgic adherence to feudal or pre-
industrial values, such as the ideals of "the perfect gentleman"

Charles Baudelaire defined him as one who elevates aesthetics to a living religion.. The
DANDY perfect one, these things are not more than the symbol of the aristocratic superiority of
his mind. The linkage of clothing with political protest became a particularly English
characteristic during the 18th century. It can be seen as a political protestation against
the rise of levelling egalitarian principles, often including nostalgic adherence to feudal
or pre-industrial values such as the ideals of the perfect gentleman or the autonomous
aristocrat, though paradoxically the dandy required an audience. Wilde and Byron
exemplify his roles in the public sphere (as writers and as personae) providing sources
of gossip and scandal.
DANDYISM For Baudelaire, is not even an excessive delight in clothes and material elegance
It did not remain a purely scientific discourse. Very soon it spread, and permeated
other spheres of knowledge such as the social sciences or anthropology. Reproduction
and the survival of the fittest, not rational thought or spiritual belief, became
recognised as the forces behind human endeavour.

It implies an assault on the traditional beliefs concerning God, the universe and
humanity's relationship.

Also applied in giving scientific value to Victorian ideals in apparently diminishing.

DARWINISM
Evolution served the establishment to justify empire and colonialism (non-European
societies seen as underdeveloped civilisations and their duty was educate, civilise and
improve conditions of these -seen as- primitive societies as those Africa or India)

A theory of the origin and the perpetuation of new species of animals and plants. It
defends that offspring of a given organism vary that natural selection favours the
survival of some of these variations over others; that new species have arisen and may
continue to arise by these processes and that widely divergent groups of plants and
animals have arisen from the same ancestors
DAVID HERBERT
Complete name of the author of "Sons and Lovers".
LAWRENCE
DAVID LIVINGSTONE Scottish missionary and explorer who exercised a formative influence upon Western
(1813—1873) attitudes towards Africa.
British Prime Minister between 1916 and 1922. He was Minister of munitions and the
War Secretary before replacing Asquith as Prime Minister. He reorganized the
production of shells and his work was vital to the conduct of the War.
DAVID LLOYD GEORGE He realized he had to seek a truce with Sinn Féinn.
British Prime Minister from 1916 to 1922. He was Minister of munitions and the War
Secretary before replacing Asquith as Prime Minister. He reorganized the production of
shells and his work was vital to the conduct of the War.
This was the most repeated theme for the so-called War Poets, not equally viewed by
all of them. For instance, the message that lies at the end of Owen's poem "Dulce et....":
"The old lie: dulce et decorum est pro patria mori".
DEATH The dignity of death is precisely in the knowing and the telling of the war, not in dying
for one’s country. Doing so, ‘disillusions as never told in the old days’ are brought back
from the front. The contrast between life-and-death problems of war and the trivia of
civilian life was common theme in women’s narratives at the time.
 In Freudian psychoanalytic theory, it is the instinctual need towards death, self
destruction and return to inorganic chemistry. The death drive, sometimes refered to
as Thanatos opposes to Eros, the tendency toward survival and other life-producing
drives.

According to Freud, people hold an unconscious desire to die, but that this wish is
DEATH DRIVE
largely tempered by the life instincts. In Freud’s view, self-destructive behavior is an
expression of the energy created by the death instincts. When this energy is directed
outward onto others, it is expressed as aggression and violence. In Heart of Darkness,
confronted with death, Marlow is both trying to understand and postpone the moment
of his own death. The knowledge he has acquired is not as authoritative and precise as
that given by Kurtz on his own death-bed.
The name given, originally by hostile critics, to several late 19th Century writers who
DECADENCE
valued artifice more than the earlier Romantics' naïve descriptions
A short-lived but influential style during the latter half of the 19th century. It favored
art and artifice over natural world and were closely aligned to the Aesthetic
movement. Art is totally opposed to "nature", in the biological sense and in the natural
norms of morality and sexual behaviour, also involving often drugs and experimental
sexual behaviour. They were influenced by the tradition of Gothic novels and by the
poetry and fiction of Edgar Allan Poe. Ex: Wilde's "The Picture of Dorian Gray"

Movement intrinsically linked to the Aesthetic movement. Its representatives followed

a way of life based on the ideals of the Aesthetic movement: art is totally opposed to
nature, understood both in the biological sense of the word and in the ‘natural’ forms
of morality and sexual behavior.

The art of its followers was artificial. The decadence (a positive adjective to the
members of the group) was expressed in the search for strange unnatural sensations.
In many cases, it involved the use of drugs and experimental sexual behaviourism.

Movement intrinsically linked to the Aesthetic movement. The decadents followed a

way of life based on the ideals of the Aesthetic movement: art is totally opposed to
DECADENT nature, understood both in the biological sense of the word and in the ‘natural’ forms
MOVEMENT of morality and sexual behavior. The art of the decadents was artificial. The decadence
(a positive adjective to the members of the group) was expressed in the search for
strange unnatural sensations. In many cases, it involved the use of drugs and
experimental sexual behaviourism.

A movement whose members followed a way of life based on the ideas of the
Aesthetic movement. Their main point of view was that art is totally opposed to
'nature' understood both in the biological sense of the word and in the 'natural'
norms of morality and sexual behaviour. Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of
Dorian Gray (1891) and the play Salomé (1893) are representative literary
productions of this movement.

A way of life, based on the ideas of the Aesthetic movement, more than an artistic
movement. Art is totally opposed to "nature" understood both in the biological
sense and in the "natural" forms of morality and sexual behaviour. The art of this
movement was artificial and the way of life (which was considered positive by
the group) was expressed in the search for strange "unnatural" sensations which
often involved drugs and experimental sexual behaviour .Wilde's novel The
Picture of Dorian Gray is representative of this literature.
Decadence was the name given, originally by hostile critics, to several late 19th Century
DECADENTS writers who valued artifice more than the earlier Romantics' naïve descriptions. The
name adopted by this writers
Term referring to the phenomenon that the social status quo was under threat from
the freer values of the younger generation skeptical about the traditional values of
DEGENERACY
morality, customs and properties, particularly in relation to sex. It meant a liberating
and scientifically based escape from these values.
 Term used by Huxley. It became a key term in relation to the social changes taking
place in the end of Victorian Era, referring to the phenomenon that the social status
quo was under threat by the freer values of the younger generation, skeptical about
traditional values of morality, customs and properties. It stood out as the byword for
modern Western civilization. It was taken as the break from traditional expression and
was present in the new tendencies in the arts.

Deviation from conventional morality was a sign of madness and depravity. Presented
in works as Picture of Dorian Gray, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dracula.
DEGENERATION
The belief that the end of civilisation could be foretold by observing licentious
contemporary forms of art, such as Naturalism and the Decadents, the rise of the New
Woman and the suffrage movement. It was considered this things were declining the
European white civilization and the white race would become socially parasitical

Work by Max Nordau, who uses Darwin’s theories to establish that the end of
civilization could be foretold by observing licentious contemporary works of art, e.g.
Naturalism and the Decadents (Oscar Wilde). The New Woman and the suffrage
movement were seen as precipitants of this apocalyptic future.
DEMOCRACY A form of government in which people choose leaders by voting
Wilde´s technique that contributes to atmosphere and moves action forward. In
DIALOGUE “The Importance of being Earnest” most of the archetypical in characters and in
situations is build up through language rather than stage directions.
DICKENS, TENNYSON,
Writers widely read and discussed in the 19th Century
TROLLOPE
DIFFUSENESS Verbosity
Resource some of the War Poets took as a way "to make it new". One of the main
instances can be seen in Owen's "Dulce et decorum est". This became a powerful
device to convey emotions to the readers, as well as to approach them to the
DIRECT SPEECH
immediate experiences of those poets who were directly involved in the war. Through
reading Sassoon’s poems, Owen clearly understood the need to abandon traditional
poetic diction and syntax and to use the direct speech introduced by Hardy.
Line of the poem by Ezra Pound "Hugh Selwyn Maulberley". The condition of being
DISILLUSION AS
disenchanted.
NEVER TOLD IN THE
It voices Owen´s feelings regarding the Great War, feelings expressed in his poem
OLD DAYS
"Dulce et decorum est".
DOMINION Autonomous territory under British sovereignty, within the Commonwealth.
Usually shaped as a twin, shadow or a mirror image of a protagonist. It refers to a
character who physically resembles the protagonist and may have the same name as
well. Several types can be spotted in world literature: "evil twin", not known to the
actual person, who confuses people related to that original person; one person existing
in two different places at the same time; sometimes, a doppelganger is a person's past
or future self. In some cases, it may simply be a person's look alike.
DOPPELGANGER
Many critics describe Septimus as Clarissa’s, that is, the alternate persona, a
darker, more internal personality compared to Clarissa's very social and singular
outlook. Woolf’s use of this, Septimus, portrays a side to Clarissa’s personality that
becomes absorbed by fear and broken down by society as well as a side of society that
has failed to survive the War.
Elizabeth's history teacher, who has German ancestry. She has a history degree and
was fired from a teaching job during the war because of society's anti-German
prejudice. She is over forty and wears an unattractive mackintosh coat because she
DORIS KILMAN
does not dress to please. She became a born-again Christian two years and three
months ago. Poor, with a forehead like an egg, she is bitter and dislikes Clarissa
intensely but adores Elizabeth.
 Novel by Robert Louis Stevenson published in 1886, which can be read partly as a
DR JEKYLL AND MR caution against the rise of promiscuity and its associated evils (prostitution, syphilis
HYDE and adultery). It pointed accusatively to many of the pillars of Victorian society, so
deeply engrained in Victorian hypocrisy, especially with regard to sex.
Novel by Bram Stoker written in 1897 which can be read partly as a caution against the
rise of promiscuity and its associated evils (prostitution, syphilis and adultery). It
DRACULA
pointed accusatively to many of the pillars of Victorian society, so deeply engrained in
Victorian hypocrisy, especially with regard to sex.
It is the form of literature written for performance. The term is also used in a more
general way, to refer to one of the three major literary genres. The stage at the time of
Wilde presented what was called 'Society Drama,' that is, plays of modern life set in the
DRAMA
rarefied world of the upper classes. These plays could be witty and frivolous light
comedies; or they could be ponderous dramatic treatises on difficult social issues,
most often the sexual 'double standard' and the 'problem' of the 'fallen woman.'
DREAMS (1891),
DREAM LIFE AND Two collections of short stories by Olive Schreiner.
REAL LIFE (1893)
Poem written in 1918 by Wilfred Owen. It was published for the first time in 1920. It
has been a widespread view that the poem is undermining the views expressed in the
poetry of Jessie Pope, to whom in the first instance he dedicated the poem, later
withdrawing the dedication following the advice of Siegfried Sassoon.

“DULCE ET DECORUM By using Latin instead of English he is answering a poetic tradition that from
EST” Horace onwards, has made sublime the sacrifice of one's life for one's country.

“Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots

But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind” (**)
“DULCE ET DECORUM
Horace's dictum which is subverted by Wilfred Owen. The phrase is translated as
EST PRO PATRIA
'It is sweet and proper to die for one's country'.
MORI”
The way the mind perceives the length of an experience according to the respective
subjective factors of appreciation of that experience in each individual. It refers to
DURATION those times in the life of an individual that are significant for the individual. These
times are not necessarily chronologically ordered and they are different for each
individual.
English novelist. He wrote Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905), The Longest Journey
E.M. FORSTER (1879-
(1907), A Room with a View (1908), Howard’s End (1910), A Passage to India (1924)
1970)
and Maurice (1971).
Ernest (Jack’s
imaginary brother)
The names of the main characters’ imaginary friends in Oscar Wilde’s play
and Bunbury
studied in the course.
(Algernon’s
imaginary friend)
Rebellion in 1916 organized by the IRB military council, which took place on Easter
EASTER RISING
Sunday.
EDWARD CARSON
two of the staunchest opponents of Home Rule, members of the British War Cabinet
AND BONAR LAW
EDWARD MORGAN
The complete name of the author of A Passage to India
FORSTER
 Palestinian-American theorist and intellectual who helped found the critical theory of
Post-colonialism. He is best known for his book Orientalism, a term he redefined to
refer to the West's patronizing perceptions of Middle Eastern, Asia and North African
EDWARD SAID
societies (the East). He contended that Orientalist scholarship was, and remains,
intrinsically tied to the imperialist societies that produced it. His work has influenced
literary theory.
Historical period covering the reign of Edward VII (1901-1910), after Queen Victoria's
death as official end of Victorian Era.

The reign of Edward VII (1901-1910). By extension it covers the period from the death
of Queen Victoria and the beginning of WWI (1914). English and Irish literature had a
EDWARDIAN PERIOD number of prominent writers. Among them are: Rudyard Kipling, Henry James (who
had moved to England from America in 1876), Joseph Conrad, Bernard Shaw, Arnold
Thomas Hardy, Ford Maddox Ford, Katherine Mansfield and W.B. Yeats. Authors such
as Hardy, Conrad, Yeats and James influenced the modernists. Others, such as Wells,
Bennett and Galsworthy are seen as representing stuffiness or moralizing naïveté, in
contrast to the darker, more knowing modernists.
English social reformer. He defended a social reform that entailed economic policies of
EDWIN CHADWICK
retrenchment, i.e. minimal state expense and with efficiency in government finances.
EDWIN RAY
Author of Degeneration: A Chapter on Darwinism. In this book, he speculated on the
LANKESTER (1847-
decline of the white race that would become socially parasitical.
1929)
Having or showing qualities or characteristics more often associated with females than
EFFEMINATE MAN
males (at the time)
Writers who would incorporate into their literature myth and classical models to give
ELLIOT, JOYCE,
meaning to the alienated modern individual for whom Christian religion has ceased to
WOOLF, YEATS
be the answer.
The popularized image of the ‘white man’s burden’ that the Empire created became the
epitome of the Victorian adventurer. Sometimes it involved trivialities, like Harry
Johnston’s insistence on dressing for dinner in the jungle, but the concept of a
EMPIRE ‘gentleman’, whose word was his bond and who was chivalrous to those weaker than
himself, especially towards women, was a very meaningful one to many Victorians. A
new sense of racial superiority had emerged, of which the Europeans’ perception that
they had the right to do what they liked with Africa was only one manifestation
A group of nations or states ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful
government or sovereign: usually a territory of greater extension than a kingdom.
The concept of British Empire, started in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, was
constantly expanded reaching its peak from the 2nd half of the 19th Century until 1947
when the independence of India was declared. The memory of past empires in Forster
coincides with those in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. In A Passage to India, however, the
process is reversed in the sense that if Conrad’s narrative refers to the times when
European people were colonised by other empires, Forster’s empire is placed at the
very heart of the British colony. Although subordinated to London, India was in fact an
EMPIRE
Empire in itself, ruling the modern states of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, and
Sri Lanka. Therefore, while substantiating the idea of the circularity of time present in
Heart of Darkness, Forster’s image of the Empire serves also to dignify India and
contrast its past with the treatment dispensed by the British. In both cases, the
introduction of the memory of former empires serves to delineate the temporal
boundaries of the actual situation lived by the characters in the texts. Hence, this
memory introduces an element of conflict to the apparent durability of the concept of
Empire and its grandeur. Once this element has been questioned, what remains are
the individual and the conflicts within
A concept related to the white, rural and in many aspects romantic, that
ENGLISHNESS
pervaded the perception of England for most of the 20th Century
One of the founders of the Gaelic League, who proposed setting up a civil defense force,
EOIN MACNEILL
the Irish Volunteers.
 EPILEGOMENA TO
In the preface of this work she presents Freud as a background authority and
THE STUDY OF GREEK
acknowledges a debt to his work.
RELIGION (1921)
For Joyce, the infinite instance of time in which matter is transformed into energy, i.e.
EPIPHANY
the moment in which the individual reaches the sublime point of recognition.
ESSAY ON SELF- Preface to the 1886 edition of The Birth of Tragedy, where Nietzsche places upon art,
CRITICISM not morality, the responsibility for interpreting the significance of existence.
Malthus observed that in nature plants and animals produce a greater number of
offspring than can survive. He extrapolated this observation to the growth of
ESSAY ON THE population taking place in England at the time and observed that human species cold
PRINCIPLE OF overproduce if left unchecked. He concluded that unless family size was regulated
POPULATION (1798) famine would become a global epidemic and eventually destroy species. Poverty and
famine were natural outcomes of population growth. He used God as the explanation
for these natural outcomes.
ÉTAT INDÉPENDENT The name of the Congo in 1890. The setting of Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. The land
DU CONGO was mostly owned by Europeans, including King Leopold II.
Nietzsche’s concept according to which experience is eternally repeated. The
individual should live each moment as if it would be repeated eternally (eternal life).
Linear time is questioned and undermined. This concept brings two dimensions of
item. Cyclical and eternal time. It partly clarifies Nietzsche’s theory of übermensch in
that what is at stake is becoming what one is and experiencing life as if one wanted
ETERNAL each moment to come back again. Repetition is significant in modern authors. In
RECURRENCE literature, Woolf's "Mrs Dalloway" and Joyce's "Ulysses" contain a circular structure
breaking the linear progression of the narrative.

A concept coined by Friedrich Nietzsche which presents experience as a cyclical

and endlessly repeated. It had a great influence of Modernist Literature, as we
can see in Virginia Woolf's Mrs Dalloway or James Joyce Ulisses (*)
ETERNAL TIME It implies that repetition will happen for ever.
Propounded by Francis Galton (1822-1911), Darwin’s cousin. It defends the need for
selective breeding in the delineation of racial qualities. A nation should ensure that its
EUGENICS
able members had dominance in fertility if it wanted to survive. Failure to do so would
mean the disappearance of the nation.
In Conrad’s novel, it is referred to as ‘sepulcher’, ‘dead silence’, ‘marble’, ‘sarcophagus’
EUROPE
and ‘halo’, resembling a lifeless world built up to protect rottenness and spiritual death.
EVIL, MAN’S MORAL
RELAITY, FIDELITY
INDIVIDUAL
RESPONSIBILITY The main topics of interest presented in Heart of Darkness.
(WITH PARTICULAR
REFERENCE TO THE
EMPIRE)
Term which the establishment would use to justify empire and colonialism. Apes were
considered to be under-evolved relations of humans. Thus, non-European societies
EVOLUTION were seen as underdeveloped civilizations. It was the duty of the civilized, progressive,
white male European to educate, civilize and improve primitive societies such as Africa
and India.
 Use of empirical or experimental methods in determining the validity of ideas.

In 1921, Virginia Woolf published her first collection of short stories, Monday or
Tuesday, most of them experimental in nature. In 1922 she published Jacob’s Room,
her first experimental novel. Critical studies on Woolf's oeuvre are starting to
reconsider the importance of Woolf's essays not only in relation to the engrossing
quality of their subject matter, but also to the experimental form in which they were
written. Every feeling and every thought is as much part of reality as is the outside
EXPERIMENTALISM world, and because the perception of the outside world is mediated by the observer,
the writer must experiment with words and forms, never being afraid of breaking
away from the old structure of the novel or the grammatical structure of the sentence.
Through her experimentation with language Woolf is searching for a form of writing
capable of encompassing the ‘real’ world when it is perceived from different angles.
Woolf in Mrs Dalloway shows interest in what is one of the features of Modernism: the
experimentation with temporality. Woolf wrote Mrs Dalloway as an experimental
exercise of what was for her, the task of the writer - to narrate reality as the mind
perceived it and not as the conventions of fiction required.
American writer who supported Fascism during the Second World War, broadcasting
Fascist propaganda aby radio to the United States. Paradoxically, his poem 'Hugh
EZRA POUND
Selwyin Mauberley' is considered to be paradigmatic of the literature reacting against
the Great War.
Work by D.H. Lawrence /1885-1930): He affirmed that there is only one clue to
FANTASIA OF THE
universe: the individual soul within the individual being, i.e. the world was as varied as
UNCONSCIOUS
the individuals observing it.
Lawrence's endeavor was above all how to express emotion and feelings, as they exist
far below the surface of gesture and are always linked to bodily sensations. Lawrence
was primarily interested not in the social man, but in that part of man that is
FELT EXPERIENCE
submerged and never seen, the unconscious, subjected to consciousness.This account
for the difficulty readers may experience on first reading Lawrence: they have to
deduce emotion from gesture.
FEMALE SEXUALITY Work by Freud. He expanded the ideas expressed in the previous paper, i.e. Some
(1931) Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes (1925).
Work by Freud. He defines it as a single unique position for “normal” sexuality in
women and he establishes homosexuality in women as a masculine complex (formerly
FEMINITY (1933)
had developed the idea of "penis envy" and "castration complex" for women). Pure
feminity remains a theoretical construction.
First linguist to question the goal of the study of linguIstics, moving from the study of
the genealogy of words and grammar over time to the exploration of language as a
social phenomenon. He propounded the principle that there are no positive symbols in
language. Language is not a tool to portray reality as it could be physically observed. It
is made up of signs which owe their signification not to the world, but to the difference
FERDINAND DE to each other in a network of signs that is the signifying system. The meaning of a sign
SAUSSURE is not fixed. It depends on its oppositions within a particular system. Language is not
divinely designed or naturally given. Saussure focuses not in the development of
language over time but on finding the rules and the structure of language governing
speech and writing.

Linguist crucial for the development of structuralism and post-structuralism.

FIANNA FÁIL New party developed after the Irish Civil war. Anti-treaty.
 Faithfulness to a person, cause or belief demonstrated by continuing loyalty and
support. Conrad's experience on board had taught him that it was the only anchor a
human being could have against the evil of the universe.

Conrad’s main topics of interest presented in Heart of Darkness are: evil, man’s moral
reality, fidelity, and individual responsibility, in the last case with particular reference
to the Empire

Conrad had always expressed his conviction that there should be a commitment
FIDELITY
to fidelity in human relationships, that the artist should speak to the latent feeling of
fellowship with all creation — and to the subtle but invincible conviction of solidarity
that knits together the loneliness of innumerable hearts, to the solidarity in dreams, in
joy, in sorrow, in aspirations, in illusions, in hope, in fear, which binds men to each
other, which binds together all humanity — the dead to the living and the living to the
unborn. Conrad’s main topics of interest presented in Heart of Darkness are: evil, man’s
moral reality, fidelity, and individual responsibility, in the last case with particular
reference to the Empire. Conrad’s experience on board had taught him that fidelity was
the only anchor a human being could have against the evil of the universe.
French word referred to the end of century, including a set of artistic, moral and social
concerns. It is associate with the idea of old order ending and challenging Victorian
conventions.

‘End of the century’. Term applied to the literature and art of the final years of the 19th
century and associated with a mood of decadence, when traditional, social, moral and
artistic values were in transition.

The term encompasses not only the meaning of the English idiom ‘turn of the century’,
but also both the closing and onset of an era, as the end of the 19th century was felt to
be a period of degeneration, but at the same time a period of hope and new beginning.
FIN DE SIÉCLE
Its spirit often refers to the cultural hallmarks that were recognized as prominent in
the 1880s and 1890s, including boredom, cynism, pessimism and a widespread belief
that civilization leads to decadence.

The term is often applied to French art and artists, as the traits of the culture first
appeared there, but the movement affected many European countries. This term
becomes applicable to the sentiments and traits associated with the culture as
appeared to be focusing solely on the movement’s initial recognition in France.

The ideas and concerns developed by the artists who lived in this period provided the
impetus for movements like symbolism and modernism. The work of the Decadents
and Aesthetes contain hallmarks typical of this period
This military conflict is considered the major event that changed European civilization
as it had been known up to the conflict. It is also known as the Great War or 'the war
FIRST WORLD WAR
that ends all wars'. It was the most meaningless ever fought at the cost of the highest
number of casualties ever.
FLASCHBACKS, TIME
ARCS JUMPS, Narrative devices allowing for the representation of the subjective perception of time
REPETITIONS, LEAPS, and the instability of space boundaries as these transpire from the theory of relativity.
SWERVES
FLIPPANT WIT Not serious about a serious subject, in an attempt to be funny or to appear clever.
FORD MADOX FORD Writer who collaborated with Conrad from 1898 until 1905
FORD MADOX The editor of the English Review who began publishing Lawrence's work and gave him
HUEFFER the opportunity to meet other young writers such as Ezra Pound.
 Women writers of the period challenged the claim of impersonality defended by the
male writers, turned to personal experience, and in their writings they made a journey
in search of a self that was perceived as multiple and fragmented.

The modern self is perceived as multiple and fragmented because there is always an
inherent part of the self that by its very definition remains unknown, but no less
effective for the perception of ‘who I am’. Women tended towards the split,
fragmented, dispersed, and alienated subject because they felt split within an
FRAGMENTATION external, male-dominated world; there was, on the one hand, an external public vision
of her self, and on the other, an internal private self different from cultural
prescription. They place great emphasis on the city: modernist women write about
urban places, about their experience within the city (as, for example, in Mrs Dalloway)
because the city is perceived as offering new possibilities and as an unreal
fragmentation.

MIRIAD, Used by V. Woolf - Modern self is perceived as multiple and fragmented

because there is always an inhenerent part of the self that remais unknown.
Thinker who supported the decolonization struggles after WWII. He became engaged
in the Algerian independence struggle against France. His written works have become
FRANTZ FANON central texts in African thought in great part because of their attention to the roles that
hybridity and creolization can play in forming humanist, anti-colonial cultures.
Particularly, hybridity is seen as a counter-hegemonic opposition to colonial practices.
FREE ASSOCIATION Method introduced into Freud and Breuer’s work for recovering memories.
FREE-TRADE,
“Let them do”. Transactions between private parties are free from government
ANTI-PROTECTION
restrictions, tariffs and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property
OR LAISSEZ FAIRE
rights. They followed Adam Smith’s theories.
POLICIES
German philosopher who proclaimed that 'God is dead' and was the first to
consider human responsibility in a universe without God. Author of Thus Spoke
Zarathustre: A Book for everyone and No One

Search for God is replaced by an epistemological quest for self-knowledge. Divides

experience between rational and aesthetic. Modern society is sick, led by frivolity and
FRIEDRICH
morbidity. Theory of the Superman - new, creative being who transcends religion,
NIETZSCHE
morality and ordinarity society and would satisfy his own, "be what you are" is the
humanity's great goal.

The first philosopher to consider extensively human responsibility and freedom in a

universe without God.

FROM MAN TO MAN,

Two novels which were published until after Schreiner’s death.
UNDINE
G.E. MOORE (1873- His insights into the aesthetic constituted the basis for the formulation of the
1958) aesthetics of the Bloomsbury group.
GAA Gaelic Athletic Association
It was formed in 1893 to revive the Irish language and culture. The philosophy of the
GAELIC LEAGE Gaelic League and the cultural activities of the Irish Literary Revival had an influence
on political groups.
Indian literary theorist, philosopher and professor at Columbia University as founding
member of the school's institute for Comparative Literature and Society. She best
known for her contemporary cultural and critical theories to challenge the "legacy of
GAYATRI SPIVAK
colonialism" and the way readers engage with literature and culture. She often focuses
on the cultural texts of those who are marginalised by dominant western culture: the
new immigrant, the working class, women, and other positions of the subaltern.
 Among the main characteristics to be found in the writings produced by women in this
period, one of them refers to subjectivity and gender identity

In "A Room of One's Own", Virginia Woolf covered the subject of women and fiction.
Woolf analyses topics such as the contrast between male and female writing, university
GENDER colleges and the banning of women from public spaces; the effect of poverty on the
writing of fiction, or anger in men and its effect on artistic production; the obvious but
previously unstudied women's exclusion from history in contrast with the obsessive
presence of women in fiction written by men. The story of Judith Shakespeare also
allows the writer to ponder about the relationship between gender and genius.

A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive

style, form, or content.

Woolf’s essays are not devoid of the experimental quality of her novels. It could
be said that she took Montaigne literally when he coined the term for the genre that he
GENRE
initiated, essay, to try. Certainly this quality is found in A Room of One’s Own and it may
be the reason why it is often mistaken for a work of fiction. In this work, she suggests
that the genres are gendered and that the novel is young enough as to allow the voices
of women to be inscribed in it.

Concept very important for Victorians. It referred to men whose word was their bond
GENTLEMAN
and who were chivalrous towards those weaker than themselves, particularly women.
GEORGE BERNARD
Authors who lent him money and recommended him to publishers and critics in order
SHAW, JOHN
to help him.
GALSWORTH
It usually means the reign of King George V (1910-1936).

The poetry of the early century of this period includes writers like Walter de la Mare
and Rupert Brooke. It was often effusive and delicate with a limpid, rhapsodic quality
and enwrapped in what is still thought of as characteristically poetic diction. The
GEORGIAN PERIOD modernist poets, especially Ezra Pound, reacted against this style, replacing the
mellifluous Georgian diction with a rougher stronger and more varied manner.
Five anthologies entitle Georgian Poetry, were issued in this period (between 1912 and
1922), edited by Edward Marsh and published by Harold Monro. It included the poems
of Brooke, de la Mare, John Mansfield, Edmund Blunden, Siegfried Sassoon, D.H.
Lawrence and Robert Graves. The last two would not be considered typically Georgian.
It consists of a complacent and meditative lyrical vision of certain aspects of life and
nature. It was interested in expressing everyday life experience and looking at the
world with fresh eyes. C.K. Stead has commented that Wilfred Owen represents the
prototypical of this movement poetry in his “attempt to come to terms with
immediate experience, sensuous or imaginative, in a language close to common
speech”. The time-span constituting the period when Georgian poetry was at its most
productive, around 1912 to 1930, bears witness to the First World War and its
aftermath. As a result of the literary examination of the War provided by many
Georgian poets, some are now better known as ‘The War Poets’. The neo-Romantic
GEORGIAN POETRY poetry of the Georgians was one of the losses of the War as it changed for many,
particularly for those who fought in it, their attitude towards poetry.

A variety of lyrical poetry produced in the early 20th century by an assortment of

British poets, including Lascelles Abercrombie, Hilaire Belloc, Edmund Charles
Blunden, Rupert Brooke, William Henry Davies, Ralph Hodgson, John Drinkwater,
James Elroy Flecker, Wilfred Wilson Gibson, Robert Graves, Walter de la Mare, Harold
Monro (editor of The Poetry Review), Siegfried Sassoon, Sir J.C. Squire, and Edward
Thomas. It consists of a complacent and meditative lyrical vision of certain aspects of
life and nature
 Poets interested in expressing everyday life experience and looking at the world with
fresh eyes, paid tribute to the still living Thomas Hardy; they were inspired by the
Romantics, Wordsworth in particular, and had strong roots in Victorians. It consists of
a complacent and meditative lyrical vision of certain aspects of life and nature. Their
poetry was paramount in the construction of an 'Englishness', white, rural and in many
ways romantic, that pervaded the perception of England for most of the 20th century.
GEORGIAN POETS OR
They were, by the strictest definition, those whose works appeared in a series of
THE GEORGIAN
five anthologies named Georgian Poetry, published by Harold Monro and edited
by Edward Marsh. They were mainly blamed for their traditionalism (imitation
of their forefathers), for being escapists (attempting to escape from urban and
industrial life) and for cultivating false simplicity.

Name of the Generation of poets proclaimed by Edward Marsh as the new poetic
movement of the period between, approximately, 1912 to 1930.
A younger generation of writers than the Edwardian realists whose main trait was
GEORGIAN WRITERS experimentation. They were also tagged symbolist by Virginia Woolf and included D.H.
Lawrence, James Joyce, Lytton Strachey, E.M. Foster and T.S. Eliot
GERTRUDE MOREL Mother in Sons and Lovers by DH Lawrence
In D.H Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers, two linked characters that can be
GERTRUDE AND
considered to embody a series of oppositions: middle class versus working class,
WALTER MOREL
intellect versus force, reflection versus instinct (**)
GODBOLE Hindu teacher. He represents Hinduism.
It offers, equally, a form of literary escapism from social disillusion and the idea of
literature as entertainment, the latter still prevails and is perhaps better understood in
twenty-first-century terms as the Hollywood film industry, from which we mostly
GOTHIC NOVEL
expect little more than a thrill. It and Romantics in general, legitimized the individual
as the subject of literature -it could be said to pre-empt psychoanalysis- and pushed
the boundaries of the novelistic form. It would not last long into the 19th century
Act passed by the British Parliament transferring political power from the East
GOVERNMENT OF India Company to the Crown. It established the bureaucratic colonial system in
INDIA ACT (1858) India headed by the council of India consisting initially of fifteen British
politicians.
Two female characters (two young girls) in Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of
GWENDOLEN FAIRFAX
Being Earnest, representing urbane sophistication and (seemingly) naive
AND CECILY CARDEW
forwardness.
H.G. WEILLS, HENRY
HAMES STEPHEN
CRANE (AMERICAN Literary icons who became Conrad’s friends between 1898 and 1902.
JOURNALIST), FORD
MADOX FORD:
H.H. ASQUITH Liberal Prime Minister from 1908 to 1916. He was replaced by David Lloyd George.
British-American explorer, famous for his rescue of the Scottish missionary and
explorer David Livingstone and for his discoveries and development in the Congo
region. He was knighted in 1899. He inspired Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.
H.M STANLEY
His account of death and destruction in Africa, particularly in the Congo region, which
he also explored and his detailed descriptions of atrocities infringed upon the natives
have been considered an inspiration to Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.
Ship on which Darwin, as a naturalist, went on a scientific expedition to survey the
H.M.S. BEAGLE South American Seas (1931-36). He visited places such as Tenerife, Brazil, Buenos
Aires, Chile, The Galapagos Islands, Tahiti and New Zealand.
Famous sexologist and friend of Olive Shreiner, shared the same views on sexuality,
HAVELOCK ELLIS free love, marriage, emancipation of women, sexual equality and birth control, writing
letters each other for 36 years (They had a relationship).
 Proto-modern novel by Joseph Conrad: it his finest exploration of evil and otherness
and linked to the theme of imperialism and imperial attitudes. Like other of his works,
it is highly autobiographical. He used his journal and the notes he took when working
in the Congo. He was inspired by explorers such as H.M. Stanley.

“The NELLIE, a cruisingswung to her anchor without a flutter of the sails, and
was at rest. The flood had made, the wind was nearly calm, and being bound
down the river, the only thing for it was to come to and wait for the turn of the
HEART OF DARKNESS
tide“
(1899)
“And indeed nothing is easier for a man who has, as the phrase goes, ‘followed
the sea’ with reverence and affection, that to evoke the great spirit of the past
upon the lower reaches of the Thames”

“The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those
who have a different complexion or who have slightly flatter noses than
ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much”
HELENA WRIGHT She wrote a manual on sexology: The Sex Factor in Marriage (1930).
HENRI BERGSON
French philosopher. He discusses the mind’s particular understanding of time.
(1859-1941)
HENRY MAINE, JOHN
MCLENNAN, HERBERT Social science and anthropological discourses emerging from Darwinism which
SPENCER, LEWS defended that patriarchy and its organization of social structures and gender roles
HERNY MORGAN, were historically and evolutionarily justified by means of re-examining the idea of
JOHN LUBBOCK AND timeless role of women in society.
J.J BACHOFEN
The advent of an unsophisticated reading public led to the division of literature into
two types of art. The culture of an elite such as the aristocracy or intelligentsia and the
demands of much of the new unsophisticated readership.

The popularized image of the ‘white man’s burden’ that the Empire created became the
HIGH AND LOW ART epitome of the Victorian adventurer. Sometimes it involved trivialities, like Harry
Johnston’s insistence on dressing for dinner in the jungle, but the concept of a
‘gentleman’, whose word was his bond and who was chivalrous to those weaker than
himself, especially towards women, was a very meaningful one to many Victorians. A
new sense of racial superiority had emerged, of which the Europeans’ perception that
they had the right to do what they liked with Africa was only one manifestation

Male writers approached literary modernism in the belief that art should convey a
'transcendent' reality that lay outside particular social and ideological systems. As a
matter of fact this view on modernism produced an exclusive and discriminatory form
of writing that accentuated the dichotomy high art/low art. Forms of writing outside
modernist aesthetics were considered as low art; consequently, the so-called popular
fiction which, not surprisingly, was being produced by a considerable number of
women writers, was undervalued and catalogued as a product to be consumed by the
HIGH ART
masses. However, if women writers approached modernism differently from the way
men did they did not escape the elitism attributed to their male counterparts. Virginia
Woolf’s novels, H.D.’s (Hilda Doolittle) sequence Pilgrimage participate of the
modernist aesthetics (self-reflexiveness, ambiguity, fragmentation of form, among
other) and produced difficult literary works that could hardly be seen as popular
pieces of writing. Katherine Mansfield in particular; and women writers of the period
at large, aligns herself both with high art and with mass culture.

Henry Fielding´s 1749 novel used as a reference, by Jack Worthing, one of the
main character of “The importance of being Earnest”, to the audiences familiarity with
HISTORY OF TOM
comedy of manners (social habits and customs). The picaresque Jack says he was
JONES, A FOUNDLING
“found” (this is the reference to Henry Fielding´s novel) and is confirmed later on in
the play by Lady Bracknell who wonders whether Jack will be “another Tom”.
 Printing press by V Woolf and her husband Leonard, named after their house. First
publicantion was theirs after 1921 published Woofl novels as well as other authors,
until 1932.
HOGARTH PRESS
The printing press Virginia and Leonard Woolf founded and served as a
publishing venue for experimental writing by Modernist authors (**)
Referred to life in Britain during the First World War. Civilian sector of a nation at war
when its armed forces are in combat abroad.

As the civilian population in a country which is at war. It takes care of the running of
the country and provides supports the military front by providing the warfare
HOME FRONT
materials (weapons, gas masks and so on) required.

A phrase used to refer both to Britain during World War I , and to the support
movement to the cause and the troops, both moral and logistic, from the people
who did not fight the war
HOME RULE Constitutional movement towards a national All-Ireland Parliament
HOME RULE BILL Bill which would allow for an Irish Parliament.
Roman lyric poet who was recurrent in the war literature during the First World
War. “Dulce et Decorum est pro patria mori” is a dictum by him that is subverted
by Wilfred Owen.
HORACE
The classical author whose dictum inspired IWW poets who were critical with a
feeling of heroism in War.
July 26th 1914. It intended to redress the balance by providing arms to the Irish
Volunteers, as a response to the Larne Gun-Running in arming the ulster volunteers.
HOWTH AND GUN-
The aims consignment was not large but the event was responsible for the further
RUNNING
spread of Irish militant nationalism and there was a corresponding increase in the
number of recruits joining the Volunteers.
Poem written by Ezra Pound. (1920): It has been taken as paradigmatic of the
HUGH SELWYN literature produced as a reaction to the Great War. Pound provides and intelligent and
MAUBERLEY clear outline of what the Great War meant for those who directly experienced it. The
waste of lives on the battlefield was neither sweet nor decorous.
Method used to treat hysteria allowing patients to disclose their memories. It was
HYPNOSIS
initially used by Freud and Breuer, based on Jean Charcot’s studies.
Defined by Pound as an intellectual and emotional complex. The most readily available
IMAGE
tool to transmit the moment of being or epiphany.
A system in which a country rules other countries, sometimes having used force to get
power over them (Cambridge).

A political concept that implies power and cultural domination which Heart of
Darkness and Passage to India criticize in relation to England.

The policy, practice or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation
especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the
political or economic control of other areas. Broadly speaking, it is the extension or
imposition of power, authority or influence. This term was first associated with the
IMPERIALISM
Roman Empire. In English was not commonly used until the 19th century. It has an
expansionist connotation

It is worthwhile mentioning at this point Rudyard Kipling’s poem, ‘The White Man’s
Burden’ (Kipling, 1895). Published in McClure’s Magazine in February 1899, the poem
appeared at a critical moment in the debate about imperialism. Although Kipling’s text
mixed exhortation to empire with sober warnings of the costs involved, imperialists
appropriated the phrase ‘white man’s burden’ as an euphemism for imperialism, one
that seemed to justify the policy as a noble enterprise. Anti-imperialists quickly
responded with parodies of the poem. The poem was not quickly forgotten
 IMPERSONALITY / Either of the two theoretical concepts championed by T.S Eliot in his early work
THE “OBJECTIVE as a critic; his ideal was for artists to avoid directly expressing individual
CORRELATIVE” feelings, emotions and experiences
Poem published in Punch Magazine in 1915 and written by Canadian poet John
McCrae. It reflects the patriotic feelings during the early days of the war. To this
“IN FLANDERS day, the red poppy is the symbol of Remembrance Day.
FIELDS”
Title of the poem by John McCrae about the Great War that originated the symbol
of the red poppy for Remembrance Day (***)
A comic technique employed by Wilde where exists a great distance between what the
INCONGRUITY
audience expects to happen and what actually happens
INCONGRUITY,
TIMING, FLIPPANT
WIT, PUNS, SATIRE, Comic techniques used by Wilde in “The importance of being Earnest”
APHORISMS, PARODY
AND THE ABSURD
Series of reforms enacted in 1909 by the British Parliament, the main component of
INDIAN COUNCILS
which introduced the elective principle to membership in the imperial and legislative
ACT (1909)
councils in India.
INDIAN
Act passed by the Parliament, ordering the separation of India and Pakistan and
INDEPENDENCE ACT
granting both nations their sovereignty.
(1947)
INDIAN NATIONAL Political Indian party which met first around 1885. Indian nationalism began to take
CONGRESS shape.
A consequence of the technological innovations in the production of textiles, iron and
coal in the 18th and 19th centuries, a previous agricultural revolution in Britain, capable
of feeding a larger population, creating a greater demand for manufactured goods and
innovation in transport which helped to spread economic development to more
INDUSTRIAL
remote regions. The need for raw materials leading to colonial expansion is one of its
REVOLUTION
consequences.

It refers to the transition of an agrarian economy to a machine-based and

manufacturing economy.
An unfair situation in which some people have more rights or better opportunities
INEQUALITY
than other people
A collection of essays dealing with the self-explanatory Art for Art´s Sake written in the
INTENTIONS
form of dialogues between a new Plato and his young disciples. 1891.
In dramatic and nondramatic fiction, narrative technique that exhibits the thoughts
passing through the minds of the protagonists. These ideas may be either loosely
related impressions approaching free association or more rationally structured
sequences of thought and emotion.

The literary strategy that attempts to deliver the characters’ stream of

consciousness. The unconscious working of the human mind would find a most useful
INTERIOR
recreating tool in the interior monologue, which attempted a reconstruction of the
MONOLOGUE
otherwise non-recordable psyche. Interior monologue quotes the character’s
thoughts (not necessarily with quotation marks) (NAL). Woolf wanted the reader to
enter people's consciousnesses so that the reader might get a sense of what madness
feels like: the unrelated thoughts are very much like the unrelated thoughts 'normal'
people think all the time, so remarking the fact that the dividing line between madness
and normality is quite fine. The technique receives many names and there are different
variations, such as stream of consciousness and interior monologue
INTRIGUE A secret plan to do something, especially something that will harm another person.
IRB (IRISH
Secret oath-bound fraternal organization dedicated to the establishment of an
REPUBLICAN
independent democratic republic in Ireland between 1859 and 1924.
BROTHERHOOD)
 Name of Ireland after the Treaty. It would have the status of domain. It became a reality
IRISH FREE STATE
on November 6th 1923.
Found by Yeats, Lady Gregory and Edward Martyn in in 1898 to use theatre to
IRISH LITERARY
spread the ideals of the Irish literary revival. As they had no venue for its
THEATRE
productions, set up the ABBEY THEATRE in 1904.
IRISH NATIONAL
It aimed at honouring Irish culture
LITERARY SOCIETY
Debate and fight about Ireland's eventual independence from the United Kingdom,
started at the beginning of the XIX century, after the 1800 Act of Union. Authors like
Yeats or Lady Gregory lead a literary revival, which estimulated a national
consciuosness.
IRISH QUESTION
Debate on whether or not the Irish should be allowed to rule themselves.
Discussion on whether Ireland was an ‘internal colonized zone’ bean to emphasize its
economic inequality and its cultural differences with England. Ireland declare itself
independent in 1919.
IRISH REPUBLICAN
The Volunteers’ new name from August 1919.
ARMY (IRA)
IRISH WAR OF Anglo-Irish conflict when the Dublin's Mansion House was established since the British
INDEPENDENCE Government refused to recognize it.
Background for two of his early novels: Where the Angels Fear to Tread (1905) and
ITALY The Longest Journey (1907). These novels established his conviction that men and
women should keep in contact with nature to cultivate their imaginations.
JACOB'S ROOM 1922 First experimental novel by V Woolf ironic tribute to his brother
Amritsar’s public park, where three hundred and seventy-nine unarmed Indians were
JALLIANWALA BAHG
massacred in 1919.
Founder of the Irish Socialist Republican Society (1899) and later on a newspaper:
JAMES CONNOLLY
“The Worker’s Republic”. Afterwards he founded the Socialist labour Party (1902). He
(1868-1916)
set up the Irish Citizen Army to protect the strikers in Dublin in November 1913.
Author of The Golden Bough, a hugely extensive anthropological work published in 12
JAMES FRAZER volumes between 1890 and 1915, where charts the connections between pagan rites
(myths) and Christian religion, influencing authors of the time as TS Eliot.
British Classicist and social anthropologist who contributed to the matriarchal
discourse initiated by Johann Bachofen. The power structures are exposed in Greek
myths, the ancient cult to the female figure has been replaced by the patriarchal figure,
patriarchal mythology was the tool to impose patriarchal structures. She also offers
alternative concepts of gendered subjectivity.
JANE ELLEN
HARRISON (1850- British woman Classicist and social anthropologist who contributed to the
1928) matriarchal discourse initiated by Johann Bachofen in the 1860s

Famous British Classicist and social anthropologist who wrote influential works on
the shift from matriarchy to patriarchy in Asia Minor and Greece, and contributed to
the matriarchal discourse initiated aby Bachofen in the 1860s. She places emphasis on
the shift from matriarchy to patriarchy.
: Joseph Conrad’s wife. She was seventeen years younger than him. They got married in
JESSIE GEORGE
1894.
She was a writer of children's books and a poet. She was writing her war poems with
JESSIE POPE strong patriotic overtones from the home front and they were being published in the
newspapers
JESSIE POPE AND
Provide the names of the poets who wrote ‘War girls’ and ‘The Picnic’
ROSE MACAULAY
Nicknamed ‘Lord Jim’ by his fellow sailors. He became the model for Lord Jim’s main
JIM LINGARD
character.
 JOHN REDMON He revitalized the Irish party in 1900
JOSEPH BREUER
Psychologist with whom Freud cooperated on cases of hysteria.
(1842-1905)
JÓZEF TEODOR
KONRAD NALĘCZ Complete name of Joseph Conrad, author of Heart of Darkness. He was born in
KORZENIOWSKI Berdichief, the polish ukraine
(1857-1924)
Fictional character created by V. Woolf, to make a comparison of a genius limited by the
fact of being a woman, excluded of artistic life fulfillment.
JUDITH
SHAKESPEARE
Name of the Woolf's female heroine who kills herself trapped by the confines of
the expectations of women and unable to carry out her artistic genius
In 1925, she opened the Freud-Jones debate. She argued that masculine narcissism
KAREN HORNEY
was responsible of the assumption that the female feels her genital to be inferior.
KAREN HORNEY, Freud’s feminist colleagues. They do not deny the value of psychoanalytical theory, but
HELENE DEUTSCH they challenged Freud’s characterization of femininity.
KIEV Town to which the family was sent because of Conrad’s mother‘s health
KING’S COLLEGE, Where Forster expanded his intellectual interests. It gave him his first exposure to
CAMBRIDGE Mediterranean culture.
KRAKOV City where Joseph Conrad settled with his father after his mother’s death in 1865
Entering his analysis in the dynamic forces of modern East Asian history, Kuan-Hsing
Chen recasts cultural studies as a politically urgent global endeavor. He argues that the
intellectual and subjective work of decolonization begun across East Asia after the
Second World War was stalled by the cold war. At the same time, the work of
deimperialization became impossible to imagine in imperial centers such as Japan and
KUAN-HSING CHE: the United States. Chen contends that it is now necessary to resume those tasks, and
that decolonization, deimperialization, and an intellectual undoing of the cold war
must proceed simultaneously. Combining postcolonial studies, globalization studies,
and the emerging field of “Asian studies in Asia,” he insists that those on both sides of
the imperial divide must assess the conduct, motives, and consequences of imperial
histories.
Character of Heart of Darkness. He symbolizes the discrepancy between the ideals and
the reality of colonial exploitation. He is a self-tortured corrupted idealist. He seems to
be the person one longs to meet, but he does not seem to be very appealing. He can be
a source of enlightenment even though he is capable of dreadful deeds. He stands as a
symbolic figure of the discovery of the real self that comes out only when one is
KURTZ
pushed to the limit

Please provide the name of the character in Joseph Conrad’s novel studied in the
course who stands as a symbolic figure of the discovery of the real self that
comes out when one is pushed to the limit
A memorable female character in Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being
LADY BRACKNELL
Earnest; she is the type of an aristocratic English Lady
Lawrence's most controversial novel, and perhaps the first serious work of literature
LADY CHATTERLEY'S to explore hum sexuality in explicit detail. It was banned for over thirty years in
LOVER England and in America. The novel tries to offer a solution to the burdens and
constrictions of modern life.
A modern drawing-room play with pink lampshades representative of Wilde's witty,
epigrammatic style, insolent ease of utterance and suave urbanity. A combination of
LADY WINDERMERE'S polished social drama and coruscating witty dialogue Wilde had on the London stage
FAN (1892) for the first time. This kind of combination was repeated in 1895 in the two hits he had
simultaneously on the London stage, “An Ideal Husband” And “The Importance Of
Being Earnest”.
Economical policy based in Adam Smith's liberal theories of free trade, and anti-
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
protectionism. "Consumption is the sole end and purpose of production"
LAMARCK, GOETHE,
Their scientific observations pointed out the possibility that the morphology of
ERASMUS DAWIN
animals and plants was the result of past changes in the environments in which they
(DARWIN’S
had developed leading to mutations or spontaneous transformations.
GRANDFATHER)
It became the most important feature in literature rather than the story. It is felt to be
ambiguous and flexible. Modern writing constantly plays with the suspicion that
language can never be fixed and meaning is always referred. It stops being a
transparent, reliable tool and becomes an issue. It is mutable, ambiguous and unfixed
in meaning. The suspicion that language cannot be trusted in the search for truth and
LANGUAGE knowledge led many writers to incorporate language itself into their writings, to
explore language and to analyse its implication in the subjectivity of the individual.

What element in Modernist literature stops being a reliable and

transparent tool and becomes an issue in itself becoming ambiguous and
unfixed?
LANGUE According to Saussure, language as a particular structural system.
LAWRENCE'S PSYCHIC It is Lawrence's literary ideal to be pursued, not material realism. It means an
IDEAL inner, intangible, relaxed but strong integrity and unity
LEOPOLD II, KING OF He was one of the biggest landwoners of the Congo. His interest in the Congo was in
BELGIUM (1835- exploiting its riches and making a fortune out of it. He was responsible for atrocities
1909) committed to under his rule against his colonial subjects.
Political party that held power from 1830 to 1886. Between 1868 and 1874, Gladstone
LIBERALS
was the Prime Minister. They held power again between 1880 and 1886.
Schreiner’s short story. The female protagonist renounces the gift of love in favour of
LIFE’S GIFTS
the gift of freedom.
The poets, dramatists, and novelists of the Georgian period adopted Pound's slogan
"Make it new!" - not "Make new art" - but a cry to rebel against Victorian convention, to
LITERARY CHANGES despise the middle class reading public, to make art more deliberately obscure, and to
discriminate between highbrow (hard, difficult, obscure) writing and lowbrow (easily
accessible, appealing to popular taste) writing.
Cultural renaissance which took place in Ireland around the turn of the century, led by
a group of Anglo Irish writers, e.g. W.B. Yeats, Lady Augusta Gregory and J.M Synge.
Their writings were based on the awareness of Irish Nationalism, myth and legend. It
LITERARY REVIVAL
was responsible for the production of an exceptionally strong body of work which not
only stimulated Irish nationalism, but also gave Ireland a place on the international
stage.
Philosophical movement that rejects all transcendental metaphysics, statements of fact
LOGICAL POSITIVSM
being held to be meaningful only if they have verifiable consequences in experience
OR
and in statements of logic, mathematics, or philosophy, with such statements of fact
LOCAL EMPIRICISM
deriving their validity from the rules of language.
Conrad's novel in which he recounted his hospitalization in Singapore as a
LORD JIM consequence of an accident because a mast collapsed. The title was inspired by a man
Conrad met four years later aboard on the Vidar.
LORD KITCHENER Secretary of War, a greatly respected figure. He called for volunteers.
The so-called popular fiction which, not surprisingly, was being produced by a
considerable number of women writers, was undervalued and catalogued as a product
LOW ART to be consumed by the masses. However, if women writers approached modernism
differently from the way men did they did not escape the elitism attributed to their
male counterparts.
 Philosopher of language. He thought that human reasoning was not so much an
engagement with reality and truth as a language game. He wrote Tractatus Logico-
Philosophicus (1922). He shared his dissatisfaction with the imperfection of language
with the imperfection of languages with Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) and the Vienna
Circle.
LUDWIG
According to him, language has limitations marked the logical rules governing the
WITTGENSTEIN
combination of signs. There is a distinction between what can be said with coherence
(1889-1951)
and what cannot. Human knowledge and experience are constrained by language. For
him language is not a mere system of representation of the world and our knowledge
of it, but a social and communicative reality. His work influenced the logical
positivism and philosophy of science of the Vienna Circle. His work influenced
Bertrand Russell and G.E. Moore.
The 1851 Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in London served to display the
progress of a nation that had achieved a leading role in the international sphere.
Crystal Palace became the temple of the machine where to find breathtaking works of
engineering, the most amazing technical discoveries, the wonders of industrial
enterprise, and the most innovative works of art that were meant to show that
MACHINE Romanticism had been overcome.

Gerald Crich (in Women in Love) represents the epitome of the industrial tycoon who
glorifies it, and the it rails him like a god. His strength is mechanical, lacking the
emotional depth necessary for genuine human relationships. Thus, his death
symbolises the suicidal path that the modern mechanical man is following.
MAHAMAS
KARMACHAND Hindi lawyer who became a distinguished voice in Indian politics.
GANDHI
Ezra Pound’s expression which summarizes the need for change felt in the period. The
MAKE IT NEW modernist age was a reaction against the Victorian period. The modernists wanted a
refresh and to make everything new.
In Dublin. Place where Sinn Féinn established an independent which the British
MANSION HOUSE
Government refused to recognize.
Mysterious places here the 'muddle' that forms much of the turning point of the novel
"Passage to India" takes place.

Caves in which Mrs Moore and Miss Quesqued listen to the “Echo”in “Passage to
MARABAR CAVES
India”

The place where the main event of misunderstanding and mysticism takes place
in Passage to India and from which the rest of the novel will evolve (***)
Name of the character who tells his experience in the Congo. He seems to follow the
MARLOW argument for the need of superior civilized peoples to colonise those who are less
developed and defines civilization and progress as the taming of darkness.
MARSAILLE French port where he signed on different ships for two years.
He was mainly concerned with ontology (the study of being). He emphasized language
as the vehicle through which the question of being could be explored. He was
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
interested in poetry. He has influenced existentialism (Sartre, Ortega y Gassett) and
(1889-1976)
post-structuralism (Derrida) among other currents. He has a great impact in literature
from the second half of the 20th century to the present day.
MARTINIQUE AND
Voyage on which Conrad had first contact with the British Empire
INDIA
The political, economic, and his social theories including the belief that the struggle
MARXISM between social classes is a major force in history and that there should eventually be a
society in which there are no classes.
The narrator's aunt, whose legacy of five hundred pounds a year secures her niece's
MARY BETON financial independence. It is also one of the names Woolf assigns to her narrator,
whose identity, she says, is irrelevant.)
 Woolf starts challenging a monolithic notion of identity precisely by posing, right from
the beginning of her essay, the question of the possibility of an ‘unknown’ ‘I’. The
statement of the existence of this ‘unknown’ ‘I’ is given within a textual context in
which ‘I’ seems obsessively present. This technique works in two ways. First, it
prepares the reader to be able to sense the claustrophobic presence of the ‘I’ whose
MARY BETON, MARY shadow impedes growth. Second, it marks the textual tension emerging when the
SETON, MARY traditional texture of essay writing is about to be torn apart, by Woolf’s introducing a
CARMICHAEL fictional account into the text. «Here then was I (call me Mary Beton, Mary Seton, Mary
Carmichael or by any name you please –it is not a matter of importance)» By
diminishing the importance of the name of the narrator 'I', Woolf is minimising the
importance of an authoritarian voice in the text. Yet, at the same time, she insists upon
a name, 'Mary Beton, Mary Seton, Mary Carmichael' resolved by the end of the essay
into «Mary Beton»
A fictitious novelist, contemporary with the narrator of Woolf's essay. In her first novel,
MARY CARMICHAEL she has "broken the sentence, broken the sequence" and forever changed the course of
women's writing.
MARY SETON Student at Fernham College and friend of the narrator.
She wrote "Married Love" (1918) and "Wise Parenthood". She wrote manuals on
sexology. Sexual ecstasy had to be restricted to marital union. She was controversial
because of her explicit approach to the anatomy of sexual relations and her frank
MARY STOPES
advocacy of the practice of birth control. She was the first female member of the
science faculty at the university of Manchester. She became a success and wrote more
books and edited the journal Birth Control
Name at least one of the conventions of the 19th century fiction that D.H.
MATERIAL REALISM
Lawrence challenged in this innovative work
The speaker of Ezra Pound’s ‘Hugh Selwyn Mauberley’. It can be seen as Pound’s
poetic voice, revealing the reasons why he fails to elevate poetry by describing his
efforts to write a poem that his society will find as beautiful as he finds classical works.
MAUBERLEY
IN trying to resuscitate the dead art of poetry, he is confronted with the absolute
ugliness of the Great War, and he negates Horace’s heroic attributes of dying for one’s
country “‘non dulce’ non ‘et decor’.”
Novel written around 1914 and with an overt homosexual theme. It was published one
MAURICE (1971)
year after Forster’s death.
Irish politician and revolutionary. He set up a provisional government to oversee the
MICHAEL COLLINS
handing over of Ireland to the Irish. The formal transfer took place on January 16th
(1890-1922)
1922.
What is the communal profession the main character in Sons and Lovers is
MINING (INDUSTRY)
surrounded by his childhood?
The name of one of the female characters in the novel Sons and Lovers. She is described
as a “romantic heroine” and symbolises the spiritual aspect of love in the complexity of
the relationships experienced by Paul Morel. This character is based in Lawrence’s real
own young love, Jessie Chambers, who also contributed in some passages of the novel.
MIRIAM LEIVERS
In D.H Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers, a character about whom the narrator
(through Paul's perspective) says: She had borne so long the cruelty of belonging
to him [Paul] and not being claimed by him” (*)

MIRIAM LEIVERS AND The names of the two women lovers that influence spiritually and phisically Paul
CLARA DAWES Morel in Sons and Lovers by DH Lawrence (**)
MIRIAM LEIVERS / Who does Paul meet that introuces him to the family members and the life in the
MRS. LEIVERS Leiver's farm?
 Documents relating to the original of Miriam, proving that Jessie Chambers
helped to create the character of Miriam Leivers and her involvement in the
creation of Sons and Lovers
There are documents proving that some passages of the novel (“Sons and Lovers”)
MIRIAM PAPERS were written in Jessie Chambers’ own handwriting (they appear in the final work
much expanded by Lawrence) and some comments by Jessie on Lawrence's own work.
These are known as the 'Miriam Papers'. Jessie Chambers contributed many specific
details, since the novel was so closely based on their own difficult, intimate
relationship
A Passage to India explores these that were created by the different cultural
background of the protagonists. They are the ultimate reason for lack of
communication between cultures

Failure to understand or interpret correctly.

MISUNDERSTANDING A Passage to India addresses complex questions about human relations. The tragedy of
the novel lies in the breakdown of communication both between races and between
individuals. The book is divided into three main sections entitled ‘Mosque’, ‘Caves’ and
‘Temple’ in that order, which might correspond to the three seasons of the Indian year
and stand as a symbol of how individual relationships are weathered by a lack of
communication.

The modern period in literature is considered to run from the 16th century onwards.
This word, according to the Oxford English Dictionary stems from the Latin modo
which means "just now", and the most immediate definition provided reads: "Of or
pertaining to the present and recent times as opposed to the remote past". For
instance, in the 15th century, modo, or better still modernus, referred to the Christian
present as opposed to the Roman past.

Referring to the ‘modern era’ in relation to the Victorian past works as a means to
involve the reader in the period rather than her/his looking at it from a distance. In
MODERN
any case, it is always risky to refer under a single heading to the period covered in this
course: the fin de siècle, the Edwardian period and the Georgian period. Notice that this
textbook does not deal solely with Modernism (a term that has itself been and still is
subject of debate) as this word may imply, but it also explores other forms of writing
and avant-garde movements present on the artistic scene between the 1880s and the
Second World War

There was also a drastic movement from an economy based on land ownership to what
we now know as a modern urban economy, based on trade and on manufacturing.
MODERN ERA/
Period in literature considered to run from the 16th century onwards.
PERIOD
Ii explores other forms of writing and avant-garde movements in the artistic scene
between the 1880s and IIWW.
Movement that entailed a whole new concep of experience, and it subsequently
reshaped moral values and codes of conduct. Women writers of the period challenged
MODERNISM the claim of impersonality defended by the male writers, turned to personal
experience, and in their writings they made a journey in search of a self that, as we
shall see, was perceived as multiple and fragmented. Mrs Dalloway, To the Lighthouse
and The Waves are generally considered to be Woolf's greatest contribution to this
movement.
 The critical age of revision and desperate search for certainties and referents is
what we broadly call Modernism. Diverse precise dates have been provided over the
years to locate its exact birth, such as the opening of the London Post-Impressionist
Exhibition in 1910 or the beginning of the First World War in 1914

This maintained its avant-garde position by defining itself mass culture and hence
against traditional forms of female writing and reading such as the popular romance.
Yet it posed a problem for the woman writer of the period, who saw herself from
between a form of art whose very novelty opened up an arena where the woman
writer might be able to find her own voice, on the one hand, and the rejection of mass
MODERNISM culture (and, by implication, of the feminine) on the other. Women modernists tried to
incorporate into their writing what they felt constituted their femininity. In this sense,
women writers of the period challenged the claim of impersonality defended by the
male writers, turned to personal experience, and in their writings they made a journey
in search of a self that, as we shall see, was perceived as multiple and fragmented.

Mrs Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and The Waves are generally considered to be
Woolf’s greatest contribution to it. In Mrs Dalloway are found all of the features of
Modernism: the use of stream of consciousness techniques, fluid characterisations and
explorations of subjectivity, as well as the depiction of aspects of modernity: the
centrality of the city as metropolis and an uneasy awareness of 'historically.’
Moment in which the individual reaches the sublime point of recognition of an
emotion. The image is defined by Pound as "an intellectual and emotional complex".
MOMENT OF BEING
Poetry is used by many authors to provide the image a particular emotion.
(WOOLF) / EPIPHANY
(JOYCE)
For Woolf, the infinite instance of time in which matter is transformed into energy, i.e.
the moment in which the individual reaches the sublime point of recognition.
MOSQUE, CAVES, The three sections in which Passage to India is divided that symbolize 3 spiritual
TEMPLE and cultural approaches to the knowledge of India (**)
Essay by Virginia Woolf. She considered Forster, alongside with Joyce and Lawrence as
MR BENNETT AND
those writers who were reacting against the novel, as it had been understood by the
MRS BROWN (1923)
Edwardians.
Modernist novel by Virginia Woolf - streem of consciousness full development.

Fragment: “What a lark! What a plunge! For so it had always seemed to her,
MRS DALLOWAY
when, with a little squeak of the hinges, which she could hear now, she had burst
(1925)
open the French windows and plunged at Bourton into the open air. How fresh,
how calm, stiller than this of course, the air was in the early morning; like the
flap of a wave; the kiss of a wave”
MRS DALLOWAY'S
The setting of the crucial final scene/episode in Virginia Woolf's novel Mrs
PARTY (In her London
Dalloway
home)
Magistrate Heasplop's mother. She makes friends with Aziz at the Mosque. She is able
MRS MOORE to grasp the truth of human existence because she becomes a conduct for cultures and
religions. She becomes a kind of a goddess, a provider of truth and knowledge
MUDDLE a labyrinth, a riddle.
Heart of Darkness uses multiple voices that do not intend to give us a finished,
meaningful and coherent account of the facts. The multiple narrator works against the
MULTIPLE process of communication as much it helps it. The complex use of the narratorial voice
NARRATORIAL provides immediacy to the story (the different narrators are first-person narrators)
VOICES and provides the narration with vagueness, mystery and meaninglessness by never
getting to the heart of the matter. The reader is made a participant in the story; despite
they appear to create distance between the narration and the reader.
MYTH It stood out as the ordering power lost by the culture and society.
 This kind of voice detaches the reader from the story, preventing the reader from
identifying too closely with any character in particular, and, more importantly, puts the
NARRATORIAL VOICE
reader on guard not to take everything said or seen for granted, as he/she has been
induced to do with the traditional narrator
Group of Volunteers who joined the British Army in 1914. They hoped that the war
NATIONAL would be over within a few months and Home Rule would be granted on the following
VOLUNTEERS year. The rest of the Volunteers, including the extremists, retained the name of Irish
Volunteers.
Mechanism by which nature chooses the best individuals of each generation. They
NATURAL SELECTION transmit their favourable characteristics to their descendants, according to the laws
governing inheritance. Survival of the fittest
19th century literary movement which supports the belief that life was subject to the
NATURALISM
objective and inexorable forces of nature.
"Sons and Lovers" opens with a description of the setting, but it is really an account of
how civilisation and financial ambition devour ... Throughout the novel unconquered ...
stands for freedom, instinct and purity. It allows passion and communion of the souls,
as when Paul and Clara 'go down' to the river, following their instinct. There, Paul
starts talking in dialect, like his father, very much as a primitive man acting through
NATURE
instinct. Nature involves peace and relaxation, even for Mrs Morel (as in Chapter Two)
whereas industrialisation, on the contrary, means slavery and restraint (as in Chapter
Five). Nature, represented by Willey Farm, links them [Paul and Miriam]: «So it was in
this atmosphere of subtle intimacy, this meeting in their common feelings for
something in nature that their love started».
A statement for a generation caught up between criticism from the previous
generation for being too innovative, on the one hand, and criticism from the following
generation for being unadventurous in theme and style on the other.

In the introduction to the volume Georgian Poetry (1911-12) Edward Marsh,

using terms such as ‘strength’ and ‘beauty’, proclaims that it's, comparable to landmark
poetic movements of the past, was born. It is significant in this sense that the last
NEW POETICS
anthology was published in 1922, the same year as Modernist icons such as T.S. Eliot’s
The Waste Land, James Joyce’s Ulysses or Virginia Woolf’s third novel, Jacob’s Room,
were published. This has provoked different approaches to the poetry produced by the
Georgian poets. Looking at the first half of the twentieth century as a whole, although
there were many interesting innovations, the poetry produced by the members of this
generation did not signify as clear a break with previous generations as did Modernist
poetry.
 Term born in 1894 after many attempts to name the second generation of feminist
women, that implies the questions on the prevailing image of the Victorian woman and
the concepts of feminity.

Term that appeared in 1894 to name second generation of feminist women often
of the middle-upper class and well educated who valued self-fulfillment and
independence and rejected the stereotypically feminine ideal of self-sacrifice
and a life revolving around the home. (*)

Term born in 1894. It refers to middle-upper class women who had profited
from the educational and vocational opportuities won by the pioneer feminists
of the sixties. The enjoyed increased presence in the public arena. The
‘masculinization of the New Woman by the misogynist discourse tried to depict her as
pitiful, unsatisfied and asexual woman

A term used first at the end of the nineteenth century to name middleupper class
women with increased presence in the public arena and known as a second
generation of feminists.

Modern women increased their presence in the public sphere, venturing into jobs,
politics and culture outside the domestic realm. The question of gender roles and the
Woman Question reached different fields of knowledge; biology ad medical science,
concluded along with Darwinism, that the female human was a case of arrested
development Although feminist thought had its origins in the Enlightenment, from the
NEW WOMAN 1890s onwards it entered the public imagination. Cartoons in Punch magazine, for
example, featured powerful and athletic women cycling or playing cricket and bullying
effeminate men at dinner parties, in contrast to the prevailing image of the Victorian
middle-class woman as a fragile figure in need of male protection and uninvolved with
public life. Mainly starting in the second half of the nineteenth century and prompted
by the public rise of the women’s movement, a vortex of discourses focused on
women’s sexuality, on the so-called Woman Question and on those forms of sexual
behaviour that deviated from the norm.

This figure as a social and literary type emerged at the end of the 19th Century, a
time when the economic and social order was rapidly changing. This expression, as it
came to be known in the eighteen nineties, referred to those women who had begun to
be fully aware of the limitations imposed on women on account of their sex.

They were middle-class women who reached higher education, entered the
business world, and claimed economic and social independence as they rejected those
restrictive values and roles traditionally identified with womanhood. In this respect
they consciously involved themselves in activities or attitudes conventionally
understood as masculine, ranging from smoking to sexual freedom. The First World
War accentuated social and economic transformations, when a noteworthy part of the
male population was drafted and their workplaces were taken over by women who
became equal participants in production, consumption and leisure. In short, conscious
choice became a characterizing feature of it, a capacity that female authors would fully
explore in their works between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

It finds expression in the realistic novel, where a reliable narrator can render
NEWTONIAN
observations of a world that responds to consistent empirical laws and which
UNIVERSE
progresses according to a chronological pattern of linear time.
Virginia Woolf’s novel which, as much of the fiction of the turn of the century and
NIGHT AND DAY
interwar used the characteristics of the New Woman as codified signs for providing
(1919)
extra information about strong female characters.
 Belief that traditional values, morals, etc. have no value. This term was coined by
Ivan Turgenev in Fathers and Sons (1862). According to Nietzsche, it is an
ambiguous term. It can refer to:
 Increased power of the spirit, marked by violent destruction (active).
 The power of the spirit would be recessive and in decline implying
futility, resignation and cynism. Both meanings can be observed in the
different approaches to Modernism (pasive).
NIHILISM
Both meanings can be observed in the different approaches of Modernism
towards literature. "We moderns" said Nietzsche in Beyond Good and Evil (1886),
"we half-barbarians. We are in the midst of our bliss when we are more in
danger." Here, he was referring to the duty of the modern individual to create a
future of new values, as endeavour implying an act of destructive genesis and a
total break with the past
NORTH OF ITALY AND Trip in which Conrad decided not to continue his studies and return to Poland. He saw
SWITZERLAND the sea for the first time and decided to become a sailor.
Jane Austen's first novel. Written in 1798, but published in 1817. It is a very good
example of the terminus at which the Gothic novel had arrived, as well as a new point
NORTHANGER ABBEY of departure for the novel in the nineteenth century. She writes a farce of the Gothic
novel by making fun of its literary conventions: a naïve heroine prone to romantic
fantasies, a castle, and a mystery.
Joseph Conrad’s novel dealing with a fictional South American republic. It is a tale of
NOSTROMO (1904)
capitalism and exploitation.
For Conrad, the novel ceases to be a form devoted merely to story-telling, with an
NOVEL escapist end and an entertaining purpose. Like Henry James, Conrad regarded novel
writing as a definite form of art alongside painting or music.
A desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant
sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex, a crucial stage in the normal
OEDIPUS COMPLEX
developmental process. In this theory, Freud perpetuated stereotypes OF masculinity
and femininity.
Name of the liberals. They were the political aristocracy, landlords and members of the
OLD WHIGS
House of Lords.
A writer of South-African origin, associated with socialist, geminist and anti-
colonialist movements in Britain, in the second half of the 20th Century. The
heroines in her novels and short stories can be identified with the type of the
“New Woman” (**)

Woman writer born in South Africa, who studied at London Medical School. She was a
feminist and strong supporter of universal suffrage, and a pacifist who was against the
OLIVE SCHREINER War of the Boers and campaigned against conscription.
(1855-1920)
Born in South Africa, her novel Story of an African Farm (1883) was praised by
feminist who approved of the strong heroine who controls her own destiny.
 Trooper Peter Halkett of Mashonaland (1897) was a strong attack on
imperialism and British racism in South Africa. As pacifist did not suport the
armed rising that led to Boer War.
 Woman and Labour (1911) was an important statement of universal suffrage
and feminism (vote was a weapon).
One that knows everything in the characters and the events in the story. The
OMINISCIENT VOICE omniscient voice of the author can be heard in Conrad’s first publications, e.g.
OF THE AUTHOR Amayer’s Folly (1895), An Outcast of the Island (1896) and the Nigger of the
Narcissus (1897)
A narrator who has full control over the characters, interpreting their motives and
OMNISCIENT
actions, introducing moral judgements, and generally guiding the reader to like or
NARRATOR
dislike particular characters.
ON BAILE’S STRAND Play by W.B. Yeats, performed at the Abbey Theatre.
 ON LIBERTY Work by John Steward Mill expressing the notions of liberty and individualism.
ONE DAY IN JUNE When do the events in Mrs Dalloway take place? (**)
New technique used in the novel particular due to the new perspectives on time.
OPEN-ENDED FINALE Another technique would be an abrupt beginning at any ordinary moment in the life of
a character, e.g. Joyce's Ulysses.
It shows the circularity of the narrative in Heart of Darkness. There is no conclusion to
OPEN-ENDED FINALE the story. It can be repeated again. In Conrad's novel, the circularity is signaled by
Marlow's body position. He is not a provider of knowledge, but he is in search of it.
ORDER OF
COMPANIONS OF Membership awarded to Forster in 1953.
HONOUR
ORDER OF MERIT Prize which Forster received from Queen Elizabeth in 1969
1928 Subversive fictional account inspired by Vita Sackville-West story. It spans 4
centuries of the history. The novel was conceived as a "writer's holiday" from more
structured and demanding novels. Woolf allowed neither time nor gender to constrain
ORLANDO: A her writing. The protagonist, changes gender from man to woman. This pseudo-
BIOGRAPHY biography satirizes more traditional Victorian biographies that emphasize facts and
truth in their subjects' lives. Although the work may have been intended to be a satire
or a holiday, it touches on important issues of gender, self-knowledge, and truth with
Virginia Woolf's signature poetic style.
Author of De Profundis, The Picture of Dorian Gray and the Ballad of Reading
OSCAR WILDE
Gaol:
It refers to the quality or state of being other of different. In Heart of Darkness, the
otherness refers to African vs. European. In a Passage to India, it can refer to the Anglo-
OTHERNESS
Indians as opposed to Indians, and within Indian population, to Muslim Indians as
opposed to Hindis.
Organisation to promote the celtic origins and traditions of Ireland (also in other
territories as Scotland, Wales)
PAN-CELTIC SOCIETY
Organisation to promoting Celtic culture
PAN-CELTIC SOCIETY,
Groups set up to develop their cultural renaissance involving W.B. Yeats, Douglass Hyde
IRSIH NATIONAL
and Maude Gone.
LITERARY SOCIETY
A seemingly contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth.
The fact of really being savages when thinking that we are civilised is carried further in
one of the most overtly autobiographical instances of the novel (Heart of Darkness).

The narratorial perspective of the novel ( ‘Heart of Darkness’ ) shifts constantly. This
constitutes one of Conrad’s most modern features. Far from the understanding,
controlling and knowledge-providing omniscient narrator of traditional novels, the
voices that tell the story do not intend to give us a finished, meaningful and coherent
account of facts. The structure of the novel is made up of multiple narratorial voices. In
an apparent paradox, the multiple narrator works against the process of
PARADOX
communication as much as it helps it.

Marlow’s description of the Roman conquest of the British Isle fits exactly with
what he has found and we are going to find in the Congo. This paradox of really being
savages when thinking that we are civilised is carried further in one of the most overtly
autobiographical instances of the novel (Heart of Darkness). The structure of the novel
is made up of multiple narratorial voices. In an apparent paradox, the multiple
narrator works against the process of communication as much as it helps it. The
characters of Kurtz and Mrs. Moore epitomise the paradoxes and contradictions held
by prevailing attitudes towards the Empire
 A work that uses the conventions of a particular genre with the aim of comically
mocking a topos, a genre or a particular exponent of a genre

The play has often been described as a brilliant satire (satire uses comedy not as an
end in itself but as a weapon to deride) and praised for its use of parody based on
PARODY aphorisms, often to do with marriage (Algernon’s line that ‘Divorces are made in
Heaven’). These aphorisms, also called epigrams, mock our own preconceived ideas
about marriage, which is generally viewed as a sacrosanct institution. The clearest
example of parody occurs when Gwendolen states that the home is “the proper sphere
for the man,” which is of course a reversal of one of the most striking maxims of the
time.
PAROLE According to Saussure, a specific utterance or speech act.
Biologist. He gendered his study of the cell’s metabolic process and argued that the
PATRICK GEDDES position of women in society was not the result of acquired social behavior, but that it
(1854-1932) reflected the economy of cell metabolism and its parallel psychic differentiation
between the sexes. He used science to invalidate women’s struggle for emancipation.
The most outspoken and charismatic member of the Irish Volunteers’ military council.
Appointed President of the Provisional Army and Commander-in-chief of the army
PATRICK PEARSE
(Easter Raising) and proclaimed the Irish Republic from the steps of the GPO (General
Post Office) in Dublin. He surrendered on Saturday 29 April 1916.
PATRICK PEARSE,
EAMON CEANN,
JOSPEH PLUNKET5T, Five members of the IRB’s military council set up in in May 1915
THOMAS CLARKE AND
SEAN MCDIARMADA
PATRICK PEARSE,
Militant nationalists who supported the strikers in the 1913 strike in Dublin.
THOMAS MCDONAGH
The supposed coveting of the penis by a woman which, according to Freud, leads to
feelings of inferiority and defensive or compensatory behavior. Freud linked this
PENIS ENVY
concept to female sexuality. Penis envy leads woman to a ‘masculine’ complex’
connected to female homosexuality by Freud.
 Ideological basis of the Chartist movement. Several points to reform the electoral
system and alleviate the suffering of working classes (universal suffrage, equal
representation...)

Document written in 1838 by William Lovett of the London Working Men’s Association
stating the ideological bases of the Chartist movement. IT detailed the six key points
that the chartists believed were necessary to reform the electoral system and alleviate
the suffering of the working classes:
 UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE: The Charter proposed that the vote be extended to
all adult males over2 1.
 NO PROPERTY QUALIFICATION: candidates for elections would not have to
be selected from the upper classes any longer.
 ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS: A government could retain power as long as there
was a majority of support. This made it very difficult to replace a bad or
PEOPLE'S CHARTER unpopular government.
 EQUAL REPRESENTATION: the Chartists proposed the division of the UK into
300 electoral districts, each containing an equal number of inhabitants, with
no more than one representative from each district to sit in Parliament.
 PAYMENT OF MEMBERS: The charter proposed that the MPs were paid an
annual salary of ₤500.
 VOTE BY SECRET BALLOT: Voting at the time was made public. IT was not
made secret until 1871.

The Charter was lunched in Glasgow in May 1838 and gained support across the
country very quickly. Chartists campaigned for the six points for many years and
produced several petitions to the Parliament.

The term referring to the first moment or phase of the three in which D.H. Lawrence's
fiction can be divided. It covers roughly the period from 1909 until 1912 and it is
PERSONAL PHASE
inaugurated by The White Peacock novel, where the theme about the relationship
between men and women is first presented.
It is the philosophical view developed by Friedrich Nietzsche that all ideations take
place from particular perspectives. This means that there are many possible
conceptual schemes, or perspectives in which judgment of truth or value can be made.

D.H. Lawrence's novels flee from material realism. They do so not in order to convey
consciousness or intensity, but to explore the poverty of reality and the enormous
PERSPECTIVISM
power of art, of perspectivism, and of form.

In the work of early 20th century novelists such as D. H. Lawrence, a narrative

technique that attempts to present reality from different angles or points of view
and that can be considered a reaction against the single and unified vision
typical of realist fiction.
Character in the novel of V. Woolf, friend of Clarissa and rejected by her in their
PETER WALSH
younghood, moved to India.
A person who enjoys only popular entertainment but does not appreciate art,
literature or music of high quality.
PHILISTINE
A person who refuses to see the beauty or the value of art, literature, music or culture
in any form
 A poem written by Rose Macaulay in 1917. She wrote painfully and exactly about the
imagined barriers that cut women off from the front line experience of war. In it she
expresses the frustration, anguish and guilt at staying home.

PICNIC The title of the poem that starts as follows:

“We lay and ate sweet hurt-berries
In the bracken of Hurt Wood
Like a quire of singers singing low
The dark pines stood”
Standard drama text

A piece of writing that is intended to be acted in a theatre or on radio or television

PLAY
At the turn of the century artists, writers and playwrights were highly critical of
Victorian achievements and beliefs. They mocked and challenged middle-class values,
such as convention, respectability and the very notion of art. A most telling example is
Oscar Wilde’s play The Importance of Being Earnest.
Lawrence's narrative style is often highly poetic. "Sons and Lovers" presents a
combination of realistic description and poetic images: the realism is strongest in the
first half of the novel, where the narrator describes the Morel family's day-to-day
existence. Lawrence's poetry comes to the forefront in his descriptions of nature,
POETIC LANGUAGE
where, for example, vivid sunsets and blazing rosebushes stand out against darkening
skies. The poetic segments of Sons and Lovers seem to make the common lives of its
characters miraculous and heroic. Lady Chatterley’s Lover features some of Lawrence's
most lyrical and poetic prose style
They appeared during the second half of the 19th century. They were promoted by the
POLICIES OF LIBERAL ‘old Whigs’, free traders and industrialists and by social reformers. These policies
THINKING included concern with issues such as utilitarism, the notions of liberty and
individualism and proposals for social reform.
POST- A variation of structuralism. It emphasizes plurality of meaning and inestabity of
STRUCTURALISM concepts that structuralists use to define society, language, etc.
PRO-TREATY ARMY Group within the IRA who were in favour of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The split between
OR REGULARS those in favour of those against the Treaty led to the civil war (1922-1923).
Work by Jane Ellen Harrison. She argues for the existence of a matriarchal origin in
Greek religions and claims that the ancient cult to the female figure has been forgotten
and replaced by the obsession with the patriarchal figurer. Patriarchy sought to
PROLEGOMENA TO
destroy matrilineal families in order to introduce patriarchal laws of marriage and
THE STUDY OF GREEK
narrowing concepts of femininity. Since patriarchal mythology was the tool used to
RELIGIONS (1903)
impose patriarchal structures, research into matriarchal myths would help subvert
patriarchy. She adds alternative modes of femininity and masculinity and alternative
concepts of gendered subjectivity.
Ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to
help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.

Information or ideas methodically spread to promote or injure a cause,

PROPAGANDA
movement, nation, etc. Rupert Brooke’s “The Soldier” was considered as patriotic
propaganda. On the other hand, in showing his commitment, Owens’s poem could be
accused of being a ‘propaganda poem’ in the same way as Brooke’s poems were, even if
it was not intended as such.
A territory (country) defended and controlled by a more powerful country.
Autonomous territory protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a
PROTECTORATE stronger state or entity. It usually accepts specified obligations, depending on the
nature of their relationship, but it retains formal sovereignty and remains a state
under international laws.
PROTO-MODERN Of an earlier style approaching what is now modern.
 Term coined in 1896 for the method used by Freud to release the repressed emotions
PSYCHOANALYSIS
to cure people.
A work of prose fiction which emphasizes the interior characterization of the
characters; that is, it explores their hidden drives and desires (Henry James). The
subject, after Freud, is made up on multiple selves that could emerge depending on
which part of the unconscious becomes conscious (one could be somebody else).

PSYCHOLOGICAL This idea is echoed in the new literary interest to show the drives, obsessions and
REALISM compulsions motivating the actions of ordinary people. Unsconcious implies a part of
the mind that can never be totally known by the subject. The idea that the individual is
totally in control of their actions has to be abandoned.

Term coined by Henry James. Freud’s theories influenced literature, i.e. to explore the
hidden drives and desires of the characters.
A humorous use of a word or phrase that has several meanings or that sounds like
another word (Cambridge). One of the ways Wilde's wit manifests itself is in plays on
words, like the one in the title, for running throughout the entire play is the double
meaning behind the word earnest, which functions homonymously both as a male
name and as an adjective describing seriousness.
PUN
Wilde also uses flippant wit (although sometimes, his wit is not really flippant yet has a
purpose) such as, for example, Algernon’s line “All women become like their mothers”.
One of the ways Wilde’s wit manifests itself is in this literary device (plays on words),
like the one in the title, for running throughout the entire play is the double meaning
behind the word earnest, which functions homonymously both as a male name and as
an adjective describing seriousness.
Magazine which greatly contributed to the feminist imagery, e.g. powerful and athletic
women cycling, bullying effeminate men at dinner parties, etc. in contrast to the
PUNCH
prevailing image of the Victorian middle-class woman as a fragile figure in need of
male protection and uninvolved with public life.
The reality that exists beyond appearances.
REAL REALITY
The lies Jack and Algernon tell at the beginning, which the reader /audience thinks are
faintly immoral, actually turn out to be the real truth of the situation.
Style of writing popularized in the 19th century that focuses on depicting live
REALISM accurately and without any hint of fantasy. It includes writers such as George Elliot. It
presupposes a vision of the world shared by all members of society
According to Bergson, facts and matter should be scrutinized by intuition in order to
achieve a complete vision of reality. These facts and matter are only the outer
expression of reality, which is shaped according to a mind’s perception of time.
REALITY
For Conrad it is an entity completely different from appearance. the totality of facts as
they are independent of human awareness of them.
REBECCA WEST Woman author of the novel "The Return of the Soldier".
REFORM To improve (someone or something) by removing or correcting faults, problems, etc.
Concept linked to Albert Einstein’s (1879-1955). Time may be perceived differently by
different people.
RELATIVITY
Theory of physics giving the relationship between space, time and energy, especially
for two objects moving in different ways. Einstein’s theory defied the anterior
Newtonian theory
It obeys to a need to render lineal, chronological time as insufficient in explaining
REPETITION
human reality and the universe.
Economical policy of minimal state expense, with the aim of increase efficiency in
RETRENCHMENT
government finances.
 The usually violent attempt by many people to end the rule of one government and
REVOLUTION
start a new one
RICHARD OWEN
British zoologist. He was against Darwin’s theories.
(1804-1892)
. Ireland’s armed police force from the early 19th century until 1922. Two members
RIC
were killed by the Irish Volunteers in Soloheadbeg, Co Tipperary, the first expression of
ROYAL IRISH
physical force from a group of Volunteers who wanted to act independently of Sinn
CONSTABULARY
Féinn.
RIDERS TO THE SEA Play by J.M. Synge, and performed at the Abbey Theatre.
ROGER CASEMENT
They belonged to a group of Anglo-Irish nationalists who on July 26th 1914 imported
AND ERSKINE
guns and ammunition in the Howth Gun-Running.
CHILDERS
Aesthetic term which refers to art which combines elements from romanticism and
realism. Conrad hardly invented plots. The raw material of his narratives is found on
his research and on his own life experience. He innovates in that he submits these
ROMANTIC REALISM experiences to a creative process enabling both the blurring beyond the world of
appearances that surrounds us. The transforming process of Conrad's imagination
makes possible for the transmutation of actual facts into facts wrapped in romantic
glamour and adventurous exaltation
Ronny Heaslop Name of Mrs Moore’s son in E.M. Forster’s novel A Passage to India.
ROOKSNEST the house that inspired Howard’s End (1910), Forster’s first major success.
ROYAL TITLE ACT (1876) Act through which Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India to her crown
The author and main British writer of colonial times that wrote the poem “The
RUDYARD KIPLING
White Man's Burden” (*)
He had all the qualities of a national hero. He was, the handsomest young man in
England, he was young, cultivated, agreeable, courageous, and a poet. Similarly to the
way Philip Sidney was seen by the Elizabethans, he became, at this stage of the War,
RUPERT BROOKE the icon of a country enthusiastically confident in its final triumph.

A war poet that became the iconof the country's enthusiastic confidence in the
triumph of First World War due to publication of hs sonnet sequence “1914” (**)
RUPERT BROOKE AND Name two poets who were critical to WWI nationalist enthusiasm and social
JOHN MC CRAE support for soldiers (Also Jessie Pope)
A close friend of Clarissa and Peter in their youth. She remembers she was a wild girl
who smoked cigars and would say anything. She and Clarissa were sexually attracted
SALLY SETON
to one another as teenagers. Now she appears by surprise in the party, lives in
Manchester and is married with five boys. Her married name is Lady Rosseter.
SAMUEL
Olive Schreiner’s husband (1894).
CRONWRIGHT
SAMUEL
WILBERFORCE (1805- English bishop in the Church of England. He was against Darwin’s theories.
1873)
 Morbid critic used to deride individuals, institutions or society itself, which aims at
shaming them in order to make them improve.

A poem or (in later use) a novel, film, or other work of art which uses humour, irony,
exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize prevailing immorality or foolishness,
esp. as a form of social or political commentary. Freq. with on, of, against.
SATIRE
Originally distinguished from lampoon in being directed at a fault rather than at a
person who has that fault, though there is now considerable overlap between the two
terms.

The genre of literature which consists of satires; satirical writing. Now also in extended
use of other art forms
A sub-type of comedy that uses comedy not as and end on itself but as a weapon to
deride

Morbid critic used to deride individuals, institutions or society itself, which aims at
shaming them in order to make them improve
SATIRE
In literary terms the use of ridicule, irony and sarcasm to expose vice and folly
with the objective of arising contempt. It flourished in ancient Greece and in
Rome, and in terms of English literature, it came to its peak in the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries. Oscar Wilde excels in the use of it in The Importance
of Being Earnest.
Life, for Lawrence, was essentially a mystery, and was not to be comprehended or
explained in terms of reason and logic, for that was the way to kill ... Since the mystery
is killed by the analysing, scientific intellect, it obviously flourishes most strongly
SCIENCE
where the analysing, scientific intellect is least powerful, in sexual relationships, in the
experience of death, and in the impulsive, non-rational existence of animals and
nature.
SEBASTIAN the name he adopted when he left prison and settled Paris where he died on 30
MELMOTH November 1900.
Writing that somehow refers to itself. Critics also call this being self-referential.
Postmodern writing has become especially fond of this artistic technique, employing
metafiction and metapoetry
SELF-REFLEXIVENESS
Marked by or making reference to its own artificiality or contrivance (self–reflexive
fiction); Virginia Woolf’s novels and H.D.’s (Hilda Doolittle) sequence Pilgrimage
participate of the modernist aesthetics: self-reflexiveness, ambiguity, fragmentation
of form, among others.
An increasing disillusion with the Enlightenment or Age of Reason, that had failed to
produce the goods it promised. At the end of the 18th century provoked a moving from
SENSATIONALISM the social realism of Richardson's novels of 'sensibility' and towards a psychological
one, where the social psyche turns inwards and projects itself on to a Gothic landscape
to find its expression.
SEPTIMUS WARREN War veteran in V. Woolf's novel Mrs Dalloway suffering from shell shock
SMITH syndrome , married to an Italian woman named Lucrezia. (**)
Lawrence deplored the dualism of the modern person: the setting up of dividing
barriers between mind and body, and brain and blood; he protested against what he
SEX considered the grey idea of making the body prisoner of the mind. He also believed
passionately in man's natural instincts; he believed that sexual feeling between a man
and woman was natural and should be celebrated.
 New medical branch appeared in Modernism, questioning of reality as portrayed in
Victorian and Edwardian fiction is the development of science in the late 19th century.
The works of the German Krafft-Ebing, and the British Edward Carpenter and Havelock
Ellis exposed, sometimes against the intention of the authors, the existence of female
SEXOLOGY sexuality and female sexual desire.

This meant that the younger generation of women, the women that would start writing
after the end of the First World War, stressed not just the need for constitutional
reform, but also that for a much greater personal and sexual emancipation for women
D.H. Lawrence was the first novelist in Western culture to attempt to explore it
seriously and frankly.
One aspect of D.H. Lawrence’s 'blood consciousness' would be an acceptance of the
need for sexual fulfilment: «We can go wrong in our minds,» he wrote, «but what the
SEXUALITY
blood feels, and believes, and says, is always true». His three great novels, Sons and
Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1921) concern the
consequences of trying to deny humanity's union with nature and instead emphasise
the power of sexuality
Term coined to describe the reaction of some soldiers in World War I to the trauma of
battle. It was a reaction to the intensity of the bombardment and fighting that
produced a helplessness appearing variously as panic and being scared. Sassoon and
Owen met whilst they were in Edinburgh recovering of this "illness". It has entered
into popular imagination and memory, and is often identified as the signature injury of
the War.

Loss of sight, memory, etc., resulting from psychological strain during prolonged
engagement in warefare. Also called combat neurosis.
SHELL SHOCK
In the First Wold War, it was considered a psychiatric illness resulting from injury
SYNDROME
to the nerves during combat. Shell-shock syndrome produced in its sufferers insistent,
almost Key terms In Eng. Lit. III 8 real-life, memories of the war and a total loss of
feeling. Wilfred Owen was diagnosed with this syndrome after being caught in an
explosion. Rebecca West’s fine novel, The Return of the Soldier is a depiction of this
psychic damage caused by War.

An illness that affected many World War I veterans, producing in the

insistent, almost real-life memories of the war. In Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway,
the character of Septimus Warren Smith is affected by this psychological
condition (**)
A deity, worshipped across many traditions of Hinduism in a variety of different
perspectives. While many Vaishnava groups recognize him as an avatar of the god,
SHRI KRISHNA
Vishnu; some traditions within Krishnaism, consider Krishna to be svayam bhagavan,
or the Supreme Being. In A Passage to India, during his birth love is exercised
Author of “They” a poem that transforms horror into satirical laugher through a
SIGFRIED SASSOON
masterful use of direct speech technique
His psychological studies led to the foundation of psychoanalysis and confirmed the
view of the self as evolving and fragmented. His work is part of the general inquiry into
the workings of the mind found in the studies of Carl Young 81875-1961), Henry
SIGMUND FREUD Bergson (1859-1941) and Williams James (1842-1910).
(1856-1939)
Psychologist who proposes the “death drive”, the theoretical view that advocates
for an instictual want felt by organic organisms towars death, self-destruction
and return to inorganic chemistry
An explicit comparison between two unlike things (recognizable by the use of words
such as like, as, seems or appears) or the identification of one thing with another,
suggesting an analogy between them (e.g. This man is like a lion). Compare with
SIMILE
metaphor (e.g. This man is a lion). “Dulce et Decorum Est” begins with a simile in the
first line of the first stanza: “Bent double, like old beggars under sacks” which conveys
a myriad of multiple images hidden in the ambiguity of the simile itself.
 Meaning "ourselves alone" was the most important political movement to emerge from
SINN FEIN
the cultural renaissance, founded by Arthur Griffith (a Dublin printer)
SIR WALTER SCOTT,
CHARLES DICKENS,
Authors who influenced Conrad, because the showed the existence of places where
WILLIAM M.
there was freedom of speech.
THACKEERAY, JAMES
FENNIMORE COOPER
Plays of modern life set in the rarefied world of the upper classes. These plays
could be witty and fivolous light comedies, or they could be ponderous dramatic
treatises on difficult social issues, most often the sexual “double standard” and
the problem of the “fallen woman”

Plays presented on stage in the 19th Century, based on modern life set in the rarefied
world of the upper classes. These plays could be witty and frivolous light comedies or
SOCIETY DRAMA
they could be ponderous dramatic treatises on difficult social issues, most often the
*
sexual “double standard” and the “problem” of the “fallen woman”. We hear a parodic
echo of such plays when Jack Worthing says of Miss Prism (mistakenly believed to be
his lost and unmarried mother) “who has the right to cast a stone against one who has
suffered?...mocking this way at the institution of marriage, which Wilde saw as a
practice surrounded by hypocrisy and absurdity.

SOME
PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONSEQUENCES OF Freud distinguished between the respective psychological developments in boys and
THE ANATOMICAL girls.
DISTINCTION
BETWEEN THE SEXES
Sonnet Poetic form chosen by Rupert Brooke to write his sequence entitled ‘1914’.
Fragment: “To accommodate the regiments of miners, Carston, Waite and Co.
SONS AND LOVERS built the Squares, great quadrangles of dwellings on the hillside of Bestwood,
and then, in the brook valley, on the site of Hell Row, they erected the Bottoms”
SPREADING THE
Play by Lady Gregory and performed at the Abbey Theatre.
NEWS
The position or rank of someone or something when compared to others in a society,
STATUS
organization, group, etc.
STORY For Conrad, the story is just a means of exploration and not an end in itself.
STORY OF AN
Book which was praised by feminists who approved of the strong heroine who controls
AFRICAN FARM
her own destiny.
(1893)
 A literary device or conceit in which one story is told during the action of another
story.

Conrad's technical device is because of his particular vision of the narrative as an art
that would allow the reader to see and therefore, by delaying the deliverance of the
story, by superimposing other possible narratives, Conrad tries as far as possible to
provide a clear revelation of the truth underlying the particular human problem that
has attracted his attention. His frequently-used method of indirect narration causes
discomfort in many readers who find his writing tiresome because it fails to force
progress in the story.
STORY-WITHIN-
STORY
In Conrad’s work this and a dislocation of time that impedes the ‘normal’ progression
expected in story-telling are often found. In this sense, for Conrad, the story is just a
means of exploration and not an end in itself. In order to do so, he introduces a number
of characters that will allow different perspectives, different points of view, of the same
problem. The different angles from which the subject matter is told imply that the
narrative is composed of multiple postponements. This narratorial voice detaches the
reader from the story, preventing the reader from identifying too closely with any
character in particular, and, more importantly, puts the reader on guard not to take
everything said or seen for granted, as he/she has been induced to do with the
traditional narrator.
Narrative technique in nondramatic fiction intended to render the flow of myriad
impressions—visual, auditory, physical, associative, and subliminal—that impinge on
the consciousness of an individual and form part of his awareness along with the trend
STREAM OF
of his rational thoughts. The term was first used by the psychologist William James in
CONSCIOUSNESS
The Principles of Psychology (1890).
or INTERIOR
MONOLOGUE
In David Lodge's words, a type of thought and speech presentation “in which the
grammatical subject is an “I”, and we [the readers], as it were, overhear the
character verbalising his or her thoughts as they occur
From the linguistic viewpoint, approach to language study in which a language is
analyzed an independent network of formal systems, each of which is composed of
STRUCTURALISM
elements that are defined in terms of their contrasts with other elements in the
system.
Jamaican-born cultural theorist who lived and worked in the U.K. He was a pioneer of
STUART HALL works focused on the exploration of 'Britishness'. He was interested in the idea of
heterogeneity.
STUDIES IN THE Book written by Walter Pater. In its conclusion, he exposed the need for crowning one’s
HISTORY OF THE life with the most delicate and exquisite sensations in order to appreciate the supreme
RENAISSANCE (1873) value of beauty and the pleasure obtained from the ‘love or art for its own sake’.
Part of the mind which is on the fringe of consciousness and contains material of
SUBCONSCIOUS which it is possible to become aware by redirecting attention. The totality of the
mental processes of which the individual is not aware.
The subject is not seen as a unitary normative self any longer. It is seen as a fluid,
SUBJECTIVITY
discontinuous and fragmented self.
Canal connecting the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, finished in 1869 by Ferdinand de
SUEZ CANAL
Lesseps.
SUFFRAGE The right to vote in an election
A woman who worked to get voting rights for women in the past when women were
SUFFRAGETTE
not allowed to vote
Name for which the Women’s Social and Political Union, founded by Emmeline
Pankhurst and her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia. They wanted the right of women
SUFFRAGETTES
to vote and were prepared to use violence. They wanted to prove women’s equality in
an active way.
SUFFRAGIST A person in the past who worked to get voting rights for people who did not have them
 The ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which
the ego operates. Its prohibitions, criticisms, and inhibitions from a person’s
conscience and its positive aspirations and ideals represent one’s idealized self-image.
SUPEREGO
According to Freud, the superego of men predisposes them to undertake the most
challenging tasks. Women, because of their less strongly formed superego, are
capricious and unreliable “social beings.”
Expression borrowed by C. Darwin from the works of the philosopher Herbert
SURVIVAL OF THE Spencer (1820-1903); this means that the individuals perpetrating the species
FITTEST are those more able to adapt to the environment, being this the crucial factor for
the survival of the species.
SYMBOLISM Symbolic meaning or character
T.S. ELLIOT, T.E.
HULME, W.B YEATS,
VIRGINIA WOOLF AND Writers of the interwar period.
THE BLOOMSBURY
GROUP
TADEUSZ
Conrad’s maternal uncle. He went to live with him after his father’s death.
BOBROWSKY
Title of one of the most famous autobiographies of the First World War written
TESTAMENT OF
by a female author. It captured the collective mood of the members of a “lost
YOUTH
generation” whose lives were truncated or determined by the conflict (***)
THE Bishop tells us: ‘When the boys come back
‘They will not be the same; for they’ll have fought
“They” by SIEGFRIED ‘In a just cause: they lead the last attack
SASSOON ‘On Anti-Christ; their comrades’ blood has bought
‘New right to breed an honourable race,
‘They have challenged Death and dared him face to face.’
THE BALLAD OF A ballad written in Reading Gaol Prison in which Wilde described the severe
READING GAOL (1898) conditions of the prisoners.
THE BALLOT ACT Voting was made secret.
Nietzsche’s first publication in which he divided experience between Apollonian
(rational) and Dyonisian (aesthetic) forces. His era was dominated by a rational
THE BIRTH OF
Apollonian mentality to the detriment of the creative aesthetic of the dream and chaos
TRAGEDY (1872)
of the Dyonisian spirit, resulting in a total loss of connection with the tragic myth and
sensual intuitive truth found in Greek tragedy.
THE BLACK MATE Conrad’s first short story. He unsuccessfully entered in a literary competition in 1886.
An influential group of early 20th century writers of the area of London formed
by English writers, intellectuals, philosophers and artists. The best known
members of which included Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, E. M. Forster,
Clive Bell, Vanessa Bell,Roger Fry, Leonard Woolf and Lytton Strachey. This loose
collective of friends and relatives lived, worked or studied together during the
first half of the 20th Century.
THE BLOOMSBURY
Group of intellectuals that included Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, Dora
GROUP
Carrington, Lytton Strachey and T.S. Eliot. Forster was part of this group. They
lived and worked or studied together near Bloomsbury, in the West End area,
central London.

An intellectuarl and artistic groupe E.M Forster belonged to (*)

THE CELESTIAL
The Eternal Moment (1928): Anthologies
OMNIBUS (1911)
THE CULT OF The gospel of Aestheticism, which rejected the social conception of the natural.
ARTIFICIAL Wilde preached this at each stop on a lecture tour of the US.
 THE DESCENT OF
MAN AND SELECTION Book in which Darwin addressed the issue of his theory of an ancestor to the human
IN RELATION TO SEX species.
(1870)
THE EVOLUTION OF Written by Patrick Geddes and Arthur Thomson. It concluded that the female human
SEX (1889) was a case of arrested development, following Darwin and Spencer.
THE GOLDEN BOUGH
Work by Frazer. It influenced authors of the period, particularly modernist authors.
(1890-1915)
Event which took place in London in 1851. It displayed works of engineering, the most
THE GREAT amazing technical discoveries, and the wonders of industrial enterprise and the most
EXHIBITION innovative works of art, showing that Romanticism has been overcome. It proclaimed
people's confidence in the greatness and power of Britain.
Goddess worshipped in before patriarchy. Harrison was sure that she would return
THE GREAT MOTHER triumphant. In the 1920s and 1930s artists such as Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence,
André Breton and the Surrealists explored this figure.
THE HAPPY PRINCE
A collection of original fairy tales published in 1888.
AND OTHER TALES
Walter Pater´s book considered by Wilde as “the very flower of decadence”, a
THE HISTORY OF THE
book which had such a strange influence over his life. Wilde was a disciple of Walter
RENAISSANCE
Pater and founded the Aesthetic movement, which advocated “art for art´s sake”.
Kurtz’s last words heard and recalled by Marlow in Joseph Conrad's novella
Heart of Darkness
“THE HORROR! THE Kurtz's last words. The horror is physical and political in relation to the
HORROR!” European attitudes in Africa but it is also non-material and metaphysical. It is
not only a question of governments being abusive or individual people being
malevolent. For Conrad, the horror lies in humanity’s very nature.
The name for the novel what finally came to be called “Mrs Dalloway”. It is the
title that Virginia Woolf gave to it while she was writing the novel, but she
changed this title to “Mrs Dalloway” before being published.

THE HOURS What is the original title Wolf was going to give to the novel and later changed to
Mrs Dalloway

The title that Virginia Woolf had initially thought of for the novel that was
eventually called Mrs. Dalloway
Derogatory nickname used primarily by the British and Americans - officers rather
than men - during the First World War to describe the German Army, widely used by
THE HUN
Allied propaganda to suggest the worst kind of conduct from the German 'Huns',
crushing neutral nations and imposing brutal rule upon conquered peoples.
A masterpiece of modern comedy and Wilde´s most lasting play which strikes a
wonderful balance between being a respected and studied piece of literature and a
favourite with audiences. A play written in three weeks and exclusively for money. The
most quoted play in the English language after Hamlet.
“THE IMPORTANCE OF
BEING EARNEST”
Fragment: “That is obviously the reason why the Primitive Church has not lasted
(1895)
up to the present day. And you do not seem to realise, dear Doctor, that by
persistently remaining single, a man converts himself into a permanent public
temptation. Men should be more careful; this very celibacy leads weaker vessels
astray”
 Liberal treatise by Edward Carpenter, 1914, suggesting that the masculinisation of
women was the result of the new independent women, linking the New woman with
homosexuality (also present in Freud). Correlation between masculinisation,
homosexuality and New Woman aimed to counterbalance the raising of the
phenomenon, by making the New Woman an androgynous figure, an unsatisfied and
asexual woman. However Edward Carpenter was a liberal and friend of Olive Schreiner
THE INTERMEDIATE
and other feminists. He consider woman should free herself from the impositions of
SEX
patriarchal sterotypes: the lady, household drudge and prostitute.

Written by Edward Carpenter showing a reaction against the ideals of femininity

promoted by the ‘New Woman’. He suggests that the masculinization of woman was
the result of the attitude of these independent women and links the New Woman to
homosexuality.
THE INTERNATIONAL
PSYCHOANALYTICAL Founded by Freud and Carl Jung in 1910.
ASSOCIATION
THE
Work by Freud in which he argued that dreams are the expression of repressed desires
INTERPRETATION OF
and that the realm of repressed desires is the unconscious.
DREAMS (1900)
THE IRISH
Also called the Irish Party (Home Rule Party) formed in 1882 by Charles Steward
PARLIAMENTARY
Parnell.
PARTY
Voluntary army established in Southern Ireland, similar to the Ulster Volunteer force,
THE IRISH in 1914. The Volunteers intended to safeguard the rights of the Irish people,
VOLUNTEERS threatened by Unionist actions. It appealed to a large cross-section of the Irish people,
including men involved in groups such as the Gaelic League.
THE JEWEL IN THE
A term to refer to India regarding its riches when it was under the British Empire
CROWN
THE MAVIS Name of the first English ship he joined in 1878. He heard his first English words
THE MIRROR OF THE
Published in 1906. Conrad’s autobiography
SEA (1906)
Part of the collaboration between Ford Madox Ford and Joseph Conrad, published
THE NATURE OF posthumously. A study of human psychology. Delving into the darkest recesses of
CRIME (1924): human mind, idiosyncratic characters are presented fighting with their own
overwhelming desires and intuitions.
THE NEW Name given to Psychoanalysis and Freud's work in which Bloomsbury group were
PSYCHOLOGY interested in. Woolf attitude towards Freud's psychoanalysis seems to be ambivalent.
Protestant fraternal order formed in Co Armagh in 1795 during a period of Protestant-
THE ORANGE ORDER
Catholic sectarian conflict. They fought to keep the Union and Ireland as part of the UK.
THE ORIGIN OF
SPECIES BY MEANS OF Book by Charles Darwin. It questioned that species were immutable and argued that
NATURAL SELECTION animals transformed themselves gradually.
(1859)
Notion that embodies that which is different from the self. In "Heart of Darkness" the
other is represented by the black Africans, who are described as primitive beings who
yell, stamp their feet, roll their eyes or participate in mysterious rituals.
THE OTHER
They are depicted as devoid of any human features, their faces being described as
"masks". However, Marlow is able to catch some glimpses of their humanity and even
to recognize a certain kinship with them: at times, he somehow identifies himself with
"the other".
 He was influenced by Schopenhauer. He inverts his pessimistic view into an optimistic
THE PHILOSOPHY OF celebration of the positive forces of the will. The modern society is sick as it failed to
WILL ACCORDING TO acknowledge to this positive forces, but instead was led by frivolity and morbidity.
NIETZSCHE Writers like Yeats agree with him that the will was a physiological complex of drive and
impulses.
THE PHYLOSOPHY OF
His philosophy of the will, in line with Plato and Immanuel Kant, propounded that the
WILL ACCORDING TO
world was he physical manifestation of the underlying cosmic reality. He had a
ARTHUR
pessimistic view of the universe: the will by its own nature can be never satisfied
SCHOPENHAUER
leading to all forms of suffering.
(1788-1860)
Novel by Oscar Wilde, written in 1891 which can be read partly as a caution against
THE PICTURE OF the rise of promiscuity and its associated evils (prostitution, syphilis and adultery). It
DORIAN GRAY pointed accusatively to many of the pillars of Victorian society, so deeply engrained in
Victorian hypocrisy, especially with regard to sex.
THE PICTURE OF
Oscar Wilde´s only novel and play (respectively) which are representative literary
DORIAN GRAY AND
productions of Decadent literature.
SALOMÉ
A phrase that has come to designate the feelings of horror and frustration
associated with the soldiers’ experience of World War I, as opposed to patriotic
THE PITY OF WAR
euphoria at the Home Front; these feelings are an essential element of Wilfred
Owen’s ‘Dulce et Decorum Est.’
THE PRINCIPLE OF
EVOLUTION OF The touchstone of Darwin’s evolution theory
NATUAL SELECTION
Novel by D.H. Lawrence, published in 1915. Novel by DH Lawrence, published in 1915
about 2 sisters, Ursula and Gudrun, beginning of a familiar Saga- concern the
consequences of trying to deny humanity's union with nature and emphasise the
power of sexuality.
THE RAINBOW Comprises the first half of a story that will be carried on in the other half
"Women in Love" (1920). It is a family chronicle, abounding in superb passages
of broad realism in the 19th century English tradition of the novel, Thomas
Hardy's novels. However, its story traces essentially the changing patterns of
psychic relationships, as England is evolving from the rural to the urban.
Term referring to the invasion and occupation, colonization and annexation of Africa
by European powers between 1881 and 1814. By 1914, 90 per cent of the African
continent was occupied, except for Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Liberia. The main reason
lies on the economic, social and political conditions in Europe during the second half of
the 19th century.
THE SCRAMBLE FOR
AFRICA The full-grown land seizure in Africa by the Europeans powers during the
nineteenth century, when Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa.
So the 'black continent' became a primary source of trade after 1880

A sentence that represented the full-grown land seizure in Africa by the

European powers, becoming a primary source of trade after 1880 (**)
Important source of inspiration for Joseph Conrad’s writings, and often an image
THE SEA for and symbol of his character’s inner turbulences. The sea or a boat is often a
background to the action
THE SECRET AGENT Published on year after the Mirror of the Sea, Conrad’s autobiography. The story is set
(1907) in London in 1886 and it deals with the life of Mr. Verloc and his life as a spy.
This sonnet contains the romantic patriotism of the first months of the War before the
battle of the Somme proved its actual, brutal nature. The sonnet does not, in any way,
THE SOLDIER
insinuate an apology for England's imperial policy, yet, it seems to be informed by the
imperialistic idea that England is wherever her sons are.
THE TIME MACHINE
Written by H.G. Wells. It envisions the end both of humanity and the world.
(1895)
 A story by Katherine Mansfield in which she explores female phantasies and the
THE TIREDNESS OF
opposition / interrelation between high art and mass culture, a subject debated
ROSABEL
by other Modernist authors.
THE UNITED
Nationalist paper founded by Arthur Griffith, the founder of Sinn Féinn.
IRISHMAN
Group of philosophers, scientists and mathematicians formed in the 1920s who met in
Vienna to investigate scientific language and scientific methodology. They are
THE VIENNA CIRCLE
associated with the movement called LOGICAL POSITIVISM. They were dissatisfied
with the imperfection of language.
THE VILEST
SCRAMBLE OF LOOT
THAT EVER
Conrad’s description of the colonization of the Congo.
DISFIGURED THE
HISTORY OF HUMAN
CONSCIENCE”
THE VOYAGE OUT First published novel by V. Woolf 1915, rather conventional well received by public.
Group of poets who have lived during war time and have war as the subject of their
poems. The poetry produced by the members of this generation did not precipitate a
clear break with previous generations in the way Modernist poetry did. It is especially
applied to those who actively took part in WWI.

Soldier–poets who fought in the First World War, of whom many died in combat.
The best-known are Richard Aldington, Edmund Blunden, Rupert Brooke, Robert
Graves, Julian Grenfell, Ivor Gurney, David Jones, Robert Nichols, Wilfred Owen,
Herbert Read, Isaac Rosenberg, Siegfried Sassoon, Charles Hamilton Sorley, and
THE WAR POETS
Edward Thomas. Most of these writers came from middle-class backgrounds;
many had been to public schools and served as officers at the front. In fact,
hundreds of ‘war poets’ wrote and published their verse between 1914 and
1918, often capturing the initial mood of excitement and enthusiasm, although
only a handful—largely those who wrote in protest—are read and admired
today, with Wilfred Owen achieving an iconic status within British literature and
culture. Other war poets whose work appeared between 1914 and 1918 were
not involved in fighting.
THE WASTE LAND
Work by T.S. Elliot. He argues that past and future co-exist in the present.
(1922)
First published novel of DH Lawrence (1911). He he presents the theme that will
dominate his later works: the mechanism at work in the relationship between
men and wome.
THE WHITE PEACOCK
Novel that inaugurates Lawrence’s first phase. This phase can be considered as
the Autobiographical phase. In the novel Lawrence presents the theme that will
dominate his later works: The war between men and women.
In this work, Nietzsche identified universal will with the relation of a power between
forces which constitutes the driving energy of human life. He emphasizes the field of
THE WILL OF POWER
forces, not power per se. Life should be led as an endavour to satisfy the will of power.
(1901)
This philosophy seems to justify dictatorship, ascetism and punishment or sadism. It
has been used to justify he fascist regime in Germany.
Phrase used in connection with a social change which questioned the roles of women
THE WOMAN
and issues of women’s suffrage, reproductive rights, bodily autonomy, property rights,
QUESTION
legal rights, medical rights marriage and sexual rights.
THE WOMAN'S Magazine for working-class women produced by the writer, feminist activist and
DREADNOUGHT pacifist Sylvia Pankhurst.
THEODORA: A It contains the image of a man and a woman entering a room, the woman opening the
FRAGMENT (1895) door, as two friends.
 A powerful and apocalyptic book written in 1922 by Cicely Mary Hamilton in
which she expresses a cyclical view of history in which mankind endlessly
THEODORE SAVAGE
refines the tools of its own destruction and emerges from the ruins to repeat
the process, mythologizing the past in the process
THEORY OF In the case of objects, travelling at speed near to that of light, matter transforms into
RELATIVITY energy.
THEORY OF THE
The term refers to a new, creative being that would transcend religion, morality and
SUPERMAN
ordinary society.
(ÜBERMENSCH)
THOMAS HENRY Nicknamed ‘Darwin’s Bulldog’ for his passionate arguments in favour of Darwin’s point
HUXLEY (1825-1895) of view.
THOMAS MALTHUS Political economist who influenced Darwin’s theory.
1938 Essay in a sense sucessor to A room of One's Own, although it is more
THREE GUINEAS reolutionary in its view. It deals extensively with the relationship between war,
masculinity, and women's education and employment.
THUS SPOKE
ZARATHUSTRA: A
BOOK FOR EVERYONE Work in which Nietzsche stated that ‘God is dead’.
AND NO ONE (1833-
85)
Ship on which Conrad was when he received official notice of his British Citizenship in
TIKHURST
1885.
Through Nietzsche's 'eternal recurrence', linear time is questioned and undermined.
Linear progression is itself less important than the fact of constant repetition of a
particular action.

The concept of ‘eternal recurrence’ brings two dimensions it, namely cyclical and
eternal. Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway (1925) and James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922) both
contain a circular structure that breaks the linear progression of the narrative. In
‘eternal recurrence’ the concept of cyclical time is present in the idea of repetition or
recurrence, and that of eternal time in the very fact that that repetition will happen
for ever. A Newtonian universe found expression in the realist novel, where a reliable
TIME narrator can render the observations of a world that responds to consistent and
empirical laws and which progresses according to a chronological pattern of linear
time; by contrast, the transforming and mutable world of ‘relativity’ can be rendered
only through a narrative that changes its perspective. We find in modern narratives
flashbacks, time arcs, jumps, repetitions and, most important in their novelty, leaps
and swerves. These are all narrative devices allowing for the representation of the
subjective perception of time and the instability of space boundaries as these transpire
from the theory of relativity

The very notion of this, because of the expansion of the railway, changed: it was
standardised in order to create a timetable based on London’s time.
TIME AND FREEWILL Work by the French philosopher Henri Bergson, who discusses the mind’s particular
(1889) understanding of time. He opposes linear time against ‘duration’.
Work by Wyndham Lewis, influenced by Bergson and by Nietzsche. It postulated the
TIME AND WESTERN
idea that continuity in time was impossible. Time is seen as fragmented and people
MAN (1927)
inhabiting time only in memory and projection.
It is detached from chronological time. It implies that past and future co-exist in the
TIME OF THE MIND
present.
Key concept about time. Narrative devices as flashbacks, time arcs, jumps, repetitions,
TIME RELATIVITY leaps and swerves, allow the representation of the subjective perception of time and
the instability of space boundaries.
Comic technique which is achieved both through the character´s use of pauses and also
TIMING
through Wilde´s finding of the right moment to insert a comic motif.
 Novel (1927) Set in Isle of Skye. Together with The Waves (1931) and Mrs. Dalloway,
TO THE LIGHTHOUSE
are considered V. Woolf's greater contribuiton to Modernism.
School in Kent at which Forster was educated. His experience there seems to be
TONBRIDGE SCHOOL
responsible for his later criticism of the English Public school system.
Also known as the Unionists, were in the power from the turn of the century (1886 to
1906)
TORIES
Political party. From 1874 to 1889 they held power under Disraeli. From 1880 to 1906
the held power again, known as UNIONISTS.
TORY PARTY British conservative political party, also called Unionists.
Freud’s work which shows interest in Harrison’s studies on the myth of the Great
TOTEM AND TABOO
mother and in the theories she developed on totemistic ceremonies and groups, which
(1913)
are explored in the book.
Spatial opposites, places leading to different kinds of life and cultural attitudes,
TOWN / COUNTRY represented though the real and imaginary characters in The Importance of
Being Earnest
Work by Wittgenstein set to provide a solution to all the philosophical problems, trying
to establish a clear demarcation between logic and empirical knowledge and to discern
between logical and empirical truths. He tried to formulate a global conceptualization
TRACTATUS LOGICO-
about the relationship between language and thought and language and reality. The
PHILOSOPHICUS
fact that language disguises and misrepresents thought and reality implies that a
(1922)
search within language for a logic that goes beyond the superficial logic of its external
structure is of paramount importance. This hidden structure is constituted by
elements that have a direct connection with reality.
TRADING COMPANY The trading company symbolizes progress.
Three Irish ports were kept by the British for defence purposes: Berehaven,
TREATY PORTS
Queenstown (Cobh) and Lough Swilly.
A long, narrow excavation in the ground dug by soldiers as a defense against
enemy fire or attack.

Trenches and life within those trenches became an enduring topic from World
War I. Throughout the war millions of soldiers experienced and endured the horrors of
trench warfare. Some wrote down for posterity what these experiences were. However,
TRENCHES regardless of who wrote what about the trenches, all have one consistent theme – the
horrors experienced by the men who had to live in them. Wilfred Owen’s experiences
in the trenches of the Western Front made his war poetry sharper, showing his
growing disenchantment. Owen, by experiencing the cruelty and desolation of life in
the trenches became one of those giving voice to ‘disillusions as never told in the old
days.’ In Rose Macaulay’s “Picnic” an image of trenches is rain; when it rains in England
it suggests blood-soaked mud in the fields of Flanders.
TROOPER PETER
Strong attack on imperialism and British racism in South Africa. She was a pacifist and
HALEKTT OF
did not want to give her full support to the armed rising that led to the Boer War
MASHONALAND
(1899).
(1897)
TYPHOON
(PUBLISHED IN
The novel concerns the Nan-Shan, a Siamese-flagged steamer in the South China Sea,
TYPHOON AND
commanded by the taciturn, literal and dullish Tom MacWhirr.
OTHER STORIES IN
1903)
(Nietzsche's theory of superman): A new, creative being who would transcend
religion, morality and ordinary society and would satisfy his own will. Its motto
ÜBERMENSCH
of the would be "be what you are" and humanity's greatest goal should point
towards becoming it
ULSTER UNIONISTS They defended political union between Ireland and Great Britain.
ULSTER VOLUNTEER
Voluntary army founded by the Ulster Unionists in September 1913.
FORCE
UNDER WESTERN
Novel which takes place in Russia.
EYES (1911)
The narratorial voice detaches the reader form the story, preventing the reader from
identifying too closely with any character in particular. It puts the reader on guard not
UNERELIABLE to take everything said or seen for granted, as they have been induced to do with the
NARRATORIAL VOICE traditional narrator. The narrator may not be as trustworthy as the º9th-century
English novel has thought them to be. It leads to the discovery that reality might not
be as reliable as it seems to be and that it may be questioned.
A narrator who can't be trusted. Either from ignorance or self-interest, this narrator
speaks with a bias, makes mistakes, or even lies.

A narrator, whether in literature, film, or theatre, whose credibility has been seriously
compromised.

The term was coined in 1961 by Wayne C. Booth in The Rhetoric of Fiction.

This narrative mode is one that can be developed by an author for a number of
reasons, usually to deceive the reader or audience. This type of narrators usually are
first-person narrators, but sometimes third-person narrators can also be unreliable.

UNRELIABLE Of all the narratorial voices Marlow’s is the most prominent since he is also the
NARRATOR protagonist. The most shocking aspect of his voice is his inadequacy as a traditional
narrator. The reasons for this failure to fulfil what is expected of a narrator are found in
his inability to distinguish and comprehend, and therefore to reproduce, ‘real’ reality,
that is, the reality that exists beyond appearances. Marlow’s awareness of his
limitations as a narrator, his difficulty in fully transcribing into words his dream-like
experience, represents the unreliability of an assumed, external, conventional reality
that is taken for granted and readily available for articulation. Even Marlow, constantly
assuming a weary attitude towards the taken for granted knowledge, is tricked into
making assumptions that prove to be inaccurate when he thinks that his listeners can
see him. But the irony of the hour makes him a mere shadow to the others, just a voice.
This is most important in the context in which he is bitterly complaining about the
impossibility of his own task as a narrator. He does not know he is wrong and only the
reader and the unknown narrator recognise Marlow’s mistake.
Realm of repressed desires, which together with the conscius form the thotality of the
psychic reality. It is full of memories and ideas from early childhood, but repressed for
various reasons.

Part of the psyche unknown to the subject. Its existence implies that there is a part of
the mind that can never be totally known by the subject. The idea that the individual is
totally in control of their actions cannot be sustained, as there is a part of the mind
that, because it is not conscious, cannot be controlled by the subject.

In The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) Freud argued that dreams are the expression of
UNSCONSCIOUS
repressed desires and that the realm of repressed desires. Together with the conscious
it forms the totality of the psychic reality.

The part of the psyche unknown to the subject that, however, and according to Freud,
is no less operative in the psyche’s reality than is consciousness. It is full of memories
and ideas from early childhood. These are ‘repressed’ and made this way for various
reasons, among them because they have been forbidden. Its existence is evidenced in
dreams, slips of the tongue, sudden and uncanny realisations of an event, etc

URBAN ECONOMY Economy based on trade and on manufacturing.

 Political notion, put forward by Jeremy Bentham who advocated that "morals
and legislation" should aim at achieving "the greatest good for the greatest
number"
UTILITARIANISM
The system of thought which states that the best action or decision in a particular
situation is the one which brings more advantages to the most people.
Woman author of one of the most famous autobiographies of the First World War.
VERA BRITTAIN
Author of Testament of Youth, one of the most famous autobiographies of the
First World War
Author of Theodora: A fragment (1895) introduces the image of two protagonists, a
VICTORIA CROSS man and a woman, together entering a room, the woman opens the door which suggest
the importance of the New woman.

VICTORIAN They could be read as coutions against the rise of the promiscuity and also accuse
HYPOCRISY many of the Victorian society

A cultural period and its values, which Oscar Wilde criticizes with a great wit and
VICTORIAN PERIOD
Irony in The Importance of Being Earnest

Victorian belief that information derived from logical and mathematical treaties and
reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge
VICTORIAN
and that there is a valid truth only in this derived knowledge. Society, like the physical
POSITIVISM
world operates according to general laws, introspective and intuitive knowledge is
rejected.
(Jeremy Bentham) the system of thought which states that the best action or decision
VICTORIANISM
in a particular situation in the one which brings more advantages to the most people.
VICTORY (1915) Published as Victory: An Island Tale
VIRGINIA WOOLF’S
MRS DALLOWAY Works that contain circular structure that breaks the linear progression of the
(1925), JAMES JOYCE’S narrative.
ULLYSES (1922)
Two emblematic Modernist authors that put into practice in their literature the
VIRGINIA WOOLF and
new theories of the instability of space and the subjective perception of time
JAMES JOYCE
through the techniques known as “Moment of being” and “Epiphany” (**)
VOLOGDA Town where the Konrads were sent to because of their Polish sympathies.
W.B.YATS, GEROGE
Irish writers who supported the strikers in the º93 strike in Dublin.
BERNHARD SHAW
English author, aesthete, and a fellow at Brasenose, Oxford. His Studies in the History
of the Renaissance (1873) were considered by Oscar Wilde his "golden book".

WALTER PATER Writer who introduced the views of French aesthetics into Victorian England.

A collection of essays, Studies publicly linked him "by reputation with the aesthetic
school and the unorthodox sexualities associated with it". (L. Brake)
WALT WHITMAN The American poet from whose work E.M. Forster took the title of his last novel
WAR OF From 1919 to 1921. Fought between the Irish Republican Army (the army of the Irish
INDEPENDENCE Republic) and the British Government and its forces in Ireland.
 First World War was the major event that changed European civilisation, as it had
been known up to this conflict. The impact of war on poetry was undeniable. WWI
more than any other war is associated with the so-called ‘war poets’. The poems
written by men such as Wilfred Owen, Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon amongst
others, are as poignant today as they were both during the war and immediately after
it. Not all the poets reacted to war in the same way. Brooke felt an emotional and
patriotic duty to defend their beloved England as he expressed in his poem “The
Soldier”. For some of them, and especially at the beginning of the conflict, war
represented a way to break free from what they saw as a materialist and undignified
WAR POETRY
milieu surrounding them. For Owen, the real essence of his war poems was to tell the
truth about the war. This objective changed completely his view on poetry. The ‘art for
art’s sake’ of his beginnings is transformed into a total lack of interest in the art per se,
but into a need for this art to become a vehicle to express the truth about war. A very
good example of this argument is his poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’

A kind of poetry studied in the course which developed from 1914. It

provided original writing techniques in forma and themes trying to transform
atrocity into art
WAR SONNETS
I. “PACE
II. SAFETY”
The title of any of the sonnets by Rupert Brooke that make uo the sequence
III. “THE DEAD”
“1914” and which convey the poet's experience of and reflections on World War I
IV. “THE DEAD”
V. “THE
SOLDIER”
Study by Adam Smith promoting his theories which support laissez faire policies.
Consumption is the sole end and purpose of production. The interest of the producer
WEALTH OF NATIONS
ought to be attended to only so far as they may be necessary for promoting that of the
consumer.
 The poem, by Rudyard Kipling, published in McClure’s Magazine in February 1899,
appeared at a critical moment in the debate about imperialism.

Although Kipling’s text mixed exhortation to empire with sober warnings of the costs
involved, imperialists appropriated the phrase ‘white man’s burden’ as a euphemism
for imperialism, one that seemed to justify the policy as a noble enterprise. Anti-
imperialists quickly responded with parodies of the poem. The poem was not quickly
forgotten. The popularized image of the ‘white man’s burden’ that the Empire created
became the epitome of the Victorian adventurer.

Sometimes it involved trivialities, like Harry Johnston’s insistence on dressing for

dinner in the jungle, but the concept of a ‘gentleman’, whose word was his bond and
who was chivalrous to those weaker than himself, especially towards women, was very
meaningful to many Victorians. A new sense of racial superiority had emerged, of
which the Europeans’ perception that they had the right to do what they liked with
Africa was only one manifestation. The typical attitude of the British in India was that
THE WHITE MAN'S
they were undertaking it, as put by Rudyard Kipling.
BURDEN
Title of one of Rudyard Kipling's poems published in 1895 that euphemistically
refers to the effects of imperalism on the British Citizens and government (**)

The title of an immensely populat poem – by a famous Anflo-Indian author –

which justified imperialism as a messianic cause; after its publication, the poem
has ben the object of controversy and parody

Go, bind your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need
To wait in heavy harness
On fluttered folk and wild

Rudyard Kipling's poem in which the author exhortated to empire with sober
warnings. Imperialists took the phrase White Man's Burden from it as an
euphenism for imperalism, in order to justify its policy as a noble enterprise.
Term used in "Heart of Darkness", with reference to the city of Brussels, and by
extension to white, civilised and developed cities, which Marlow perceives as
dead places dominated by hypocrisy and materialism.

It's an allusion to Matthew 23:27, in the Bible:

"Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like white washed tombs
which on the outside appear beautiful, but inside they are full of dead men's bones and all
uncleanness."

In the case of Brussels, at that time the king of Belgium and the mayor of Brussels
WHITED SEPULCHRE began a pharaonic remodelation of the city, taking the model of Paris, but trying to
exceed it as much as possible, in a project that astonished the whole Europe.

Entire neighborhoods were vanished. At the end, the works were bad coordinated due
to the hurry to finish them, constant changes, the dead of some architects and
corruption, that eventually sank the capital into a chaos for decades. Nevertheless, the
few projects that could be built amazed the people of that time. Due to the fact that
those works could be made with the riches taken out from exploitation in the Congo,
Conrad makes reference to the whited sepulchers: awesome at the outside, but filled
with moral filth inside.

English poet who became one of those giving voice to 'disillusions as never told in the
old days, ', i.e. the lie behind the heroic image of war.
WILFRED OWEN
Name of the war poet who was never included in any of Marsh's anthologies but
he felt very closely related to the movement, he wrote the first stanza of
unpublished “the Ballad of Peace and War”
 Liberal politician, humanitarian and dutiful, defined as "boring" by Queen Victoria. In
1868-74, after the second Reform Act, he was Prime Minister of the reforming
WILLIAM GLADSTONE
government. He governed again between 1880 and 1886 and was brought down by the
Irish issue. He was four times Prime Minister from 1868 to 1894.
WILLIAM JAMES
Brother of the novelist Henry James. He coined the term ‘stream of consciousness’.
(1842-1910)
Work in which Carpenter denounced the objectification of women by patriarchy. He
equated private property with the submission of women to men. Following Havelock
WOMAN AND HER
Ellis’s ‘angel-idiot’ theory, he argued that the construction of femininity was something
PLACE IN A FREE
completely alien to women. He objectification of woman caused lack of understanding
SOCIETY (1894)
between the sexes. His consideration of female sexuality as a male construct and the
need for understanding between the sexes was shared by many feminists of the period
WOMAN AND LABOUR Schreiner’s work acclaimed as an important statement on feminism. It had a major
(1911) influence on large number of young women.
Name of the magazine Wilde became the editor once he was back in England after his
WOMAN´S WORLD
marriage to Constance Lloyd in 1884
The degradation of the man who abhors his own potentialities. Lawrence was not an
advocate of animalism, he did not idealize the morals of the farmyard, but his aim was
WOMANISED to return to the primal energy of Eden before human consciousness became stained by
the sense of sin, and before man became 'womanised': hence his religion of the body,
his worship of life in itself and in all its aspects.
Regarding the male-female interaction Lawrence believed, almost to the end of his life,
they are a negative influence on the man they love, destroying his personality, and
WOMEN absorbing his being into their own. The following quote illustrates this vision: «They
are the very hottest hell once they get the start of you: There's nothing they won't do to
you. Especially if they love you.»
The response of women to the outbreak of War in August 1914 was mixed. A small
number adopted a staunch anti-war position and later worked with the conscientious
objectors' movement. A much larger minority threw their patriotic weight behind the
Allied cause. This is most true in Jessie Pope's poem "the Call". Britain was home to the
most active feminist movement in Western Europe: the Women’s Social and Political
Union (WSPU). A number of women writers, including Sylvia Townsend Warner and
WOMEN AND WAR
Storm Jameson, played an important part in the culture of the British left in the 1930s
WRITING
and 1940s. They used their writing, which includes poetry as well as prose, to explore
women’s roles in society and the tensions between social expectations and women’s
desires. The novels of Vera Brittain and Winifred Holtby reflect concerns about the
decline of militant feminism in the 1920s. ´Nevertheless, a number of women poets of
this period avoided 'masculinist' symbolic language and imagery of war. This is the
case, for example, of Rose Macaulay's 'Picnic'.
Novel by DH Lawrence, published in 1921 about 2 sisters, Ursula and Gudrun,
WOMEN IN LOVE continuation of a familiar saga- concern the consequences of trying to deny humanity's
union with nature and emphasise the power of sexuality.
 D.H. Lawrence always felt alienated from a strongly hierarchical social system such as
the British one. When Lawrence was growing up, few members of the working class
in Great Britain had much chance of lifting themselves out of poverty. Many were
illiterate and were treated by the upper classes as little more than beasts of burden
(such was the case with Lawrence's father, Arthur). One of the only ways to better
oneself was to be bright and ambitious enough to earn scholarships to grammar school
and university, as Lawrence himself did. One could easily tell what class an individual
belonged to by his speech. Notice in Sons and Lovers that Walter Morel speaks in a local
dialect, whereas his wife Gertrude speaks a crisp refined English.

The workers had suffered humiliation and sub-human living conditions for years but,
finally, some began to rebel. They started unions to improve their status, and socialism,
a system calling for public ownership of industry and land, became increasingly
WORKING CLASS popular.

The relationship between Lawrence's parents, Lydia and Arthur, as did that between
Gertrude and WaIter Morel, reveals the gulf separating the lower and middle classes.
Arthur, and most miners (also called colliers), worked twelve hours a day, exposed to
grave dangers and unhealthy working conditions. Miners' lives revolved around the
colliery and the pub, where after an exhausting day's work the men could forget their
troubles with a pint or more of beer: alcoholism was a serious problem in the mining
community. Arthur Lawrence drank heavily, and the tragic effect of an alcoholic father
on his family is painstakingly depicted in Sons and Lovers. Lawrence's mother, Lydia,
differed markedly from her uneducated, easygoing husband. She came from a lower-
middle-class family that had suffered an economic decline. Lydia's father was
humiliated by their fall in social status, and this shame was transferred to his daughter.

YOUTH AND OTHER

Volume published in in 1902. It included Heart of Darkness and The End of Tether
STORIES
A large aircraft or airship without wings that floats because it is filled with gas and that
ZEPPELLIN
has a rigid frame inside its body to help it keep its shape.