MMSP TC2-Deformation mechanisms and Microstructures

Name :
Exam 24 January 2020
First name :

Exercise 1 : Mechanism physically impossible (2 points)

The scenario is unphysical. Explain what is wrong and correct it to make it physically correct.
The crystal below on the left-hand side is stressed as shown by the arrows
One dislocation moves to the right, intersecting another dislocation and leaving the structure
shown in the crystal on the right-hand side. In the drawing on the right hand side, the small
arrows → indicate the Burger vectors.

lv

bv bc

lc

Answer exercise 1
a) The shear stress will cause the edge dislocation (located on the right) to move toward the
right and the screw dislocation will not move : they cannot meet as proposed!
It is necessary either to invert the position of the two dislocations, that is to say the edge
dislocation located on the left side of the screw dislocation, or to modify the direction of the
applied shear, such as :

τyz

τyz

Force on the screw dislocation :

⎛ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ τ yz bl ⎞
! ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛⎜ 0
!" σ →v ! ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
F ⎜
= bσ ∧l = 0 0 −τ yz ⎟⎜ b ⎟ ∧ ⎜ l ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟∧⎜ l ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ 0 −τ yz 0 ⎟⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −τ yz b ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎟
⎠
⎝ ⎠
The screw dislocation will move to the right under the effect of the shear stress τyz.

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Force on the edge dislocation:

⎛ ⎞⎛
!" σ →v ! ! ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟⎜ b ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟
F ⎜
= bσ ∧l = 0 0 −τ yz ⎟⎜ 0 ⎟ ∧ ⎜ 0 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ ∧ ⎜ 0 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎜
⎜ 0 −τ yz 0 ⎟⎝ 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ l ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ l ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠

The edge dislocation will not move under the application of the shear stress τyz. The
screw dislocation can therefore intersect the edge dislocation and form the jog as shown
in the figure.

Exercise 2 : Dislocations in hexagonal structure (2 points)

In an alloy of heagonal structure, is the following reaction possible?
1⎡ 1 1
⎣1123⎤⎦ → ⎡⎣2023⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣0223⎤⎦
3 6 6

Justify your answer.

Remark : in hexagonal structure, the Miller

index t = - (u+v)

Answer exercise 2 :
To calculate the energy of the dislocation, G being a constant, we just need to consider the
term b2 :
For the perfect dislocation :
1⎡ 2 2 2 2⎤ 15 5
3 ⎢
2⎣
1 +1 + −2 ( ) ( )
+ −3 ⎥
⎦
= =
9 3
For the partial dislocations :
1⎡ 2 2 2 2⎤ 1⎡ 2 2⎤ 2 ×17 17
2⎢
2 + 0 + −2 + −3 ⎥ + 2 ⎢02 + 22 + −2 + −3 ⎥ =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =
6 ⎣ ⎦ 6 ⎣ ⎦ 36 12

17 5
The ratio < , thus this dissociation in the hexagonal structure is possible.
12 3

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Exercise 3 : Stacking fault in Aluminum (5 points)

a) Using the table below, calculate the distance separating 2 partial dislocations b1 =
(a/6)[211] and b2 = (a/6)[121] in pure Al (GAl = 26,1 GPa), (atomic diameter of Al = 0.1431
nm).

(1 J = 1Pa.m3)

b) The Figure 2 shows that the addition of Mn decreases the stacking fault energy in Al.
What would be the distance between partial dislocation in the Al-12,5Mn alloy ?

Figure 2 : Variation of the stacking fault in aluminum alloy as a function of Mn content

c) It has been observed that the strain hardening measured during tensile test for Al-10Mn
alloy was significantly larger than that for pure Al. Which mechanism can explain this
increase in the strain hardening ?

Al-12,5Mn

Pure Al

Figure 3 : variation of the strain hardening (dσ/dε) as a function of the strain for pure Al and Al-12,5Mn alloy

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Answer exercise 3
a) Distance between partial dislocations :
1/2 1/2

d SF =
2 2
(2
Gb1b2 G × a 2 +1 +1
=
2
) (
12 + 22 +12 ) =
Ga 2
2πγ SF 2 × 36πγ SF 12πγ SF

26.1×103 × a 2
⇒ d SF = = 4,2 × a 2
6π ×166

In a FCC, a 2 = 4r
2

(
⇒ d SF = 3,4 × 2 2rAl ) = 0,68nm
b) Al-12,5MN :
26.1×103 × a 2
⇒ d SF = = 9,23× a 2 = 1,5nm
6π × 75

c) The change in the hardening coefficient can be explained by the extension of the distance
between both partial dislocations, making difficult the cross-slip mechanism in Al alloy.

Exercise 4 : Mechanical behavior of single crystal (6 points)

Your laboratory has a tensile test machine equipped with a load cell having a maximum
capacity of 2500N. The following results (Table and Figure. 1) were obtained in a tensile test
carried out at room temperature on a nickel single crystal of cylindrical section with diameter
4 mm and the test was performed with the uniaxial stress axis parallel to the [123]
crystallographic orientation.

Length (mm) Force (N)

10,000 0
10,003 697,50
10,005 1395,00
10,006 1473,75
10,023 1507,50
10,040 1545,47
10,070 1586,25
10,100 1625,63
10,125 1658,81
10,150 1701,56
10,180 1951,88
10,200 2148,75
10,220 2435,63
Figure 1 : tensile stress-strain curve

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a) Knowing that plastic deformation up to 1.5% occurs by gliding dislocations on the

( )
111 [101] slip system, determine the critical resolved shear stress.
b) Explain the origin of the change in the slope in the stress-strain curve for deformation
beyond ε = 1.5% (Fig.1).
c) Knowing that the tensile test machine is equipped with a load cell having a maximum
capacity of 2500N, what would happen if you perform, for the same material, same geometry
and same dimension, a test with the tensile load axis oriented parallel to the
[111] crystallographic orientation?

Answer exercise 2 :

a) tensile along the [123] orientation, and 111 [101] slip system : ( )
We calculate the Schmid factor : m = cosθ cos λ
h2 h3 + k2 k3 + l2l3 1×1+ 0 × 2 +1× 3 4 4
cosθ = 1/2 1/2
= 1/2 1/2
= = = 0, 7559
( 2 2 2) ( 3 3 3) (
h 2
+ k 2
+ l 2
h 2
+ k 2
+ l 2
12
+ 0 2
+12
) ( 12
+ 2 2
+ 32
) 2 14 7

h1h3 + k1k3 + l1l3 −1×1+1× 2 +1× 3 4 8

cos χ = = = = = 0, 6172
2 1/2 2 1/2 1/2
2 1/2 3 14 21
(h 2
1 + k12 + l 1 ) (h 2
3 + k32 + l
3 ) ((−1) +1 +1 ) (1 + 2 + 3 )
2 2 2 2 2

m = cosθ cos λ = 0, 4666 → τ = σ × m = σ cosθ cos λ

In the table and on the stress-strain curve:
F = 1473,75N → σ = 118 MPa → τ = 55 MPa

b) The change in slope results from the rotation of the sample with respect to the loading axis
and the activation of a second slip system.

(c) If the loading axis is parallel to the [111] orientation :

h2 h3 + k2 k3 + l2l3 1×1+ 0 ×1+1×1 2 2

cosθ = = = = = 0,8165
2 1/2 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 1/2 2 3 3
(h
2
2
2
+k +l
2 2) (h 2
3
2
+k +l
3 3 ) (1
2 2
+ 0 +1 ) (1 2 2
+1 +1 )
h1h3 + k1k3 + l1l3 −1×1+1×1+1×1 1 1
cos χ = = = = = 0, 333
2 1/2 2 1/2 1/2
2 1/2 3 3 3
(h
2
1 + k12 + l 1 ) (h 2
3 + k32 + l 3) ((−1) +1 +1 ) (1 +1 +1 )
2 2 2 2 2

m = cosθ cos λ = 0, 2622 → τ = σ × m = σ cosθ cos λ

We know that τ = 55 MPa → σ = τ / m = 202,1 MPa → F = 2539,4 N

If the value of the critical resolved shear stress is 55 MPa (as determine above), the value of
the normal force (for this sample diameter) to be applied will be greater than the capacity of
the machine : if a tensile (or compression) test is carried out for a sample of which the axis of
stress is parallel to the crystallographic orientation [111], it will be possible to perform a test
in the elastic domain only because this load cell will not be able to work when the yield
strength (or flow limit) will be reached.

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Exercise 5 : Dislocation loop (5 points)

A non-planar dislocation loop is illustrated in the figure below. Each of the dislocation
segment is parallel to one of the coordinate axes.

- a) Identify the character of each segment of the dislocation loop.

- b) A positive shear stress τzx = τxz is applied. Indicate the direction of the Peach-Koehler
force for the BA, AH and HG segments.
- c) Give approximately the geometry of the dislocation loop after application of this shear
stress?

Answer exercise 5

a) According to the sketch, we can see that the AH segment has a screw characteristic. Thus:
Segment AB BC CD DE EF FG GH HA
Caracteristic edge screw edge screw edge screw edge screw

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
! ⎜ ⎟ !" ⎜ ⎟
b) On the BA segment : b BA = ⎜ 0 ⎟ et L BA = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

!" " !" ⎛ 0

⎜ 0 τ xz ⎞⎟
Peach-Koehler : F = σ .b ∧ L with σ = ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ τ xz 0 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

We get :

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⎛ 0 0 τ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
!" ⎜ xz ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
F BA = ⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟⎜ 0 ⎟ ∧ ⎜ 0 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ ∧ ⎜ 0 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ τ xz 0 0 ⎟⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ τ xz ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ −1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
The force on the BA segment is nil. We can expect that the force on the EF segment is nil,
too.

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
! ⎜ ⎟ !" ⎜ ⎟
On the AH segment : b AH = ⎜ 0 ⎟ et L AH = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 0 0 τ xz ⎞⎟⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
!" ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
F AH =⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟⎜ 0 ⎟ ∧ ⎜ 0 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ ∧ ⎜ 0 ⎟ = ⎜ τ xz ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ τ xz 0 0 ⎟⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ τ xz ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠

The force on the AH segment is positive along the y direction. We can expect that the force
on the BC segment is also positive along the y direction and that the force on the DE and FG
segments are negative, thus opposite to the y direction.

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
! ⎜ ⎟ !" ⎜ ⎟
On the HG segment : b HG = ⎜ 0 ⎟ et L HG = ⎜ −1 ⎟
⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 0 0 τ xz ⎞⎟⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ τ xz ⎞
!" ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
F HG =⎜ 0 0 0 ⎟⎜ 0 ⎟ ∧ ⎜ −1 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ ∧ ⎜ −1 ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟
⎜ τ xz 0 0 ⎟⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ τ xz
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

The force on the HG segment is positive along the x direction. We can expect that the force
on the CD segment is negative, thus opposite to the x direction.
Owing to the shear stress, the loop will extend as below:

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and will become :

to finally form small loops at it extends further :

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