LESSON 10: are expected to play various roles at home, at

work, and in the community

Gender and Development 5. Gender-Based Violence (Violence against
(GAD) Women) – usually associated with violence
against women, as it involves the abuse of
Lesson 10.1: GAD-Related Definitions and
power arising from unequal power relationships
Concepts
based on socially ascribed gender differences
Sex Roles vs. Gender Roles
Gender Equality
Sex roles are those roles that are based on the
biological characteristics of a person; they are Gender equality is defined as a state
universal, permanent, and unchanging. characterized by granting an individual the
opportunity to equally take part in all the
Gender roles are those roles that are learned by domains of life (economic, social, and political)
a person as appropriate to their gender and are no matter what sex or gender he or she may
determined by cultural norms. have.
Gender Socialization Lesson 10.2: Philippine Gender Situation and
Gender socialization refers to the process by Laws Upholding Gender Rights
which an individual, starting from childhood Global Gender Gap Index
development, continuously learns about the
attitudes and actions expected by the society in Gender gap is defined as the distance between
relation to the gender of a person. males and females in relation to their access to
social, political, cultural, and economic lives
Gender Bias (Hausmann, Tyson, & Zahidi, 2012). The 2020
As a social construct, gender unpins the Global Gap Index depicts that the Philippines is
concepts of bias and inequality across all one of the top countries in the world that is
genders, typically against women. able to narrow the gender gap, as it ranked 16th
Manifestations of gender bias include out of 153 countries.
marginalization, subordination, stereotyping, In the East Asia region, the Philippines ranks
multiple burdens, and gender-based violence. 2nd when contrasted with other Asian countries
Concepts Related to Gender Bias in terms of the gender gap index. The country
has yielded high scores on the four parameters
1. Stereotyping – prejudiced beliefs or opinions of global gender gap: economic participation
regarding the characteristics of males and and opportunity, educational attainment,
females health and survival, and political empowerment.
2. Marginalization – denying someone’s voice
and access to basic services by virtue of one’s Policy Imperatives on GAD
gender International Policies
3. Subordination – bestowing less control or
power on someone considered to be of 1. UN Convention on Elimination and
“inferior” sex Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) – This
is frequently referred to as a global charter of
4. Multiple Burden – the notion that women rights for women. It establishes an agenda for
are expected to work longer than men as they national action to end such prejudice against
women while defining what constitutes such plan that addresses, offers, and seeks complete
behavior. equality for female and male development.

2. Beijing Platform for Action – On September 2. Gender Equality and Women’s

15, 1995, the UN passed a resolution known as Empowerment (GEWE) Plan (2019-2025) – The
the Beijing Declaration at the conclusion of the government will use this as a guide and primary
Fourth World Conference on Women. The resource for creating Gender and Development
resolution was passed to establish a set of (GAD) plans and budgets.
guidelines for gender equality.
3. Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022) –
3. Millennium Development Goals and This shall offer a guide for achieving inclusive
Sustainable Development Goals – Also known and sustained progress for all Filipinos.
as the Global Goals, these are a set of 17
Policies on Gender-Based Violence/Violence
interconnected international objectives that are
against Women
intended to serve as a common blueprint for
peace and prosperity for people and the planet, Republic Acts
now and into the future.
1. RA 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and
National Policies Children Act (VAWC) – prescribes penalties for
violence against women and children, provides
1. The 1987 Philippine Constitution – This is the
protective measures for victims and other
Republic of the Philippines' constitution, which
purposes related to VAWC.
is also its highest legislation. On October 12,
1986, the Constitutional Commission completed 2. RA 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act – a law
the final text, and on February 2, 1987, a making sexual harassment illegal in settings of
countrywide referendum approved it. employment, education, or training
2. RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women – The 3. RA 11313: Safe Spaces Act – a law defining
Magna Carta of Women is a thorough human gender-based sexual harassment in public
rights law for women that aims to end places, online, at work, and in educational or
discrimination against them by recognizing, training facilities.
upholding, and advancing their rights,
particularly those of underprivileged Filipino 4. RA 8353: Anti-Rape Law – According to this
women. law, anyone can be a victim of rape, including
prostituted individuals, nonvirgins, and those
3. RA 7192: Women in Nation-Building Act – with active sexual lives.
The Act's goal is to support the participation of
women as full, equal partners with men in 5. RA 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and
economic growth and national development. Protection Act – This law guides the
establishment of rape crisis centers in every
4. Joint Memorandum Circulars 2012-1, 2013- province and city, authorizing the appropriation
01, and 2016-01 – These guide the distribution of necessary funds and other requirements to
of the Gender and Development budget. provide assistance and protection for victims of
rape.
GAD-Related Plans

1. Philippine Plan for Gender Responsive

Development (1995-2025) – This is a national
6. RA 10364: Expanded Anti-Trafficking Law – 3. RA 6725: Prohibition on Discrimination
establishes the essential institutional against Women – strengthens the restriction on
arrangements for the defense and assistance of discrimination against women in relation to
trafficked individuals by formulating sanctions employment
for violations.
4. RA 7882: Provision of Assistance to Women
7. RA 9775: Anti-Child Pornography Law – The Engaging in Micro and Cottage Business
purpose of this law is to define the crime of Enterprises – gives assistance to women in the
child pornography and prescribe penalties. micro and cottage business

8. RA 7610: Anti-Child Abuse Law – institutes 5. RA 6949: National Women’s Day –

greater defenses and security against child designates March 8 as the National Women’s
abuse, exploitation, and discrimination Day and a working holiday

Revised Penal Code Crimes Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights of
the LGBTQI+ Community
1. Acts of Lasciviousness – the act of making
physical contact with another person's body to International Policies
satisfy one's sexual needs even without
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights – an
intending to engage in sexual activity
international charter that protects the freedoms
2. Seduction (Simple and Qualified) – and rights of all people and was approved by
persuading another to engage in prohibited the United Nations
sexual activity by using promises, flattery,
2. International Covenant on Civil and Political
bribery, or other means without employing
Rights (ICCPR) – This multilateral agreement
physical force or violence
binds the states parties to uphold the civil and
3. Concubinage – any male spouse who political rights of all citizens, including the right
maintains a mistress in the marital residence, to life, freedom of religion or belief, freedom of
engages in scandalous sexual activity with a expression, freedom of association, the right to
woman who is not his wife, or cohabits with her vote, and the right to a fair trial and due
in another location process.

4. Unjust Vexation – any nonviolent human 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social

action that unjustly irritates a person who is and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) – It binds the UN
innocent member nations to work for the granting of
economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to
Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights
the non-self-governing and trust territories and
and Privileges of Women
to people, including labor rights and the right to
1. RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women health, to education, and to a livable wage.

2. RA 11210: Expanded Maternity Leave Law – National Policies

increases the maternity leave period for female
1. The 1987 Philippine Constitution
employees to 105 days, with the option of
extending for an additional 30 days without pay. 2. RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women
It grants an additional 15 days for solo mothers
3. RA 10627: Anti-Bullying Act – This law
as well.
establishes the adoption of policies and
 programs against bullying in primary
and secondary schools.

4. 4. RA 11166: Philippine HIV and AIDS

Act – This law helped enhance the
Philippines’ wholistic policy on HIV and
AIDS prevention, treatment, care, and
support, reconstituted the Philippine
National Aids Council (PNAC), and
repealed RA 8504 or the "Philippine
Aids Prevention and Control Act of
1998."