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TaylorRemainderProof

The document presents a proof of the Taylor Remainder Theorem, which relies on Rolle's Theorem. It states that if a function is (N + 1) times differentiable on an interval, there exists a point between two values where the function can be expressed in terms of its derivatives. The proof demonstrates the relationship between the function and its derivatives, ultimately confirming the theorem's validity.

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minhanh10.2022
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5 views2 pages

TaylorRemainderProof

The document presents a proof of the Taylor Remainder Theorem, which relies on Rolle's Theorem. It states that if a function is (N + 1) times differentiable on an interval, there exists a point between two values where the function can be expressed in terms of its derivatives. The proof demonstrates the relationship between the function and its derivatives, ultimately confirming the theorem's validity.

Uploaded by

minhanh10.2022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE TAYLOR REMAINDER THEOREM

JAMES KEESLING

In this post we give a proof of the Taylor Remainder Theorem. It is a very simple proof
and only assumes Rolle’s Theorem.

Rolle’s Theorem. Let f (x) be differentiable on [a, b] and suppose that f (a) = f (b). Then
there is a point a < ξ < b such that f 0 (ξ) = 0.

Taylor Remainder Theorem. Suppose that f (x) is (N + 1) times differentiable on the


interval [a, b] with a < x0 < b. Let a < x0 < b. Then there is a point ξ between x0 and x
such that the following holds.

f 00 f (N ) (x0 ) f (N +1) (ξ)


f (x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x − x0 ) + (x − x0 )2 + · · · + (x − x0 )N + (x − x0 )N +1
2 N! (N + 1)!
N
X f (n) f (N +1) (ξ)
= (x − x0 )n + (x − x0 )N +1
n! (N + 1)!
n=0

Proof. Let f, a, b, x and x0 be as in the statement of the theorem. Let R be defined by


the following equation.

f 00 f (N ) (x0 ) R
f (x) = f (x0 )+f 0 (x0 )(x−x0 )+ (x−x0 )2 +· · ·+ (x−x0 )N + (x−x0 )N +1
2 N! (N + 1)!
Define F (ξ) by the following formula.
N
X f (n) (ξ) R
F (ξ) = (x − ξ)n + (x − ξ)N +1
n! (N + 1)!
n=0
Then we have the following.

N
!
X f (n+1) (ξ) f (n) (ξ) R
F 0 (ξ) = f 0 (ξ) + (x − ξ)n − (x − ξ)n−1 − (x − ξ)N
n! (n − 1)! N!
n=0
f (N +1) (ξ) R
= (x − ξ)N − (x − ξ)N
N! N!
(x − ξ)N (N +1)
= (f (ξ) − R)
N!
1
2 JAMES KEESLING

Clearly F (x0 ) = F (x) = f (x). So, by Rolle’s Theorem, there is a point ξ between x0 and
x such that F 0 (ξ) = 0. At that point ξ we have R = f (N +1) (ξ) and thus we have
N
X f (n) f (N +1) (ξ)
f (x) = (x − x0 )n + (x − x0 )N +1 .
n! (N + 1)!
n=0

This is what was to be proved. 

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