Contents

Introduction 4
5 Applications of graphs 76
1 Percentages 6 5.1 Step graphs 77
1.1 Simple interest 7 5.2 Time graphs 82
1.2 Percentage increases and decreases 10 5.3 Exponential growth graphs 87
1.3 Calculating the original value 14 Ready to progress? 92
1.4 Repeated percentage changes 17 Review questions 92
Ready to progress? 20 Problem solving
Review questions 20 Mobile phone tariffs 94
Challenge
6 Pythagoras’ theorem 96
Exponential growth 22
6.1 Introducing Pythagoras’ theorem 97
2 Equations and formulae 24 6.2 Using Pythagoras’ theorem to
2.1 Multiplying out brackets 25 solve problems 101
2.2 Factorising algebraic expressions 26 6.3 The converse of Pythagoras’ theorem 104
2.3 Expressions with several variables 28 Ready to progress? 106
2.4 Equations with fractions 31 Review questions 106
Ready to progress? 34 Activity
Review questions 34 Practical Pythagoras 108
Investigation
Body mass index 36 7 Fractions 110
7.1 Adding and subtracting fractions 111
3 Polygons 38
7.2 Multiplying fractions and mixed
3.1 Properties of polygons 39 numbers 113
3.2 Interior and exterior angles of 7.3 Dividing fractions and mixed
regular polygons 44 numbers 115
3.3 Tessellations and regular polygons 46 7.4 Algebraic fractions 118
Ready to progress? 48 Ready to progress? 120
Review questions 48 Review questions 120
Mathematical reasoning Investigation
Semi-regular tessellations 50 Fractions from one to six 122
4 Using data 52 8 Algebra 124
4.1 Scatter graphs and correlation 53 8.1 Expanding the product of two
4.2 Two-way tables 59 brackets 125
4.3 Estimation of a mean from 8.2 Expanding expressions with
grouped data 62 more than two brackets 128
4.4 Cumulative frequency diagrams 65 8.3 Factorising quadratic expressions
4.5 Statistical investigations 70 with positive coefficients 130
Ready to progress? 72 8.4 Factorising quadratic expressions
Review questions 72 with negative coefficients 132
Challenge 8.5 The difference of two squares 134
Census 74 Ready to progress? 136
Review questions 136
Challenge
Graphs from expressions 138

2 Contents

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 9 Decimal numbers 140 12 Compound units 188
9.1 Powers of 10 141 12.1 Speed 189
9.2 Standard form 143 12.2 More compound units 193
9.3 Multiplying with numbers 12.3 Unit costs 196
in standard form 147 Ready to progress? 200
9.4 Dividing with numbers in Review questions 200
standard form 149 Challenge
9.5 Upper and lower bounds 151 Population density 202
Ready to progress? 154 13 Right-angled triangles 204
Review questions 154
Mathematical reasoning 13.1 Introduction to trigonometric
To the stars and back 156 ratios 205
13.2 How to find trigonometric ratios
10 Surface area and volume of 158 of angles 207
cylinders 13.3 Using trigonometric ratios to find
10.1 Volume of a cylinder 159 angles 210
10.2 Surface area of a cylinder 162 13.4 Using trigonometric ratios to find
10.3 Composite shapes 166 lengths 215
Ready to progress? 170 Ready to progress? 218
Review questions 170 Review questions 218
Problem solving Investigation
Packaging soup 172 Barnes Wallis and the bouncing
bomb 220
11 Solving equations graphically 174
14 Revision and GCSE preparation 222
11.1 Graphs from equations in the form
ay ± bx = c 175 14.1 Practice 223
11.2 Solving simultaneous equations by 14.2 Revision 232
drawing graphs 177 GCSE-type questions 239
11.3 Solving quadratic equations by
Glossary 242
drawing graphs 179
11.4 Solving cubic equations by Index 245
drawing graphs 181
Ready to progress? 184
Review questions 184
Challenge
Maximum packages 186

Contents 3

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 How to use this book
Learning objectives
See what you are going to cover and
what you should already know at the
start of each chapter.

About this chapter

Find out the history of the maths you
are going to learn and how it is used in
real-life contexts.

Key words
The main terms used are listed at the
start of each topic and highlighted in
the text the first time they come up,
helping you to master the terminology
you need to express yourself fluently
about maths. Definitions are provided
in the glossary at the back of the book.

Worked examples
Understand the topic before you start
the exercises, by reading the examples
in blue boxes. These take you through
how to answer a question step by step.

Skills focus
Practise your problem-solving,
mathematical reasoning and financial
skills.

PS FS

Take it further
Stretch your thinking by working
through the Investigation, Problem
solving, Challenge and Activity
sections. By tackling these you are
working at a higher level.

4 How to use this book

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 Progress indicators
Track your progress with indicators that
show the difficulty level of each question.

Ready to progress?
Check whether you have achieved the
expected level of progress in each chapter.
The statements show you what you need to
know and how you can improve.

Review questions
The review questions bring together what
you’ve learnt in this and earlier chapters,
helping you to develop your mathematical
fluency.

Activity pages
Put maths into context with these colourful
pages showing real-world situations
involving maths. You are practising your
problem-solving, reasoning and financial
skills.

Interactive book, digital resources and videos

A digital version of this Pupil Book is available, with interactive classroom and
homework activities, assessments, worked examples and tools that have been specially
developed to help you improve your maths skills. Also included are engaging video
clips that explain essential concepts, and exciting real-life videos and images that bring
to life the awe and wonder of maths.
Find out more at www.collins.co.uk/connect

How to use this book 5

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 1 Percentages

This chapter is going to show you:

• how to calculate simple interest
• how to use a multiplier to calculate percentage
increases and decreases
• how to calculate the original value after a percentage
change
• how to calculate the result of repeated percentage
changes.

You should already know:

• how to work out a percentage of a given number, with
or without a calculator
• how to write one number as a percentage of another
number.

About this chapter

Banks are in business to offer financial services, from
which they can make profits. A lot of their income is
generated through lending money to customers. When
someone borrows money, they will have to pay it back,
after an agreed time. Meanwhile, they have to pay the
lender for the use of the money. They do this by paying
interest, which is a percentage of the amount they have
borrowed. The interest payments may be made at agreed
time intervals, such as monthly, every three months or
yearly. The most basic form is simple interest, which
is one of the mathematical ideas you will learn about
in this chapter. To understand it, though, you need to
understand how percentages work.

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 1.1 Simple interest
Learning objectives Key words
• To understand what is meant by simple interest lender
• To solve problems involving simple interest simple interest

If you take out a loan you usually have to pay interest to the lender. This is the person or organisation
lending you the money.
One type of interest is called simple interest. This is expressed as a percentage. As long as you still
have the loan, you will pay the lender the percentage of the loan, at regular intervals.

Example 1
Tina takes a loan of £650. She agrees to pay simple interest of 5% every three months.
How much interest will she pay in one year?
The interest payment is 5% of £650.
1 1
5% of 650 = 0.05 × 650 = 32.5 or × 650 = 32.5 since 5% =
20 20
She pays £32.50 four times in one year. One year = 12 months
She pays £32.50 × 4 = £130.
Remember as well as paying the interest she will also have to pay back the value of the loan,
which is £650 in this case.

Example 2
Wayne takes out a loan of £8290 to buy a car. He pays simple interest of 1.6% per month.
Calculate amount of interest he pays in three years.
He makes 36 payments of 1.6%. 3 years = 36 months
8290 × 0.016 × 36 = 4775.04 1.6% = 0.016
He pays £4775.04 interest over the three years.

Example 3
Lucy has a loan of £450. She pays interest of £10.80 per month.
What is the rate of simple interest?
10.8
= 0.024 Divide the interest by the amount of the loan.
450
0.024 × 100 = 2.4% Multiply the decimal by 100 to change it to a percentage.

If the numbers are straightforward you do not need a calculator. You should know how to use a
calculator to work out percentages if you need to.

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 Exercise 1A

FS 1 Work out these percentages. Do not use a calculator.

a 25% of £300 b 10% of £45 c 40% of £1000 d 75% of £600
e 30% of £2000 f 13% of £300 g 82% of £200 h 150% of £80
FS 2 Use a calculator to work out these percentages.
a 13% of £85 b 7% of £425 c 23% of £6500 d 3.5% of £230
e 1.4% of £620 f 38% of £560 g 3.8% of £1320 h 0.5% of £325
FS 3 Sam takes a loan of £800.
He pays simple interest of 3% per month for six months.
Work out the total amount of interest Sam pays.
FS 4 Haritha pays 2.7% monthly interest on a loan of £5600.
He pays simple interest for one year.
Work out the total interest he has paid after one year.
FS 5 Jenny takes a loan of £6400.
She pays 4.2% simple interest monthly,
for two years, and then she pays back the
loan.
Calculate how much interest she pays
altogether.

FS 6 Aaron has a loan of £1250.

He pays simple interest of 0.5% per month for eight months.
a Calculate the total amount of interest Aaron pays.
b Show that the total interest is 4% of the original loan.
FS 7 Farouk pays 9% per year on a loan of £25 000.
He pays interest for six years.
a Work out how much interest he pays altogether.
b What percentage of the loan is the total interest?
FS 8 Sania pays 0.5% per week interest on a loan of £300.
a How much interest has she paid after five weeks?
b How much interest has she paid after eight weeks?
c After a certain number of weeks she has paid £78 interest.
How many weeks is this?

8 1 Percentages

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 PS 9 Carly takes a loan of £5250 and pays 1.6% simple interest each month for ten
months.
FS James takes a loan of £5600 and pays 1.25% simple interest each month for a year.
Who pays more interest, Carly or James? Justify your answer.
FS 10 Kwami has a loan of £600.
He pays £102 per year simple interest.
Work out the yearly rate of interest.
FS 11 Amy pays interest each month on a loan of £4000.
After 3 months she has paid a total of £27 interest.
Work out the monthly rate of interest.
FS 12 Huan pays simple interest each week on a loan of £350.
After four weeks she has paid a total of £8.40 interest.
Work out the weekly rate of interest.
PS 13 Jack pays monthly interest of £28 on a loan of £1600.
a Work out the monthly interest rate.
FS b What percentage of the original loan will Jack have paid after:
i three months ii six months iii one year iv two years?

Challenge: Using a formula

This is a formula you can use to work the total repayment (including the original loan)

(
A = P 1 + RT
100 )
where P is the initial loan, R is the percentage rate of interest, T is the number of payments and
A is the total amount paid back (initial loan + interest).
A Aaron takes out a loan of £500 at 2% per month for 6 months.
In this case, P = 500, R = 2 and T = 6.
Use the formula to work out the total amount he pays back.
B Work out the total amount paid back on a loan of £250 at 1.7% monthly interest for a year.
C Work out the total amount paid back on a loan of £6800 at 14.5% annual interest for four
years.
D Max took out a loan. He made interest repayments of 2.4% each month.
After 42 months he repaid the original loan.
Show that his total repayment was just over twice the original loan.

1.1 Simple interest 9

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 1.2 Percentage increases and decreases
Learning objectives Key words
• To use the multiplier method to calculate the result of a decrease increase
percentage increase or decrease
multiplier original value
• To calculate the percentage change in a value

A percentage change may be:

• an increase if the new value is larger than the original value
• a decrease if the new value is smaller than the original value.
There are different ways that you can calculate the new value but the multiplier method is often
the most efficient. You just multiply the original value by an appropriate number (the multiplier) to
calculate the result of the percentage change.

Example 4
Alicia buys a second-hand car for £4800. Calculate what she can sell it for, two years later, if:
a the value has fallen by 20% b the value has increased by 8%.
a The original value was 100% and it has decreased by 20%.
100% - 20% = 80% = 0.8 This is the multiplier for a 20% decrease.
The value is 0.8 × £4800 = £3840. You could also work out 4
5
× 3840 to get the
answer.
b The original value was 100% and it has increased by 8%.
100% + 8% = 108% = 1.08 This is the multiplier for an 8% increase.
The value is 1.08 × £4800 = £5184.

A multiplier is the most efficient method to increase or decrease by a percentage. For example:
• to increase by 15% the multiplier is 100% + 15% = 115% = 1.15
• to decrease by 15% the multiplier is 100% - 15% = 85% = 0.85.

Example 5
The price of a car is decreased from £12 450 to £11 990.
Calculate the percentage decrease.
Original price × multiplier = new price
new price 11990
So the multiplier = =
original price 12 450
= 0.9630 . . . = 96.30 . . . %
= 96.3% Round to one decimal place.
The decrease is 100% - 96.3% = 3.7%.

10 1 Percentages

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 Example 6
Over 50 years, the population of a city increased from 540 000 to 1 287 000.
Calculate the percentage increase.
Original population × multiplier = new population
new population 1287 000 Hint Notice that an increase can
So the multiplier = =
original population 540 000 be more than 100%.

= 2.3833 . . . = 238.33 . . . %
The increase is 238% - 100% = 138%. Round to the nearest whole number.

Exercise 1B

1 Peter has £4800 in a savings account.

How much will he have if his savings:
a increase by 7% b decrease by 7%
c increase by 47% d decrease by 70%?
2 Work out the new prices.
a Jacket was £225, price reduced
by 40%.
b Handbag was £132, price reduced
by 30%.
c Shoes were £79, price reduced
by 10%.
d Jeans were £85, price reduced
by 85%.

3 Change each bill by the amount shown.

a Electricity £325.40, increase by 8% b Gas £216.53, decrease by 12%
c Rent £475.50, increase by 14% d Council tax £781.20, decrease by 1.5%
4 The price of a cooker was £585.
a Work out the new price after a decrease of 3.5%.
b The price is decreased from £585 to £499.
Work out the percentage decrease.
c The price is increased from £585 to £605.
Work out the percentage increase.

1.2 Percentage increases and decreases 11

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 5 The multiplier for a price increase is 1.075.
a What is the percentage increase?
b What is the multiplier for a decrease of the same percentage?
FS 6 An antique painting was valued at £24 000.
Work out the new value, if it increases by:
a 80% b 180% c 280% d 330%.
FS 7 Greg and Lynne bought a flat for £185 000.
Six years later, they sold it for £429 000.
Work out the percentage increase in the price.
FS 8 Ludmilla bought an antique necklace for £560.
a She wants to sell it for a profit of at least 20%.
What is the minimum price she must sell it for?
b She sells it for £725. Work out her percentage profit.
9 Read these two statements.

The price of a
vintage car has increased
by 150%.

The price of a
second-hand car has been
reduced by 150%.

Explain why one statement is sensible and the other is not.

10 Work out the percentage change in each case.
a An increase from £285 to £365 b A decrease from £365 to £285
c An increase from 42.3 kg to 91.7 kg d A decrease from 91.7 kg to 42.3 kg
11 Read what Beth is saying.

A change from 870

to 1240 is an increase of 42.5%
and a change from 1240 to 870
is a decrease of 42.5%.

She is incorrect. Write a correct version.

12 1 Percentages

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 12 This table shows the selling price of a house at different times.
Year 2000 2006 2009
Selling price £195 000 £270 000 £235 000

Work out the percentage change in price:

a from 2000 to 2006 b from 2006 to 2009 c from 2000 to 2009.
13 Ayaan has a rectangular piece of card with sides of length 16 cm and 20 cm.
16 cm

12 cm

16 cm 20 cm

He cuts off a 2 cm border all around the edge.

a Work out the percentage change in the width of the card.
b Work out the percentage change in the perimeter.
c Work out the percentage change in the area.
PS 14 Read this newspaper headline.
This means prices are increasing by V nezuela grapples
Ve
56% a year. with 56% inflation
The price of a shopping basket now is 400
Bolivars (the currency in Venezuela).
a What will the price be in a year’s time if it increases by 56%?

Hint The increase is not 56% of

400.

b What will the price be a year after that if it increases by another 56%?
c What will the price be a year later if, once again, it increases by 56%?

Reasoning: Population change

A website gives these populations for three English cities.
1901 1951 1991
Derby 114 000 141 000 214 000
Liverpool 702 000 789 000 452 000
Plymouth 264 000 209 000 236 000
A Which city had the largest percentage change between 1901 and 1951? Justify your answer.
B Which city had the largest percentage change between 1951 and 1991? Justify your answer.

1.2 Percentage increases and decreases 13

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 1.3 Calculating the original value
Learning objective
• Given the result of a percentage change, to calculate the original value

The number of swans in a wildlife reserve has increased

by 20% since last year. There are now 450. How many
were there last year?
It would be incorrect to reduce 450 by 20% and get
450 × 0.8 = 360.
This is because the 20% relates to the number last year,
not the number now.
The correct answer is that last year there were 375
swans.
This is because if you increase 375 by 20% you get 375 × 1.2 = 450.
In this section you will learn how to answer questions like this.

Example 7
Last year, the number of daily visitors to Hastings Museum increased by 30% to 1066.
What was the number of visitors before the increase?
The multiplier for the increase is 1.3. 100% + 30% = 130% = 1.3
Original number × 1.3 = 1066 The result of the increase is 1066.
1066
Original number = Find the original number by dividing by 1.3.
1.3
= 820 1066 ÷ 1.3 = 820

Example 8
In an annual survey, the number of birds seen in a wood was 150. This was a 40% reduction
on the previous year.
How many were there the previous year?
The multiplier for a 40% reduction is 0.6. 100% - 40% = 60% = 0.6
The previous year’s number × 0.6 = 150.
150
The previous year’s number = = 250. Divide 150 by 0.6.
0.6

VAT
Prices often include a tax called value added tax (VAT). This is set as a percentage of the original cost.
You can use the multiplier method to find the cost before VAT is added.

14 1 Percentages

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 Example 9
The price of a car repair, including 20% VAT, is £283.68.
Work out the price excluding VAT.
The multiplier for a 20% increase is 1.2. 100% + 20% = 120% = 1.2
Price excluding VAT × 1.2 = 283.68
Price excluding VAT = 283.68
1.2
= £236.40

Exercise 1C

1 a After a 10% increase, a price is now £495. Work out the original price.
b After a 20% increase, the mass of a calf is 80 kg. Work out the mass before the
increase.
c After a 40% increase, the height of a tree is now 4.9 m. Work out the original
height.
d After adding 2.5% interest, a loan is now worth £6929. Work out the original
loan.
2 a After a 20% decrease in value, a car is now worth £2560. Work out the original
value.
b After a 2.5% decrease, a price is now £468. Work out the original price.
c After a 12.5% decrease, a mass is now 154 kg. Work out the original mass.
d After an 80% decrease in membership, a club now has 36 members. Work out the
original number of members.
3 The number of trees in a wood is 552.
This is a 15% increase from five years
ago.
a Work out the number of trees that
were in the wood five years ago.
b If the numbers increase by 15% in the
next ten years, how many will there
be?

4 The amount of cereal in a packet has increased by 10%.

The mass of the contents is now 495 g.
a Work out the mass of the contents before the increase.
b If the mass of the contents is increased by another 10%, what will it be?

1.3 Calculating the original value 15

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 5 The number of people employed by Acme Electronics increased by 60% over the last
year.
The company now employs 448 people.
a How many people did Acme Electronics employ a year ago?
b If they employ 60% more in the coming year, how many will they employ a year
from now?
FS 6 The price of concert tickets offered on a website is reduced by 15%.
The price now is £57.80.
Harry buys six tickets. How much will he save, because of the reduction?
FS 7 These are some prices including VAT at 20%.
Work out the price excluding VAT in each case.
a Restaurant bill, £101.52 b Garage bill, £462.24 c TV, £899.50
FS 8 The rate of VAT on energy bills is 8%. These are some energy bills, including VAT.
Work out each bill before VAT is added.
a £128.15 b £255.40 c £324.16
FS 9 The cost of a new boiler, including 20% VAT, is £849.00.
How much is the VAT?
FS 10 The standard rate of VAT in Ireland is different than in England.
a A camera costs €265 excluding VAT and €325.95 including VAT.
Work out the rate of VAT in Ireland.
b A sofa in Ireland costs €2099 including VAT. How much is the VAT?
11 Between 1901 and 2001 the population of England rose by 63.4% to 49 139 000.
a What was the population in 1901?
Between 1801 and 1901 the population of England rose by 287.8%.
b What was the population in 1801?

Challenge: At the gym

A gym increases its membership fee by 25% to £160.
The number of members in the gym decreases by 25% to 180.
Did the gym gain or lose money by increasing the fees? Justify
your answer.

16 1 Percentages

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 1.4 Repeated percentage changes
Learning objective
• To calculate the result of repeated percentage changes

Suppose Jim’s pay increases by 15% and then later decreases by 5%.
You could calculate the result of the first increase and then do a second calculation to find his final
pay. However, you can do all the calculations at once, as the next example shows.

Example 10
Jasmine has a ­part-​­time job and earns £8.40 per hour.
She is given a 15% pay rise. Later she has to take a 5% pay cut.
a Calculate her rate of pay after the two changes.
b Work out the overall percentage change.
a The multiplier for a 15% pay rise is 1.15. 100% + 15% = 115% = 1.15
The multiplier for a 5% pay cut is 0.95. 100% - 5% = 95% = 0.95
8.40 × 1.15 × 0.95 = 9.177 Multiply by each of the multipliers.
She is paid £9.18 per hour. Round to the nearest penny.
b 1.15 × 0.95 = 1.0925
1.0925 is the multiplier for an increase of 9.25%. 1.0925 = 109.25%
Notice that the overall percentage is not 15% - 5% = 10%.
This is because the 10% and the 5% are percentages of different amounts.
You can illustrate the changes in a diagram, like this.
 0.95
 1.15
 1.0925

Original 15% increase 5% decrease

1.4 Repeated percentage changes 17

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 Exercise 1D

1 The mass of a young child is 7.2 kg.

The mass increases by 20% and then by a further 10%.
Work out the final mass of the child.
2 The population of a village in 1990 was 350.
The population increased by 20% between 1990 and 2000.
The population increased by 30% between 2000 and 2010.
Calculate the population in 2010.
FS 3 William bought a new car for £18 500.
After one year the value has fallen by 20%.
In the next year the value falls by 12%.
Work out the value of the car after two years.
FS 4 Gabrielle put £2500 in a savings account.
At the end of one year she was paid interest of 2% and she left this in
her account.
At the end of the second year she was paid interest of 2.5%.
How much did she have at the end of the second year?
5 Sam’s usual heart rate is 60 beats per minute.
After jogging for five minutes, his heart rate has increased by 120%.
After resting for one minute it has decreased by 35%.
What is Sam’s heart rate now?
6 The number of fish in a lake in 2012 was 270.
In 2013 the number increased by 20%.
In 2014 the number decreases by 20%.
a How many fish were there in the lake in 2014?
b What is the overall percentage change from 2012 to 2014?
7 A tree is 1.5 m tall.
After a year, the height of the tree has increased by 12%.
After another year, the height has increased by a further 14%.
a Work out the height of the tree after two years.
b Work out the percentage increase in height over the two years.
8 The price of a sculpture increases by 16% and then increases by 25%.
Show that the overall percentage increase in price is 45%.

18 1 Percentages

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 PS 9 In 2013 the price of electricity increased by 10%. In 2014 the price increased by a
further 10%.
What was the overall percentage rise for the two years?
PS 10 The cost of gold increased by 20%. Then it increased by a further 30%.
Work out the overall percentage increase.
PS 11 The cost of a mobile phone was reduced by 30% and then by a further 40%.
What was the overall percentage reduction?
12 The mass of a young lion increased by 40% and then increased by a further 40%.
Show that the lion’s mass has almost doubled.
13 a What is the overall effect of an increase of 25%, followed by a decrease
of 20%?
b What is the overall effect of a decrease of 20%, followed by an increase
of 25%?
c What is the overall effect of an increase of 20%, followed by a decrease
of 25%?

Investigation: Up and down

A Show that an increase of 10%, followed by a decrease of 10%, is equivalent to a
decrease of 1%.
B Find the single percentage change that is equivalent to:
a an increase of 20%, followed by a decrease of 20%
b an increase of 30%, followed by a decrease of 30%
c an increase of 40%, followed by a decrease of 40%.
C Generalise the results of parts A and B, to describe the single change that is equivalent to an
increase of 10N% followed by a decrease of 10N%.
D Predict the result of an increase of 5%, followed by a decrease of 5%. Check your
prediction.

1.4 Repeated percentage changes 19

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 Ready to progress?
I can calculate percentages, including simple interest.
I can find the result of a percentage increase or decrease.

I can use the multiplier method to calculate the result of a percentage increase or
decrease.
I can calculate the original value, given the result of a percentage increase or decrease.

I can use the multiplier method to find the result of a repeated percentage change.

Review questions
1 The height of the Delta Tower is 55 m.
a The Epsilon Tower is 23% taller than the Delta Tower.
Work out the height of the Epsilon Tower.
b The Zeta Tower is 23% shorter than the Epsilon Tower.
Work out the height of the Zeta Tower.
c Calculate the height of the Zeta Tower as a percentage of the height of the Delta
Tower.

FS 2 Noah has a loan of £3600.

He pays simple interest of 1.3% per month for two years.
a Work out the total amount of interest he will pay.
b What percentage of his original loan is this?

FS 3 Ava has a loan of £600. She pays 2.2% per month simple interest for six months and
then she pays back the original loan.
Calculate the total cost to her of the £600 loan.

FS 4 The charge for using a credit card to pay a bill is 2%.

Work out the total cost when Oscar uses his credit card
to buy four tickets, costing £64.50 each, to watch
a football match.

20 1 Percentages

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 FS 5 The cost of getting some gardening done is £282. This includes 20% VAT.
How much was the VAT?

6 These are some sale prices. Work out the percentage reduction in each case.
a From £89 to £65 b From £445 to £385
c From £1275 to £825 d From £25.95 to £8.49

PS 7 Ella draws a square. Each side is 12 cm long.

a Oliver draws a square with a perimeter 150% longer.
Work out the length of each side of Oliver’s square
b Freya draws a square with an area that is 56.25% larger.
Work out the length of each side of Freya’s square

8 The number of road accidents in a county is increasing by 10% per year.

This year there were 252.
a How many accidents were there last year?
b If this trend continues, how many accidents will there be in two years’ time?

9 The population of a town in 1990 was 14 000.

The population increased by 18% from 1990 to 2000 and then decreased by 4% from
2000 to 2010.
What was the population in 2010?

10 The number of badgers in a rural area has decreased by 20% since last year.
There are now 96.
a How many were there a year ago?
b If this trend continues, how many will there be in two years’ time?

PS 11 A restaurant bill includes 20% VAT and a 10% service charge.

The total bill is £111.21.
Work out the cost, excluding VAT and service.

Review questions 21

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 Challenge
Exponential growth

There are 1000 deer on an island.

An ecologist is studying how the number
of deer might change over the years.

1 Suppose the number of deer increases by 20% each year.

a Show that in two years’ time there will be 1440 deer.
b Copy and complete this table.
Number of years 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of deer 1000 1440
c Plot your values on
a graph. The axes 3000
should look like this.
The points are not 2500
in a straight line.
Join them with a 2000
smooth curve.
Population

1500

1000

500

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Years

22 1 Percentages

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 2 Now suppose the number of deer increases by 30% each year.
a Complete a new table to show how the numbers will increase over 5 years.
b Plot these points on the same graph as for question 1. Join them with a
smooth curve.
3 This time, suppose the number of deer increases by 40% each year.
Calculate values and plot a third line on your graph to show this.
The three lines you have drawn are examples of exponential growth.
This means that the numbers increase by the same percentage each time.
4 Finally, suppose that the numbers decrease by 20% each year.
a Show that after 2 years there will be 640 deer.
b Copy and complete this table.
Number of years 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of deer 1000 640
c Draw a new line on your graph to show these numbers.

5 a Draw a line on your graph to show the numbers, if they fall by

30% each year.
b Draw a line on your graph to show the numbers, if they fall by
40% each year.
These are examples of exponential decay. The numbers decrease
by the same percentage each time.
People sometimes talk about ‘exponential growth’ when they mean
‘rapid growth’. Exponential growth can be very slow at first but it
always increases as time goes on – the graph keeps getting steeper.

Challenge 23

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