LIGHT-REFLECTION AND

Chapter

1 REFRACTION

INTRODUCTION

Light is a form of energy which enables human beings and creatures to ‘see’ things. When light emitted from an
object or reflected from the object enters our eyes, we are able to see the object. We cannot see an object in dark even
if we are in light because there is no light coming from the object to our eyes.

Any object that is not giving of its own light may be seen only when the following conditions are there.

• The object must have in its surrounding a source of light as object itself not emiting light.

• The light from the source must strike the object.

• The light must be reflected from the object to the eye.

Light is an electromagnetic radiation which exhibits properties like a wave as well as a particle. It always propagates
in a straight line and reflects, refracts or shows total internal reflection at an interface separating two media in
different conditions. This chapter is an attempt to provide sufficient information to make us understand what is
light, how does it propagate, how does it show reflection, refraction and total internal reflection, how does it behave
with mirrors and lenses, etc.
 PHYSICS
WHAT IS LIGHT ?
Light is a form of energy that produces the sensation of vision on our eyes.
It is an electromagnetic radiation, such as that emitted by the Sun, which acts like a wave in a frequency range that the human eye
can perceive. At the same time, light also acts like a stream of particles, which are called photons (hence the expression “beam
of light”). Electrons can be shot out of atoms and molecules can be split simply by the impact of a photon striking them. A film
in a camera is exposed in this way; the light splits the silver bromide into silver and bromine. The silver darkens the film and a
negative is created. Light is a combination of electric and magnetic oscillations in mutually perpendicular directions as shown in
Fig.1. But the light wave itself propagates in a direction perpendicular to both the oscillations.
The branch of physics which deals with nature, source, properties and the effects of light is callcd optics.

Fig. 1.1 Electric and magnetic oscillations are mutually perpendicular.

The light wave propagates in a direction perpendicular to both.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT
(1) Light travels along a straight line in a medium or vacuum. The path of light changes only when the medium changes. This
is also called the rectilinear propagation of light. The casting of shadows and eclipses are due to the rectilinear propagation
of light.
(2) Light travels with a speed nearly equal to 3 × 108 m/s. i.e. the speed of light in vacuum. According to current theories, no
material particle can travel at a speed greater than the speed of light.
(3) The speed of light waves depends on the medium through which they pass.
(4) Light shows different behaviour such as reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, polarisation etc. some of which we
will deal with subsequently in this book and some in higher classes.

RAY AND BEAM OF LIGHT

Let us consider a source of light(s). Also consider the light which passes from the point A to the point B in a medium.
Actually, the light passes through all the points of the straight line AB. Such a straight line path AB is called a ray of light,
generally represented by a directed arrow ( ).

A B

Fig. 1.2 AB is a ray of light in a medium Fig. 1.3 A parallel beam of light.

A small bundle of these rays is called a pencil of rays and large bundles of these rays is called a beam of light.
A bundle of rays in which rays are parallel to one another is called parallel beam of light.
Light-Reflection and Refraction

REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Most of the things we see around us do not emit their own light. They are visible because they reemit light reaching their surface
from a primary source, such as the sun or a lamp, or from a secondary source, such as the illuminated sky. When light falls on the
surface of a material, it is usually either reemitted without change in frequency or is absorbed into the material and turned into
heat. Usually, both of these processes occur in varying, degrees. When the reemitted light is returned into the medium from
which it came, it is reflected, and the process is referred to as reflection. i.e. the turning back of light in the same medium is
called reflection of light.
When this page is illuminated by sunlight or lamplight, electrons in the atoms of the paper vibrate more energetically in response
to the oscillating electric fields of the illuminating light. The energized electrons reemit the light by which we see the page. When
the page is illuminated by white light, it appears white, which reveals the fact that the electrons reemit all the visible frequencies.
Very little absorption occurs. The ink on the page is a different story. Except for a bit of reflection, the ink absorbs all the visible
frequencies and therefore appears black.

Po i n t
A person in a dark room looking through a window can clearly see a person outside in the daylight, whereas the person
outside cannot see the person inside. Explain.

SOLUTION
When a person inside a darkroom is looking through a window to another person outside in broad daylight, then enough re-
flected rays come inside to the eye of the observer from the person outside. So he can be seen clearly. But if the person in
daylight, looks through the same window to the person inside the dark room, there is hardly any reflected rays coming from the
body of the person inside the dark room to the eyes of the observer outside. So the outside observer can’t see the person inside
the room.

LAWS OF REFLECTION
Anyone who has played pool or billiards knows that, when a ball bounces from a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of rebound. The same is true of light. This is the law of reflection, and it holds for all angles:
The law of reflection is illustrated with arrows representing light rays in Fig. 1.4 Instead of measuring the angles of incident and
reflected rays from the reflecting surface, it is customary to measure them from a line perpendicular to the plane of the reflecting
surface. This imaginary line is called the normal. The incident ray, the normal, and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane.

Fig.1.4 The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane & i= r
So, we can summarise the laws of reflection as below :
1. The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to the angle of reflection (r), i.e., i= r
2. The incident ray, the normal, and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane.
 PHYSICS

1. Laws of reflection are applicable for plane surfaces as well as curved surfaces.

O
O
O
(a) (b) (c)
Plane surface Curved surfaces
2. Most people are surprised by the fact that light can be reflected back from a less dense medium. For instance, if you are
diving and you look up at the surface of the water, you will see a reflection of yourself.

Po i n t
Each of these diagrams numbered 1, 2 and 3 is supposed to show two different rays being reflected from the same point
on the same mirror. Which are correct, and which are incorrect ?
1 2 3

Fig. 1.5

SOLUTION

Only 1 is correct. Draw the normal that bisects the solid ray, it also bisects the dashed ray.

REGULAR AND DIFFUSE REFLECTION

When light is incident on a smooth surface it is reflected in the first medium. This reflection on a smooth surface is called regular
reflection. When light is incident on a rough surface, it is reflected in many directions. This is called diffuse reflection.

(a) Regular re?ection (b) diffuse re?ection although re?ection

of each single ray obeys the law of re?ection, the many
different surface angles that light rays
encounter in striking a rough surface produce
Fig. 1.6 re?ection in many direction.

If the surface is so smooth that the distances between successive elevations on the surface are
less than about one-eighth the wavelength of the light, there is very little diffuse reflection, and
the surface is said to be polished. A surface therefore may be polished for radiation of long
wavelengths but rough for light of short wavelengths. The wire-mesh “dish” shown in fig. is
very rough for light waves and is hardly mirror like. But, for long-wavelength radio waves, it is
“polished” and is an excellent reflector.
Light reflecting from this page is diffuse. The page may be smooth to a radio wave, but, to a
light wave, it is rough. Smoothness is relative to the wavelength of the illuminating waves. Fig. 1.7 The open-mesh parabolic dish is a
Rays of light striking this page encounter millions of tiny flat surfaces facing in all directions. diffuse reflector for short-wavelength light
The incident light, therefore, is reflected in all directions. but a polished reflector for long-
wavelength radio waves.
Light-Reflection and Refraction
This is a desirable circumstance. It enables us to see objects from any direction or position. You can see the road ahead of your car at
night, for instance because of diffuse reflection by the rough road surface. When the road is wet, however, it is smoother with less
diffuse reflection, and therefore more difficult to see. Most of our environment is seen by diffuse reflection.

Po i n t
An observer on the west-facing beach of a large lake is watching the beginning of a sunset. The water is very smooth
except for some areas with small ripples. The observer notices that some areas of the water appear blue and some appear
pink. Why does the water appear to be different colors in different areas?
SOLUTION
The different colors arise from specular and diffuse reflection. The smooth areas of the water specularly reflect the light from the
west, which is the pink light from the sunset. The areas with small ripples reflect the light diffusely. Thus, light from all parts of
the sky is reflected into the observers’ eyes. Because most of the sky is still blue at the beginning of the sunset, these areas appear
to be blue.

ILLUSTRATION : 1.1
Two mirrors make an angle of 120º with each other as in Fig. 1.8, A ray is incident on mirror M1 at an angle of 65º to
the normal. Find the direction of the ray after it is reflected from mirror M2.
SOLUTION :
From the law of reflection, we know that the first reflected ray also
makes an angle of 65º with the normal. Thus, this ray makes an angle of
90º – 65º, or 25º, with the horizontal. We build the geometric model 55º
triangle shown in Figure 1.8 from the triangle made by the first reflected 55º
ray and the two mirrors. The first reflected ray makes an angle of 35º 65º 35º M2
65º
with M2 (because the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180º). 120º
This means that this ray makes an angle of 55º with the normal to M2.
Hence, from the law of reflection, the second reflected ray makes an
M1
angle of 55º with the normal to M2.

CONNECTING TOPIC

REVERSIBILITY OF LIGHT RAYS

The fact that specular reflection displays equal angles of incidence and reflection means that there is a symmetry: if the ray
had come in from the right instead of the left in the figure above, the angles would have looked exactly the same. This is not
just a pointless detail about specular reflection.
It’s a manifestation of a very deep and important fact about nature, which is that the laws of physics do not distinguish between
past and future. Cannonballs and planets have trajectories that are equally natural in reverse, and so do light rays. This type of
symmetry is called time-reversal symmetry. Typically, time-reversal symmetry is a characteristic of any process that does not
involve heat. For instance, the planets do not experience any friction as they travel through empty space, so there is no
frictional heating.
We should thus expect the time-reversed versions of their orbits to obey the laws of physics, which they do. In contrast, a book
sliding across a table does generate heat from friction as it slows down, and it is therefore not surprising that this type of motion
does not appear to obey time-reversal symmetry. A book lying still on a flat table is never observed to spontaneously start
sliding, sucking up heat energy and transforming it into kinetic energy.
Similarly, the only situation we’ve observed so far where light does not obey time-reversal symmetry is absorption, which
involves heat. Your skin absorbs visible light from the sun and heats up, but we never observe people’s skin to glow, converting
heat energy into visible light. People’s skin does glow in infrared light, but that doesn’t mean the situation is symmetric. Even
if you absorb infrared, you don’t emit visible light, because your skin isn’t hot enough to glow in the visible spectrum.

REFLECTION AT A PLANE MIRROR

Plane mirror is a looking glass which is highly polished on one surface and silvered on the other surface. The images formed
by mirrors are the most common examples of images formed by reflection.
 PHYSICS
Characteristics of Image Formed by Plane Mirror
1. A plane mirror forms virtual and erect image of the object.
2. Distance of object from mirror = Distance of image from mirror.
3. The image is laterally inverted (better word perversion). i.e., the left of the object becomes the right of the image and vice
versa.
4. The line joining the object point with its image is normal to the reflecting surface.
5. The size of the image is the same as that of the object.

Keep in Memory
(i) For a real object the image is virtual and for a virtual object the image is real.

Virtual Real Virtual Real

Image Object Object image

Fig. 1.9 (a) Fig. 1.9 (b)

(ii) If keeping the incident ray fixed, the mirror is rotated by an angle , about an axis in the plane of mirror,
the reflected ray is rotated through an angle 2 .

Incident ray Incident ray

Reflected ray
y
d ra
lecte
Ref

Fig. 1.10 (a) Fig. 1.10 (b)

1. If two plane mirrors are kept inclined to each other at angle with their reflecting surfaces facing each other, multiple reflection
takes place and more than one images are formed. Number of images (n) for 180 are given by :
360º 360º
(i) n –1 where is an integer..

360º 360º
(ii) n = integral part of , when is not an integer..

(a) If an object is placed between two parallel mirrors ( = 0°), the number of images formed will be (360 / 0) but of
2
decreasing intensity in accordance with I (1 / r ) .
(b) The number of images formed by two mutually perpendicular mirrors ( 90 ) will be 3. All these three images will lie on a circle
with centre at C – the point of interesection of mirrors M1 and M2 and whose radius is equal to the distance between C and object O.
(c) Two mirrors inclined to each other at different angles may provide same number of images, e.g., for any value of between
90° and 120° the number of maximum images formed (n) is 3. This in turn implies that if is given, n is unique but if n is
given, is not unique.
Light-Reflection and Refraction

(d) The number of images seen may be different from the number of images formed and depends on the position of observer
relative to object and mirrors – e.g., if = 120° maximum number of images formed will be 3 (object not on bisector) but no.
of images seen can only be 1, 2 or 3 depending on the position of observer.
2. If an object moves towards (or away from) a plane mirror at speed v, the image will also approach (or recede) at same speed
v, i.e., the speed of image relative to object will be v – (– v) = 2v. Similarly if the mirror is moved towards (or away from) the
object with a speed v the image will move towards (or away from the object with a speed 2v.
3. To locate the image of an object from an inclined mirror, see the perpendicular distance of the object from the mirror.

4. If angle between two mirrors is after consecutive reflection

total deviation = 1 + 2 = 2 – 2

Fig. 1.12

Po i n t
We see the bird and its reflection. Why do we not see the bird’s feet in the reflection?

SOLUTION

The bird’s feet are on the reflecting surface so the image of feet is formed at the same place where
actually the feet are. So the image of the feet cannot be distinguished from the actual feet. This is so
because the distance of the object from the reflecting surface is equal to that of the image from same Fig. 1.13
surface.

ILLUSTRATION : 1.2
Find the minimum height of a plane mirror where one can see his full image.
SOLUTION :
Let HL be the height of the person and E, the position of his eyes. Now applying laws of reflection,
H1
1 1
we have, ML EL and MH HE
2 2 H
Now, H L MM – MH – L M
1 1 1 1 L
= HL – EL – HE = HL – HL = HC
2 2 2 2
H2
So the required height of the mirror be half of the height of the person. 2 M
Fig. 1.14
 PHYSICS

ILLUSTRATION : 1.3
Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle . A ray of light is incident on one mirror at an angle of incidence i. The ray
is reflected from this mirror, falls on the second mirror from where it is reflected parallel to the first mirror. What is the
value of i, the angle of incidence in term of ?
SOLUTION :
The situation is illustrated in fig. 1.19. XA is the incident ray. BC is
the final reflected ray. It is given that BC is parallel to mirror
M1. Look at the assignment of the angles carefully. Now N2 is nor-
i
mal to mirror M2.
90º–i
Therefore =
Then from OAB, + + 90º – i = 180º Fig. 1.15

or + + 90º – i = 180º or i = 2 – 90º

Thus if the angle of incidence is i = 2 – 90º, then the final reflected
ray will be parallel to the first mirror.

ILLUSTRATION : 1.4
Find the x and y co-ordinates, of the image of a point A (2, 0). MN is a plane mirror.
SOLUTION : Y
N (4, 3)
Image of A will be at A'(6, 0). Perpendicular distance of image
M (4, 2)
from plane mirror = perpendicular distance of object from plane mirror.
N A X
(2, 0)
Fig. 1.16
N (4, 3)
M
(4, 2)
M
A A
Fig. 1.17 (6, 0)
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
A highly polished curved surface whose reflecting surface is a cut part of a hollow sphere of a glass or any polished metal is
called spherical mirror. Spherical mirrors are of two types:

Concave Mirrors
Imagine a sphere of hollow glass. If we cut out a spherical cap and polished it with silver on the outside, we have a concave
mirror if we look at it from the hollow side. These mirrors, which are referred to as convergent mirrors, concentrate the light
rays, causing them to arrive parallel to the main axis onto a point known as the focal point. Concave mirrors form real images
that can be projected onto a screen if the object is farther away than the focal point. The image obtained is large if formed near
the focal point or small if formed far away from the focal point. In both cases, the image is reversed. If we place the object closer
than the focal point, the image is formed upright and large but virtual (i.e., it cannot be projected).

Convex Mirrors
If we polished the inner surface of a concave mirror with silver and look at it toward the outward bulge, we have a convex
mirror. Mirrors of this type are also called divergent mirrors because the light beams that reach their surface and are parallel to
their main axis are diverted in such a way that they separate, but their extensions come back together again in a point known as
the focal point. The images produced by a convex mirror are always virtual, upright, and small.
Light-Reflection and Refraction

TERMS RELATED TO SPHERICAL MIRROR

Centre of curvature (C) : It is the centre of sphere of which the mirror is a part.
Radius of curvature (R) : It is the radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.
Pole (P) : It is the geometrical centre of the spherical reflecting surface.
Principal axis : It is the straight line joining the centre of curvature to the pole.
Focus (F) : When a narrow beam of rays of light, parallel to the principal axis and close to it ( know as paraxial rays), is incident
on the surface of a mirror, the reflected beam is found to converge ( concave mirror) or appear to diverge ( convex mirror) from
a point principal axis. This point is called focus.
Focal length (f) : It is the distance between the pole and the principal focus. For spherical mirrors, f = R/2.

RULES FOR RAY DIAGRAMS

(i) A ray, parallel to the principal axis will after reflection, pass through the focus. Fig. 1.18 (a), and (b)

r M
M i
i
r
C P F C
F P
(a) (b)
M M

Fig. 1.18
(ii) When a ray falls in the direction of centre of curvature of mirror then it reflects back along the same path. Fig. 1.19(a) and (b)

P
C F
(a)
M

Fig. 1.19
(iii) A ray, passing through the focus is reflected parallel to the principal axis. Fig. 1.20(a), and (b)

M
M
F
P P F

(a) M M
(b)

Fig. 1.20

REFLECTION THROUGH CONCAVE MIRROR

F Principal focus P Pole of mirror
C Centre of curvature PC = Radius of curvature
PF = Focal length
When a narrow beam of light travelling parallel to the principal axis
is incident on the reflecting surface of the concave mirror, the beam
after reflection converge at a point on the principal axis.

Fig. 1.21 Concave mirror

 PHYSICS

IMAGE FORMED BY THE CONCAVE MIRROR

Position of object Position of image Nature Ray diagram

Between infinity & Real, inverted & small

centre of curvature P

Between focus &

centre of curvature P

At focus P

Erect, virtual &

P

Uses of Concave Mirror

Makeup and shaving mirrors are concave mirrors. When you place your face between the mirror and its focal point, you see an
enlarged virtual image of yourself. Concave mirrors are also used in a new method for displaying the speed of a car, as a dentist
mirror, in floodlight etc.

REFLECTION THROUGH CONVEX MIRROR

When a narrow beam of light travelling parallel to the principal axis is incident
on the reflecting surface of the mirror, the beam after reflection appear to diverge
from a point on the principal axis.
Light-Reflection and Refraction
When a ray incident on convex mirror in the direction of centre of curvature after
reflection comes back along the same path.
When a ray incident on convex mirror parallel to the principal axis, after reflec-
tion, appears to come from the focus. F C

A ray appearing to pass through the focus is reflected parallel to the principal
axis.

IMAGE FORMED BY CONVEX MIRROR Fig. 1.22 Convex mirror

A convex mirror forms only virtual images for all positions of the real object. The image is always virtual, erect, smaller than the
object and is located between the pole and the focus. The image becomes smaller and moves closer to the focus as the object is
moved away from the mirror.

M
I

P F C
M'
Fig. 1.23 (a)

The virtual image is diminished in size and upright, relative to the object. A convex mirror form a virtual image of the object, no
matter where in front of the mirror the object is placed.

Uses of Convex Mirror

Convex mirrors, give a wider field of view than do other types of mirrors. Therefore, they are often used for security purposes,
as in figure 1.24.
A mirror with a wide field of view is also needed to give a driver a good rear view. Thus, the outside mirror on the passenger side
is often a convex mirror. Printed on such a mirror is usually the warning “vehicles in mirror are closer than they appear.”

Fig. 1.24 : Security mirror Fig. 1.25 : Rear view mirror

The reason for the warning is that the virtual image in figure is reduced in size and therefore looks smaller, just as a distant object
would appear in a plane mirror. An unwary driver, thinking that the side-view mirror is a plane mirror, might incorrectly deduce
from the small size of the image that the car behind is far enough away to ignore.
Convex mirror also used in street lighting.

COMPARING THE FIELD OF VIEW OF A PLANE MIRROR AND A CONVEX MIRROR

For a fair comparison to be made the two mirrors must be the same size and the eye must be placed at the same distance from
each of them. The maximum angle of view is obtained when the angle of reflection at the mirror is a maximum, i.e., when the
normal to the mirror are drawn at the extreme edges of the mirror.
The normals to the convex mirror are lines which are continuations of the radii at the edges of the mirror. Once the angles of
reflection have been drawn, equal angles must be drawn on the other side of the normals to give the position of the incident rays.
The angle of incidence for the convex mirror is much greater than the angle of incidence for the plane mirror, hence the convex
mirror has a greater field of view than that of plane mirror.
 PHYSICS

SIGN CONVENTION
(1) All distances are measured from the pole.
(2) The distance measured along the direction of propagation of light are taken as positive and the direction opposite to the propa-
gation of light is taken as negative.
(3) The distances (heights) measured above the principal axis i.e. along positive Y axis, are taken as positive while distances below
the principal axis i.e. along negative Y axis are taken as negative.
In this convention, the focal length (f) and radius of curvature (R) are negative for a concave mirror and positive for a convex
mirror.
The sign convention can be summarized in the following figure.

Direction of Direction of
incident rays // incident rays ///
///

///
////

// //
Negative Positive

Negative Positive
Negative Positive Negative Positive
/////

/////
/// ///////////////////

////// ///////// //////

C F P P F C
/// /

////
///
//

///
///

(a) (b)
Fig. 1.26

Note : Many students get confused in applying sign convention and a small error in sign of one variable will throw all
your calculation. Please study 3 points carefully ( put known quantities with proper sign, unknown quantity will come
automatically with proper sign).
In following situations, the sign convention has been applied.
1. Consider the mirror shown in Fig. 1.27 (a). Here, the object is on the left and image is also
on the left. The mirror is a concave mirror. The incident ray is directed from left to right and
so the positive X-axis is also from left to right.
Here, object distance u = – PO, image distance Fig. 1.27 (a)

v = – PI radius of curvature R = – PC, focal length f = – ve. +Y

2. Consider the mirror shown in Fig. 1.27 (b). Here, the object is on the left and image
is on the right and the mirror concave. The incident ray is once again from left to right
and so the positive X-axis.
Here, object distance u = – PO, image distance v = + PI, C F O P +X
radius of curvature R = – PC, focal length f = – ve. Fig. 1.27 (b)

3. Consider the mirror shown in Fig. 1.27 (c). Here, the object is virtual and on the left, +Y
image is also on the right and the mirror is a convex. The incident ray is from the right
and the positive X-axis is from right to left.
Here, object distance u = + PO, image distance v = – PI, radius of curvature R = + PC,
focal length f = + ve. +X C F O P I
Fig. 1.27 (c)

RELATION BETWEEN FOCAL LENGTH ( F ) AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE (R ) FOR

SPHERICAL MIRRORS

R A N
The focal length ( f ) of a mirror is half of the radius of curvature (R), that is, f O
2 X

Proof : In fig. 1.28, incident ray OX is parallel to the principal axis. After reflection, R
it actually passes through focus F in case of concave mirror and appears to come C F
from focus F in case of a convex mirror. CXN is normal to mirror at X.
For concave mirror (Fig.1.28 (a) (because i = r)
Fig.1.28 (a) B
Light-Reflection and Refraction
OXC = FXC =
But OXC = XCF (alternate angles ) Y
For convex mirror (Fig. 1.28 (b) N X
OXN = YXN =
O
But OXN = XCF (corresponding angles) and YXN = FXC (vertically opposite) P F C
Hence (in both cases), FXC = XCF there fore, in FCX, FC = FX
For mirror of small aperture, X will be near P, then FX = FP
Hence, FC = PF and 2 PF = PF + PF = PF + FC = PC i.e. 2f = R or f = R/2 (Proved). Fig. 1.28 (b)

Po i n t
Her eye at point P looks into the mirror. Which of the numbered cards can she see reflected in the mirror?

Mirror
Fig. 1.29

SOLUTION

Card number 2, she can see through the mirror. According to law of reflection, angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection. Light
ray coming from card number 2 makes the same angle with the normal at the point of incidence as the light ray going to eye makes
with the normal.
Normal

1 2 3
P

Mirror
Fig. 1.30

MIRROR FORMULA
A relationship among the object distance (u), the image distance (v) and the focal length ( f ) of a mirror is called the mirror
formula.
1 1 1
The formula is given by
f u v
Proof: Take an object AB beyond C of a concave mirror MM'. A ray AD parallel to principal axis passes through focus after
reflection. Another ray AE which is passing through C comes back along the same path after reflection. These two reflected rays
intersect at A'. From A' draw perpendicular A'B' on the principal axis. So A'B' is real and inverted image which is formed between
C and F which is smaller than the object in size.
Draw DG perpendicular to the principal axis. So, applying sign convention, we get PB = – u; PB' = – v; PF = – f ; PC M = – 2f
In ABC and A'B'C, ABC = A' B' C = 90°
A
ACB = A' C B' (Vertically opposite angles) D
ABC ~ A' B' C (AA similarity)
B'
AB BC B
C F G
(Corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion) ....(1)
A' B ' B 'C
In DGF and A'B' F, DGF = A' B' F = 90° A'
DFG = A' FB' (Vertically opposite angles) E
M'
DGF ~ A' B' F (AA similarity) u
2f
DG GF f
(Corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion) Fig. 1.31 v
A' B ' B'F
 PHYSICS
But AB = DG (the perpendicular distance between two parallel lines are equal)
AB GF
...(2)
A' B ' B'F
BC GF
From eq. (1) and (2), we get, ...(3)
B'C B ' F
Let us assume that mirror is very small,
G and P are very close to each other so that GF = PF.

BC PF PB PC PF u ( 2f) f
From (3),
B'C B' F PC PB ' PB ' PF 2 f ( v) v ( f)

u 2f f
( v f )( u 2 f ) f( 2f v)
2f v v f
vu – 2f v – f u + 2 f 2 = 2 f 2 – f v uv = – f v + 2f v + f u
uv vf uf
Dividing both sides by uvf,
uv
uv vfvf ufuf 1 1 1
uvf
uvf uvf
uvf uvf
uvf ff uu vv

ILLUSTRATION : 1.5
The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length ?
SOLUTION :
As we know, focal length (f ) of a mirror is half of the radius of curvature (R).
R 20
f 10 cm.
2 2

ILLUSTRATION : 1.6
An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position and nature of
the image.
SOLUTION :
Given : u = – 10 cm, f = + 15 cm, v = ?
1 1 1
Using the mirror formula , we have
f u v

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 5 30
or or v 6 cm.
v f u 15 ( 10) v 15 10 30 30 5
Hence, the image is formed at a distance of 6 cm behind the mirror. The image is virtual and erect.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.7
We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. What should be the range
of distance of the object from the mirror ? What is the nature of the image? Is the image larger or smaller than the
object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
SOLUTION :
Here, focal length, f = – 15 cm.
For getting an erect image using a concave mirror the object should be placed at a distance less than the focal length (i.e.)
15 cm from pole. Image will be virtual, enlarged and erect.
Light-Reflection and Refraction

/////////////////// ///////////// //
I
u

/
v
f

Fig. 1.32
ILLUSTRATION : 1.8
A concave mirror and a convex mirror are placed co-axially, their reflecting surfaces facing each other. Their focal
lengths are 15 and 12 cm respectively. An object placed between them is 20 cm from the concave mirror. The image
formed by it is at the object itself. Calculate the distance of the concave mirror from the object.
SOLUTION :
In a concave mirror for the image to be formed at the object itself, the latter must be at the centre of curvature. But here, it is
at a distance of 20 cm from mirror whose distance is not the radius of curvature. The radius of curvature is twice the focal
length or 2 × 15 or 30 cm. The fact of the matter is the reflected rays from the concave mirror are reflected back along the same
path forming the image at the object itself. This can happen only if the reflected rays falling on the mirror are normal to the
mirror.

////
///////////////
/

Fig. 1.33

O is object. OP = 20 cm, f = 15 cm (of concave mirror)

The reflected rays from concave mirror are reflected back by convex mirror.
C must be centre of curvature of the latter. So its radius of curvature = twice its focal length i.e. 12 × 2 or 24 cm.
Now, if there were no convex mirror, the concave mirror would form an image of O at C. Then we would have for concave
mirror.
u = + 20 cm, f = +15 cm, v = PC = ?
1 1 1 1 1 1
Now, v u f
i.e.,
v 20 15
1 1 1 1
or v = PC = 60 cm
v 15 20 60
But we want OP'
Now PO' = PC – P'C = 60 – 2 × 12 = 36 cm.
(P'C = radius of curvature of convex mirror i.e. twice its focal length)

MAGNIFICATION
If the mirror is plane, the size of the image is always equal to the size of the object i.e., magnification is unity. But the case is
different for a curved mirror. The size of the image is different from the size of the object in such a ‘mirror’. Image may be
greater or smaller in size than the object depending upon the nature of the mirror or the location of the object.
I
Let I and O be the size of the image and the object respectively. The ratio is called magnification, and it is denoted by m.
O
I v
Magnification, m
O u
 PHYSICS
This is also called linear magnification.
Here u and v represent the distance of the object and the image from the pole of the mirror respectively.
Magnification m can be positive or negative. If m is positive, it means that I and O are both on the same side of the principal axis.
That is, image is erect. Similarly, if m is negative, it means that I and O are on opposite sides of the principal axis. That is image
is inverted.
area of image v2
Superficial magnification: It is the ratio of area of image to the area of object. superficial magnification
area of object u2

Other formulae of magnification

v v f f v f f
Magnification, m – =
u f f u– f f –u

NEWTON’S FORMULA
This formula provides a relationship among the focal length (f), the distance of the object from focus (x) and the distance of the
object from focus (y).
This can be expressed as xy = f 2
Note that here the object distance and the image distance are measured from the focus of the mirror not from the pole.

IDENTIFICATION OF MIRROR BY THE SIZE AND NATURE OF THE IMAGE

(i) If object and image are of same nature (i.e. both on the same side of the mirror) then they will be inverted.
(ii) If the object and image are on the opposite sides of the mirror then image is erect relative to object.
For real extended object if the image formed by a single mirror is erect it is always virtual (i.e. m is +ve) and in this situation if
the size of image is

Smaller than object, the Equal to object, the mirror is Larger than object, the mirror is
mirror is convex plane concave

So, by observing the size of erect image in a mirror we can decide the nature of the mirror i.e. whether it is convex, concave or
plane. For real extended object if the image formed by a single mirror is inverted it is always real (i.e., m is –ve) and the mirror
is concave. In this situation if the size of image is

Smaller than object, object is Equal to object, object is at C Larger than object, object is
between the and C and and image is at C between C and F and image is
image is between F and C between C &

m< –1 m>–1
m=–1
Light-Reflection and Refraction

Every part of a mirror forms complete image, if a part of mirror (say half) is obstructed
(say covered with black paper) full image will be formed but intensity will be reduced.

Fig. 1.34

ILLUSTRATION : 1.9
An object, 4.0 cm in size, is placed at 25.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15.0 cm. At what distance
from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image? Find the nature and the size of the image.
SOLUTION :
Object-size, h = + 4.0 cm; Object-distance, u = – 25.0 cm; Focal length, f = –15.0 cm;
Image-distance, v = ? Image-size, h' = ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
From v u f
or v f u 15.0 25.0 15.0 25.0

1 5.0 3.0 2.0

or or v = – 37.5 cm.
v 75.0 75.0
The screen should be placed at 37.5 cm. from the mirror. The image is real.
h v vh ( 37.5cm) ( 4.0cm)
Also, magnification, m or h
h u u ( 25.0cm)
Height of the image, h' = – 6.0 cm.
The image is inverted and enlarged.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.10
A convex mirror used for rear-view on an automobile has a radius of curvature of 3.00 m. If a bus is located at 5.00 m
from this mirror, find the position, nature and size of the image.
SOLUTION :
Radius of curvature, R = + 3.00 m; Object-distance, u = – 5.00 m; Image-distance, v = ? Height of the image, h'= ?
3.00m
Focal length, f = R/2 = 1.50 m
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5.00 1.50
Since or
v u f v f u 1.50 ( 5.00) 1.50 5.00 7.50
7.50
v 1.15m
6.50
The image is 1.15m at the back of the mirror.
h v 1.15m
Magnification, m 0.23
h u 5.00m
The image is virtual, erect and smaller in size by a factor of 0.23.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.11
A concave makeup mirror is that designed so that the virtual image is twice the size of the object, when the distance
between the object and mirror is 15 cm. Determine the radius of curvature of the mirror.
SOLUTION :
v
As we know, magnification m 2 where u is 15 cm. Therefore, v = – 2u = –30 cm.
u
1 1 1
Therefore, the focal length is found from which yields f = + 30 cm. Therefore, R = 2f = 60 cm.
f u v
 PHYSICS
ILLUSTRATION : 1.12
The image of an object viewed in a concave mirror of focal length 25.0 cm appears 75.0 cm in front of the mirror. Find
the location of the object and the magnification.
SOLUTION :
1 1 1 1 1 1
We have, 0.0267 cm object distance, u = 37.5 cm
u f v 25.0 75.0
v (75.0 cm)
Magnification m u 37.5 cm
2.00

ILLUSTRATION : 1.13
A concave mirror of focal length f produces a real image n times the size of the object. What is the distance of the object
from the mirror?
SOLUTION :
f
Here, magnification, m = – n ; m = f u
f
–n= f u
nf + nu = – f

(n 1)
nu = – f – nf u= f
n
ILLUSTRATION : 1.14
The focal length of a concave mirror is 30 cm. Find the position of the object in front of the mirror, so that the image is
three times the size of the object.
SOLUTION :
Here image can be real or virtual. If the image is real
f = –30 cm, u = ?, m = – 3
f – 30
m 3 u = – 40 cm.
f –u – 30 – u

f – 30
If the image is virtual m 3 u – 20 cm.
f –u – 30 – u

REFRACTION OF LIGHT
The bending of the light ray from its path in passing from one medium to the other medium is called refraction of light.
If the refracted ray bends towards the normal relative to the incident ray (Passing obliquely), then the second medium is said to
be denser than the first medium. But if the refracted ray bends away from the normal, then the second medium is said to be rarer
than the first medium.

Separating
Plane

Fig. 1.35 (a) Fig. 1.35 (b)

If a ray of light passing normally i.e., at right angles from one medium to another optical medium then it does not bend or deviate
from its path.
Cause of refraction of light: Refraction of light takes place due to change in the speed of light as it enters from one medium to
another medium.
Light-Reflection and Refraction
Refraction causes many illusions. One of them is the apparent bending of a stick that is partially submerged in water. The
submerged part appears closer to the surface than it actually is. The same is true when you look at a fish in water. The fish appears
nearer to the surface and closer than it really is (Fig. 1.36). If we look straight down into water, an object submerged 4 meters
beneath the surface appears to be only 3 meters deep. Because of refraction, submerged objects appear to be magnified.

Apparent
depth
Water
Real depth

Fig.1.36 Because of refraction, a submerged object appears to be nearer to the surface than it actually is

Atmospheric Refraction
Refraction occurs in the earth’s atmosphere. Whenever we watch a sunset, we see the sun for several minutes after it has sunk
below the horizon (Fig. 1.36). The earth’s atmosphere is thin at the top and dense at the bottom. Because light travels faster in
thin air than in dense air, parts of the wavefronts of sunlight at high altitude travel faster than parts closer to the ground. Light
rays bend. The density of the atmosphere changes gradually, so light rays bend gradually and follow a curved path. So we gain
additional minutes of daylight each day. Furthermore, when the sun (or moon) is near the horizon, the rays from the lower edge
are bent more than the rays from the upper edge. This shortens the vertical diameter, causing the sun to appear elliptical figure).

Fig. 1.37. Because of atmospheric refraction, when the sun is near the horizon it appears to be higher in the sky.

Po i n t
If, while standing on the bank of a stream, you wished to spear a fish swimming in the water out in front of you, would
you aim above, below, or directly at the observed fish to make a direct hit? If you decided instead to zap the fish with a
laser, would you aim above, below, or directly at the observed fish? Defend your answer.
SOLUTION

When you try to hit the fish with a spear, you need to aim below as the fish is actually at a lower depth than that observed by you
from outside the water due to refraction of light.
When you aim with a laser light then also you should aim much below as the path of laser will change as it enters in water. Since
it is going from rarer to denser medium, it bends towards the normal and deviates from the original path.

Laws of Refraction
There is two laws of refraction
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the refracting surface at the point of incidence are in the same plane.
sin i
2. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant for a pair of media i.e. constant (1u2)
sin r
Where 1 2 is the refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1. This law is also known as snell’s law.
 PHYSICS
Application of Snell’s Law
When light passes from rarer to denser medium it bends toward the normal fig 1.38 (a).
Using Snell’s law

sin 1 2
1 sin 1 = 2 sin
sin 2 1
Thus, if 2 > 1 then 2 < 1
When light passes from denser to rarer medium it bends away from the normal fig 1.38(b).

1
1
sin 1 2 R µ1
From Snell’s law, D µ1
sin 2 1 µ2
D R µ2
Thus, if 2 < 1 then 2 > 1
2
2

Fig. 1.38 (a) Ray bending

Fig. 1.38 (b) Ray bending away
towards normal. from normal.

When light propagates through a series of layers of different medium, then according to Snell’s law

1 sin 1 = 2 sin 2= 3 sin 3 = .......... = constant

Fig. 1.38 (c)

.
If 1 2, 2 3 and 1 be refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1, refractive index of medium 3 w.r.t
medium 2 and refractive index of 1 w.r.t. 3 respectively then 1 2× 2 3× 3 1 = 1.

REFRACTIVE INDEX
Light travels through a vacuum at a speed c = 3.00 × 108 m/s. It can also travel through many materials, such as air, water and
glass. Atoms in the material absorb, reemit and scatter the light, however. Therefore, light travels through the material at a speed
that is less than c, the actual speed depending on the nature of the material.
To describe the extent to which the speed of light in a material medium differs from that in a vacuum, we use a parameter called
the index of refraction (or refractive index).

Absolute Refractive Index

It is defined as the ratio of speed of light in free space c to that in a given medium v.
c
i.e. µ or n ... (1)
v
Light-Reflection and Refraction

sin i
Also, or n (incident ray in vacuum or air)
sin r
It is a scalar and has no units and dimensions.
As in vacuum or free space, speed of light of all wavelengths is maximum and equal to c, so, for all wavelengths the refractive
c c
index of free space is minimum and is 1
v c
For a given light, denser is the medium, lesser will be the speed of light and so greater will be the refractive index, e.g. as
vglass v water , G w

i.e. for a given light refractive index depends on nature of medium [i.e., µ (1/v)]s
For a given medium (other than free-space), the speed of light of different wavelengths is different,i.e., v and µ = (c/v),
( ) i.e. greater the wavelength of light lesser will be the refractive index e.g. R B , so in water or glass R B , i.e., for
a given medium (other than free space) refractive index depends on wavelength of light.
As for light in free space c f 0 and in a medium v f ,

c 0
... (2)
v
i.e., for a given light and medium refractive index is equal to the ratio of wavelength of light in free space to that in the medium.
Refractive index decreases with the increase in temperature.

Relative Refractive Index

When light passes from one medium to the other, the refractive index of medium 2 relative to 1 is written as 1µ2 and is defined
2 ( c / v 2) v1
as 1 2 ... (3)
1 ( c / v1) v2

While using the concept of relative µ, it must be kept in mind that :

1 v2 v1 v2 1
2 1
v1
So that, (1 2) (2 1)
v2 v1
1 i.e., 1 2 .... (4)
2 2 1

Usually ‘µ’ is used for relative refractive index and it implies the refractive index of denser medium relative to rarer one,
D vR
i.e., 1
R vD
In lens theory µ is used for the refractive index of material of lens relative to the medium,
( ) Lens
i.e., ( ) Medium and can be greater than, less than or equal to unity..

Po i n t
If you place a glass test tube in water, you will be able to see the tube. If you place it in clear soyabean oil, you may not be
able to see it. What does this tell you about the speed of light in the oil and in the glass?
SOLUTION

If a glass test tube is placed in water and it can be seen, this indicates the speed of light in glass and water is different. So
refraction takes place.
When the same glass tube is placed in soyabean oil, it cannot be seen that means the speed of light is same in both oil and glass.
So no refraction takes place between the two media.
 PHYSICS

Conditions of no refraction : If light is incident normally on a boundary i.e., i = 0°

Then from Snell’s law
1 sin 0 = 2 sin r sin r = 0 i.e. r = 0
i.e., light passes undeviated from the boundary. (so boundary will be invisible)
If the refractive indices of two media are equal i.e., if, Fig. 1.39 (a)
1= 2=
Then from Snell’s law
1 sin i = sin r i= r
i.e., ray passes undeviated from the boundary with i = r 0 and boundary will not be visible.
This is also why a transparent solid is invisible in a liquid if s = L
Fig. 1.39 (b)

REFRACTION THROUGH A RECTANGULAR GLASS SLAB

Let us consider a glass slab of thickness t and refractive index on which a ray AB is incident at B. BC and CD are the refracted
ray and emergent ray respectively. x is the displacement in the emergent ray due to refraction.

From BCE,
A
i Air
CE B
sin (i r )
BC i– r Glass (µ)
r
x t
or sin (i r ) ..... (1) E
BC
Also, from BFC, x
BF t
F C
Fig. 1.40
cos r ..... (2)
BC BC D
Equating BC from (1) and (2), we get
x t t sin (i r )
x
sin(i r ) cos r cos r
x t sec r.sin (i r ) x is called the lateral displacement
Lateral displacement depends on the following factors.
(i) Refractive index of the medium x (ii) Thickness of the medium (t) x t
1
(iii) Angle of incidence (i) x i (iv) Wavelength of light x

ILLUSTRATION : 1.15
Light waves of 5895 Å wavelength travels from vacuum to a medium of refractive index of 1.5. Find the velocity of light
and wavelength in medium.
SOLUTION :
c 3 108
If velocity of light in vacuum is c then velocity of light in medium is v = 2 × 108 m/sec
n 15
5895
Wavelength of light in medium m = 3930 Aº.
n 1.5
Light-Reflection and Refraction
ILLUSTRATION : 1.16
The refractive index of water is 4/3 and of glass is 3/2. Calculate the refractive index of glass with respect to water.
SOLUTION :
Let the 3 media be 1, 2 and 3, 1 for air, 2 for water, 3 for glass in that order.
4 1 3
Given : 1 2 , 2 3 ?, 3 1 [ 1 3 and 3 1 is the reciprocal of 1 3 ]
3 3/2 2
Now using the formula, 1 2 . 2 3. 3 1 1 and substituting values, we have

4 2 1 3 3 9
.2 3 . 1 2 3
3 3 4 2 8
The refractive index of glass with respect to water is 9/8
ILLUSTRATION : 1.17
The refractive index of a material is 1.33. If velocity of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 ms–1, find the velocity of light in the
material.
SOLUTION :
Velocity of light in vacuum
Refractivge index,
Velocity of light in material
3 108 ms 1
1.33
Velocity of light in material
3 108
Velocity of light in material = 2.25 108 ms 1

1.33
LLUSTRATION : 1.18
The angle of incidence in air for a ray of light is 40°. If ray travels through water of refractive index 4/3, find angle of
refraction.
SOLUTION :
a sin i
According to snell’s law, w
sin r

sin i sin 40 3 0.6427

sin r = 0.4820
a 4/3 4
w

r= sin–1 (0.4820) = 28.82° (approx.)

ILLUSTRATION : 1.19
Light reflected from a fish strikes the surface of the water at an angle of 38° to the normal. What is the angle of
refraction of the light into the air ?
SOLUTION :
Snell’s law gives, nw sin 1 na sin 2 sin 2 (1.33)sin 38
Therefore, the angle of refraction of the light into air 2 55

ILLUSTRATION : 1.20
Light strikes an interface between two materials of refractive indices n1 and n2, at an angle 1 to the normal to the
surface. Show that a ray of light is bent towards the normal if n1 < n2 and that a ray is bent away from the normal if
n1 > n2.
SOLUTION :
n1
Snell's law gives for any light ray sin n2
sin 1 2

If n1 < n2 then sin 2 < sin 1 and 2 < 1. This means that the ray is bent toward the normal.
If n1 > n2 then sin 2 > sin 1 and 2 > 1. This means that the ray is bent away from the normal.
 PHYSICS
ILLUSTRATION : 1.21
One light wave is incident upon a plate of refractive index . Find the incident angle i, for which refractive and reflective
waves are mutually perpendicular.
SOLUTION :
sin i
According to snell’s laws, sin r

Angle between refractive and reflective waves = 180o – (i + r) = 90o i + r = 90o r = 90° – i
sin i sin i
= = cos i = tan i i = tan–1( )
sin(90º i)

ILLUSTRATION : 1.22
Figure 1.40, shows the path of ray of light passing through a glass slab. By geometrical construction calculate the
refractive index of glass applying Snell’s law.

45°

30°

1.5cm
A
Fig. 1.41
C
SOLUTION : O
AO is the incident ray on the surface of glass and OB is the refracted ray
through the glass. With O as centre draw a circle of some suitable radius
cutting the incident ray at A and the radius ray at B. Draw perpen D B
diculars AC and BD to the normal COD. 1cm
sin i AC 1.2 cm
Refractive index 1.5
sin r BD 0.8 cm

Fig. 1.42

CONNECTING TOPIC
REAL AND APPARENT DEPTHS
When an object is seen from other medium, we don’t see its actual depth or height. The depth we see is called apparent depth and
the actual depth is called the real depth.
I
O
i r
I O
r µ1 i µ1
i i
A B µ1> µ 2 A B µ2 µ 1
r µ2 µ2
r

Fig.1.43 (a) Fig. 1.43(b)

Light-Reflection and Refraction

Let us consider an object O placed in a medium of refractive index µ1. It is being observed by an observer in other medium of
refractive index µ2.
Two rays OA and OP are made incident on the interface separating the two media where they get refracted. OA passes through
second medium undeviated as it falls normally. When the refracted rays are produced backward, they meet at I producing virtual
image of O there. If µ1 > µ2 [Fig. 1.43 (a)], i.e., observer is in rarer medium, the image is formed at a distance less than the object
from the observer. In other words, the image shifts towards the observer.
If µ1 < µ2 [Fig. 1.43 (b)], i.e., observer is in denser medium, the image is formed at a distance greater than the distance of the
object from the observer. That is, the image shifts away from the observer.
Let us now calculate the shift OI (= t).
If i and r are small,
AB AB
sin i tan i and sin r tan r
OA IA
By Snell’s law,
sin i 2 AB IA 2 IA 2
sin r 1 OA AB 1 OA 1
Clearly, IA = Apparent depth of object
OA = Real depth of object
Apparent Depth 2
Fig. 1.44
Real Depth 1
Case I : If µ1 = µ and µ2 = 1 (for air), then
AI Apparent Depth 1
..... (1)
AO Real Depth

Real Depth
Apparent Depth
Now, shift in image ( t) = OI
AO AI AI
= AO – AI AO 1 AO
AO AO
1
or t 1 t, From eq. (1)

where t = AO = thickness of the medium in which object is placed.

NOTE : If the object is placed in a medium which consists of a number of media of refractive indices µ1, µ2, µ3, ....... and
thickness t1, t2, t3, ....... respectively, then
t1 t2 t3
Virtual depth (Al) = ...............
µ1 µ2 µ3

1 1 1
Virtual displacement (Ol) = t1 1 µ t2 1
µ2
t3 1
µ3
..............
1
I
Case II : If µ1 = 1 (for air) and µ2 = µ, then
AI Apparent Depth
µ ..... (2)
AO Real Depth
Shift in image = OI = AI – AO Fig. 1.45
AI AO AI
AO 1 AO
AO AO
t ( 1)t
 PHYSICS

Case III : When object and observer both are in rarer medium.
Let observer is in air & object is at a point O in air, as shown in figure.
A glass is there in between observer & object. Image forms at point I.
Refractive index of glass is µ.
1
Virtual displacement = OI = t
µ

Fig. 1.46

ILLUSTRATION : 1.23
When a glass slab is placed on a dot on a paper, it appears displaced by 4
cm, viewed normally. What is the thickness of slab if the refractive index
is 1.5.
SOLUTION :
1 1
We know that Displacement = t 1 So 4 = t 1

4 1.5 4
t= = 12 cm
1 1.5 1

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

When a light ray, travelling from a denser medium to a rarer medium is Rarer medium
incident at the interface at an angle of incidence greater than critical
angle (c) i.e., the angle of incidence in a denser medium for which the
angle of refraction in rarer medium becomes 90º, then light rays re-
flected back into the denser medium. This phenomenon is called total C
internal reflection (TIR). Sparkling of diamond, optical fibres etc. are
the applications of total internal reflection.
Denser medium
Critical angle: The angle of incidence in a denser medium for which
the angle of refraction in rarer medium becomes 90º is called critical
Fig. 1.47
angle.
1
Refractive index of denser medium
sin c

LENS
A lens is a piece of transparent material with two refracting surfaces such that at least one is curved and refractive index of used
material is different from that of the surroundings.
Convex lens: A thin spherical lens with refractive index greater than that of surrounding behaves as a convergent or convex lens
i.e. converges parallel rays. Its central (i.e. paraxial) portion is thicker than marginal one.
Convex lens: If the central portion of a lens (with L > M) is thinner than marginal, it diverges parallel rays and behaves as a
divergent or a concave lens.

R =

– i– – –

Fig. 1.48 (a) Fig. 1.48 (b)

Light-Reflection and Refraction

TERMS RELATED TO THIN SPHERICAL LENS

Optical centre (O) - It is a point for a given lens through which any ray passes undeviated.
Principal axis (C1C2) - It is a line passing through optical centre and perpendicular to the lens. The centre of curvature of
curved surface always lie on the principal axis (as in a sphere is always perpendicular to surface)

O O
C1 C2 C1 C2

Fig. 1.49 (a) Fig. 1.49 (b)

Principal focus - A lens has two surfaces and hence two focal points first focal point is an object on the principal axis for which
image is at infinity while second focal point is an image point on the principal axis for which object is at infinity.

F2
F1 F1 O F2 O
f
f
Fig. 1.50 (a) Fig. 1.50 (b) Fig. 1.50 (c) Fig. 1.50 (d)
Focal length (f ) - It is defined as the distance between optical centre of a lens and the point where the parallel beam of light
converges or appear to converge i.e., focus.
Aperture - In reference to lens, aperture means to effective diameter of its light transmitting area so that brightness i.e. intensity
of image formed by a lens which depends on the light passing through the lens will depend on the square of aperture.
i.e. I (aperture)2

SIGN - CONVENTION
1. Whenever and where possible, rays of light are taken to travel from left to right.
2. Transverse distances are measured from optical centre and are taken to be positive while those below it negative.
3. Longitudinal distances are measured from optical centre and are taken to be positive if in the direction of light propagation
and negative if opposite to it e.g., according to our convention the sign of R1, R2 and f are given.

R1(= OC1) = Positive R1(= OC1) = Negative R2

R1
R2(= OC2) = Negative R2(= OC2) = Positive
f (= OF) = Positive C F
f (= OF) = Negative 1

f
Fig. 1.51 (a) Fig. 1.51 (b)
While using the sign convention it must be kept in mind that
(i) to calculate an unknown quantity the known quantities are substituted with sign in a given formula.
(ii) in the result, sign must be interpreted as there are number of sign conventions and same sign has different meaning in
different conventions.

RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION

In order to locate the image formed by a lens graphically following rules are adopted.
1. A ray passing through optical centre proceeds undeviated through O O
C1 C2 C1 C2
the lens (by definition of optical centre).
2. A ray passing through first focus or directed towards it, after refraction
from the lens becomes parallel to the principal axis (by definition of F1). Fig. 1.52 (a) Fig. 1.52 (b)
3. A ray passing parallel to the principal axis after refraction through the lens passes or appear to pass through F2 (by definition of
F2).
4. Only two rays from the same point of an object are needed for image formation and the point where the rays after refraction
through the lens intersect or appear to intersect is the image of the object. If they actually intersect each other the image is real
and if they appear to intersect the image is said to be virtual.
 PHYSICS

IMAGE FORMATION BY A LENS

(a) For Convergent or Convex Lens

Position of object Details of image Ray diagram

Real, inverted, diminished

At infinity (m < < – 1), at F

Between infinity and 2F Real, inverted, diminished

F2
(m < – 1), between F and 2F
2F1 F1

At 2F Real, inverted, equal in size,

(m = – 1) at 2F 2F1

Real, inverted, enlarged F2 2F2

Between 2F and F (m > – 1), between 2F and 2F1 F1

At F Real, inverted, enlarged F2 2F2

(m >> – 1), at infinity
2F1 F1

Virtual, erect, enlarged

Between focus F and (m > + 1), between
Pole P and image, on same side F2
of object 2F1 F1
Light-Reflection and Refraction
(b) For Divergent or Concave lens
1. If object is at infinity image will be formed at focus on the same side of the lens as the object, virtual, erect and point sized.
2. If object is in front of lens, anywhere between the optical centre and infinity image will be formed between focus and the
optical centre, on the same side of the lens, highly diminished, virtual and erect.

I F1 E1
OF2 I

Fig. 1.53 (a) Fig. 1.53 (b)

Po i n t
A
The diagram shows an object OA and its image IB formed by a lens. Complete
the ray diagram and locate the focus of the lens by labelling as F. State whether I
the lens is convex or concave ? O

SOLUTION Fig. 1.54 B

The completed ray diagram is given below.
L
A C
F I
O P

Fig. 1.55
B

Since the image is inverted and magnified, the lens is convex.

LENS FORMULA
If an object is placed at a distance u from the optical centre ‘O’ of a lens and its images is formed at a distance v (from the optical
1 1 1
centre) and focal length of this lens is f then this relationship is known as Lens formula
v u f
Proof : Consider an object AB placed beyond 2F infront of a convex lens. A real, inverted and smaller image is formed between
F and 2F on the other side of the lens. Applying sign convention, we obtain.
A C
(Object distance) OB = – u
(Image distance) OB' = + v B O B'
(Focal length) OF = + f 2F F 5 4 2F
F
In ABO and A'B'O,
1 = 2 (Vertically opposite angles) A'
3 = 4 (Each 90°)
–u +v
BAO ~ B'A'O (By AA similarity)
Therefore, ABO and A'B'O are equiangular and hence they are similar. +f
Fig. 1.56
A ' B ' OB ' v A' B ' v ...(1)
AB OB u AB u
Now OCF and A'B'F are also equiangular, hence similar.

In particular, A ' B ' FB ' But OC = AB.

OC OF
 PHYSICS

A' B ' FB '

AB OF
Since All distances are measured from optical centre, therefore,
A ' B ' FB ' OB ' OF v ( f) v f . ...(2)
AB OF OF f f
v v f
Now comparing eq. (1) and (2), fv uv fu
u f
1 1 1 1 1 1
Dividing both sides by uv f , (Lens formula)
u f v f v u
Similarly, we can prove the lens formula for a concave lens.

MAGNIFICATION
If a thin object of linear size O situated vertically on the axis of a lens at a distance u from the optical centre and its image of size
I is formed at a distance v (from the optical centre) then magnification (transverse) is defined as
I v
Magnification, m
O u
Magnification m can be negative or positive.
Negative magnification implies that image is inverted with respect to object while positive magnification means that image is
erect with respect to object.
f f v
Other formulae of magnification m= ,m= f
f u
For real extended object, if the image formed by a single lens in inverted (i.e., m is negative) it is always real and the lens is
convergent i.e., convex.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.24
Two converging lenses with focal lengths 15 cm and 25cm are placed 18cm apart. An object is located 8.0 cm to the
left of the 15cm focal length lens. Where is the final image formed ?
SOLUTION :
1 1 1
Find the image location for the first lens using the lens formula, –
v u f
1 1 1 1 1
v1 f1 u1 15cm 8.0cm which gives v1 = – 17cm
This image forms the object of the second lens located 17 cm + 18 cm = 35 cm away. Then for the second lens
1 1 1 1 1
v2 f 2 u2 25 cm 35 m which gives v2 = 87.5 cm
The final image lies 87.5 cm to the right of the second lens (25 cm) lens.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.25
A converging lens is used to read the small print. The lens is held 9.0 cm from the print and produces a magnitification
of +2.5. What is the focal length of the lens ?
SOLUTION :
The fine print serves as the object for the lens u = 9.0 cm. The image distance is then
v = – mu = – (2.5 cm) (9.0 cm) = – 22 cm
1 1 1 1 1
The thin lens equation gives f u v 9.0 cm ( 22 cm)
so f = + 15 cm.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.26
An object is placed at a distance of 1.50 m from a screen and a convex lens placed in between produces an image
magnified 4 times on the screen. What is the focal length and the position of the lens?
SOLUTION :
I
Here, magnification m= =–4
O
Light-Reflection and Refraction
Let lens is placed at a distance of x from the object. Then
u = – x, and v = (1.5 – x)
v 1.5 x
using m = , we get –4=
u x
or 4x = 1.5 – x or 5x = 1.5
Thus x = 0.3 metre
The lens is placed at a distance of 0.3 m from the object (or 1.20 m from the screen)
f
For focal length, we may use m=
f u
f
or –4= f ( 0.3) or – 4f + 1.2 = f or 5f = 1.2

1.5
Thus f= = 0.24
5
The focal length is 0.24 m (or 24 cm)
ILLUSTRATION : 1.27
A lens placed at a distance of 20 cm from an object produces a virtual image 2/3 the size of the object. Find the
position of the image, kind of lens and its focal length.
SOLUTION :
2 I 2
Virtual image means, I is positive and it is given that I = O. Thus, m =+
3 O 3
f
Further because u = –20 cm (given), using m= f u

2 f
we get, = f ( 20) or f = – 40 cm
3
v
The f is negative, thus the lens is a concave lens. Again using m=
u
2 v 2
we get = or v = – = – 1.33 cm
3 20 3
The virtual image is on the same side of the object.
CONNECTING TOPIC
LENS MAKER FORMULA
This formula gives a relation among the focal length (f), the refractive index of a lens with respect to the medium in which it
is placed m and its radii of curvatures (R1 and R2). This formula is expressed as

1 1 1 1 a 1 1
m 1 or 1
f R1 R2 f a m R1 R2

where, a = refractive index of lens with respect to air.

a m = refractive index of lens with respect to air.

R1 = radius of curvature of first surface of lens.
R2 = radius of curvature of second surface of lens.
If lens is placed in air, then
aa m
m 1 and a (say)

11 11 11
ff ( 1) R R
R1 R2
 PHYSICS

COMBINATION OF LENSES f1 f2
Case I : When two thin lenses are in contact.
In case of two thin lenses in contact if the first lens of I I1
focal length f1 forms the image I1 (of an object) at a distance v1 from it, v
u
1 1 1 v1
v1 u f1 ...(1)
Fig.1.57

Now the image I1 will act as object for second lens and if the second lens forms image I at a distance v from it,
1 1 1
v v1 f 2 ...(2)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Adding equations (1) & (2) or with F f f
v u f1 f 2 v u F 1 2

i.e. the combination behaves as a single lens of equivalent focal length F given by
1 1 1
F f1 f2 or P = P1 + P2
f1 f2
Case II : When two thin lenses are separated by a certain distance.
If the two thin lens are separated by a distance d apart, then F is given by
1 1 1 d
F f1 f2 f1 f2
so P = P1 + P2 – P1P2d. d
Fig. 1.58
NOTE : (1) If two thin lenses of equal focal length but of opposite nature (i.e. one convergent and other divergent) are put in
contact, the resultant focal length of the combination will be
1 1 1
0 i.e, F = and P = 0 i.e., the system will behave as a plane glass plate.
F f f
(2) If two thin lens of same nature are put in contact then as
1 1 1
F f1 f2

1 1 1 1
F f1 and F f2 i.e. F < f1 and F < f2
i.e. the resultant focal length will be lesser than smallest individual.
(3) If two thin lenses of opposite nature with different focal lengths are put in contact the resultant focal length will be
of same nature as that of the lens of shorter focal length but its magnitude will be more than that of shorter focal
length.
If a lens of focal length f is divided into two equal parts as in figure (A)
1 1 1
each part has a focal length f' then as f f ' f f ' = 2f
i.e. each part have focal length 2f now if the se parts are put in contact as in (B) or (C), the resultant focal length of
1 1 1
the combination will be F 2f 2f
i.e. F = f ( = initial value)

L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 1.59
Light-Reflection and Refraction

SILVERING OF LENS
A lens has two surfaces. If one of the surfaces is silvered, the lens behaves as a mirror. The mechanism of the image formation can
be understood in brief as given below.
Light from the object falls on the lens which produces a virtual image I1. This image acts as object for the silvered surface (which
acts as a mirror) and a second virtual image I2 is formed. Finally, this image acts as object for the lens and final image I3 is formed.
Thus, refraction takes place two times at the lens and reflection takes one time at the mirror.
Thus, on silvering the lens behaves as a mirror of focal length F given by
1 2 1
F F Fm ....... (1)

where F = focal length of lens from which refraction take place two times.
Fm = focal length of mirror from which reflection takes place one time.
Case I : When a double convex lens is silvered.

/////

/////
R
Fm

////////////////////

///////////////////
Clearly,
2
= +
Also, by lens maker formula,
1 1 1 R R R
( 1) 2
( 1). F

/
F R R R 2( 1)
F Fm
Putting the values of Fm and F in (1), we get Fig. 1.60 (a)

1 2 2( – 1) 2 2(2 – 1) R
F
F R R R 2(2 – 1)

Case II : When a plane convex lens is silvered.

/////

/////
(i) If curved surface is silvered
////////////////////

///////////////////
In this case,
R R = +
Fm and F
2 1 R
R
/
F F Fm
2 Fig. 1.60 (b)
(ii) If plane surface is silvered.
////////////////////////

////////////////////////

In this case, Fm ( R )
R = +
and F
1
R
R
F F Fm
2( 1)
Fig. 1.60 (c)

POWER OF A LENS
If focal length of a lens is measured in metre (m) then its reciprocal gives the power (P) of the lens.
1
i.e., Power of a lens, P
f (in m)
The S.I. unit of power is diopter (D).
Power of a combination of lenses: If a number of lenses are placed in close contact with each other, then the power of the
combination of lenses is equal to the algebraic sum of the powers of individual lenses. i.e. P = P1 + P2 + ....Pn
ILLUSTRATION : 1.28
A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power +1.5 D. Find the focal length of the lens. Is the prescribed lens
diverging or converging?
 PHYSICS
SOLUTION :
Given: P = + 1.5 D
100 100 1000
Focal length f cm 66.67 cm 0.67m
P 1.5 15
As the focal length is + ve, hence it is a converging or convex lens.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.29
A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in contact with concave lens of focal length 60 cm. Calculate : (a) power
of each of the lens (b) power of combination (c) focal length of combination (d) nature of combination.
SOLUTION :
1
As we know, power of alens P
f (in metre)

100 100
(a) Power of convex lens = 5D Power of concave lens = 1.67 D
20 60
(b) Power of combination P = P1 + P2 = (+5D) + (–1.67D) = +3.33 D
(c) Focal length of combination
100 100
f (in cm) = 30.0 cm
P 3.33
(d) As power of combination is positive, therefore, combination behaves like a convex lens.
ILLUSTRATION : 1.30
A convex lens of focal length 10.0 cm is placed in contact with a convex lens of 15.0 cm focal length. What is the focal
length of the combination.
SOLUTION :
For combination of lenses

1 1 1 1 1 25 1
= f + f = + = =
f 1 2 10 15 150 6
Therefore, f = 6 cm
ILLUSTRATION : 1.31
Ten identical converging thin lenses, each of focal length 10 cm, are in contact. What is the power of the combined
lens.
SOLUTION :
For thin lenses in contact
P = P1 + P2 + .................
10 100
= 10 P1 = = 100 D
10
ILLUSTRATION : 1.32
The radius of curvature of a thin plano-convex lens is 10 cm (of curved surface) and the refractive index is 1.5. If the
plane surface is silvered, then it behaves like a concave mirror of focal length
(a) 10 cm (b) 15 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 5 cm
SOLUTION :
(a) The silvered plano convex lens behaves as a concave mirror; whose focal length is given by
1 2 1
F f1 f m
If plane surface is silvered
R2
fm
2 2 Fig. 1.61
Light-Reflection and Refraction

1 1 1 1 1 –1
( – 1) – ( – 1) –
f1 R1 R2 R R
1 2( –1) 1 2( – 1)
F R R
R
F
2( –1)
Here, R = 10 cm,
10
F 10cm
2(1.5 –1)
CONNECTING TOPIC
INTERFERENCE, DIFFRACTION AND POLARISATION OF LIGHT

Interference of Light
The colours in soap bubbles and oil slicks are due to this property of light. When two light waves of exactly same frequency
travels in a medium, in the same direction simultaneously then due to their superposition, the intensity of light is maximum at
some points while the intensity is minimum at some other points. This phenomenon is called interference of light. It is of two types :
(i) Constructive interference and
(ii) Destructive interference
When the waves meet a point with same phase, constructive interference is obtained at that point. Hence, at that point bright spot
of light is seen.
But when the waves meet a point with opposite phase, destructive interference is obtained at that point. Hence, at that point dark
spot of light is seen.

Diffraction of Light
The wavelength of light is of the order of angstroms. So, when light waves encounter obstacles of very small sizes, the light waves
bend around the edges of the obstacle and travel. This is known as diffraction of light. It is due to the diffraction of light that a
sharp shadow of an object cannot be obtained on any screen placed behind it. Due to diffraction, light bends and travels into the
region of geometrical shadow of the object and thus complete darkness is not found in the shadow. The brightness of light
gradually decreases towards complete darkness as we go gradually into the geometrical shadow of the obstacle.

Polarisation of Light
An ordinary source of light such as bulb consists of a large number of waves emitted by atoms or molecules in all directions
symmetrically. Such light is called unpolarized light (Fig. 1.62 (a))

Y Source

Direction of
X wave motion

Z
Fig.1.62 (b) Polarised light
Fig.1.62 (a) Unpolarised light

If we confine the direction of wave vibration of electric vector in one direction (with the help of polaroids or Nicol prism)
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, then such type of light is called plane polarised or linearly polarised. The
phenomenon by which, we restrict the vibrations of wave in a particular direction (fig.1.62 (b) perpendicular to direction of wave
propagation is called polarisation.
 PHYSICS

1. Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 30º. Then the first four images of an object O placed between the two
mirrors are correctly represented by
M1 M1 M1 M1
I1 I4 I3 I3
I1 I1
I4
I1
O O O O
M2 M2 M2 M2
I2
I2
I3 I2 I3 I4 I2 I4
(1) (2) (3) (4)

Sol. The image of object O from mirror M1 is I2 and the image of I1 (the virtual object) from mirror M2 is I3. The image of object O
from mirror M2 is I2 and the image of I2 (the virtual object) from mirror M1 is I4. Notice that this interpretation, according to ray
diagram rules, is valid only for Fig. (1). All others are inconsistent. Hence (1) is correct.
2. Find the number of images formed by two mutually perpendicular plane mirrors.
360º 360º M2
Sol. Here, n = 4
90
n is an even number
I2 O

C M1

I3 I1
Thus, number of images formed = n – 1 = 3. All these three images lie on a circle with centre at C (The point of intersection of
mirrors M1 and M2) and whose radius is equal to the distance between C and object ‘O’.
3. The focal length of a concave mirror is 30 cm. Find the position of the object in front of the mirror, so that the image is
three times the size of the object.
Sol. Here image can be real or virtual. If the image is real
f = –30, u = ?, m = – 3
f 30
Magnification m 3 u = –40 cm.
f u 30 u
If the image is virtual
f 30
m 3 u = –20 cm.
f u 30 u
4. A square ABCD of side 1mm is kept at distance 15 cm infront of the concave mirror as shown in the figure. The focal
length of the mirror is 10 cm. Find the length of the perimeter of its image.
1 1 1
Sol. Given: u = 15 cm, f = 10 cm v = – 30, [using – ]
v f u
Light-Reflection and Refraction

/////
v

/ ///////
m= =–2
u B C

///////////////////////
AB CD 2 1 2mm A D

BC AD v2 15 cm
Now 2
4 BC AD 4 mm
BC AD u

/////
Length = 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 = 12 mm
5. An object of length 1 cm is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. Find the nature
and size of the image.
Sol. Given: u = – 15 cm, f = – 10 cm, O = 1 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
v f u
=
v u f 10 15

I v 30
v = – 30 cm =– =– =–2
O u 15
I = – 2 × 1 = – 2 cm Image is inverted and on the same side (real) of size 2 cm.
6. A convex mirror has its radius of curvature 20 cm. Find the position of the image of object placed at a distance of 12 cm
from the mirror.
Sol. The situation is shown in figure.
Here u = – 12 cm and R = +20 cm. We have
1 1 2 1 2 1
+ = or = –
u v R v R u
1 2 1 11 O I C
= cm – cm = cm
v 20 – 12 60
60
v= cm
11
7. An object of length 2.5 cm is placed at a distance of 1.5 f from a concave mirror where f is the magnitude of the focal
length of the mirror. The length of the object is perpendicular to the principal axis. Find the length of the image. Is the
image erect or inverted?
Sol. The given situation is shown in figure.
The focal length f = – f and u = –1.5f, we have
1 1 1 1 1 1
or f
u v f 1.5 f v f
F
O
1 1 1 1 1.5f
or or v = – 3f
v 1.5 f f 3f

v 3f h2
Now m 2 or 2
u 1.5 f h1

or h2 2 h1 5.0 cm
The length of image is 5.0 cm. The minus sign shows that it is inverted.
8. An object is situated at a distance of f/2 from a convex lens of focal length f. Find the distance of image.
1 1 1
Sol. For a spherical lens,
v u f
For convex lens, u = – f/2 and f is + ve
1 1 1 1 2 1
v =–f
v f u f f f
 PHYSICS
9. A lens placed at a distance of 20 cm from an object produces a virtual image 2/3 the size of the object. Find the position
of the image, kind of lens and its focal length.
Sol. Virtual image means, I is positive and it is given that I = (2/3)O. Thus, magnification m = + 2/3
Further because u = –20 cm (given), using
f 2 f
m= f u we get, = f ( 20) or f = – 40 cm
3
The f is negative, thus the lens is a concave lens. Again using m = v/u
2 v 2
we get = or v = – = – 1.33 cm
3 20 3
The virtual image is on the same side of the object.
10. An object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Find the nature and position of the
image.
Sol. Here, object distance, u = – 50 (object on the left of the lens)
Focal length, f = – 20 cm (focus on the left of the lens)
Image distance, v = ?
1 1 1
From lens formula, –
v u f

1 1 1
We have,
v f u

1 1 1 –5 – 2 –7 100
Putting values, we get or v – cm = – 14.3 cm.
v –20 –50 100 100 7
Image is formed at distance 14.3 cm on the left of the lens.
h2 v v
From relation, m we have, h2 h1
h1 u u

–100 / 7 2
Putting values, we get h2 h1 h1
–50 7
Since h1 is positive (erect object), h2 is also positive. The image is erect and virtual.
11. A cubical vessel with opaque walls, is so placed that the eye of an observer cannot see its bottom but can see the entire
4
wall CD. A small object is placed at O at a distane b = 10 cm from corner D. What minimum depth of water
3
should be poured into the vessel which will enable the observer to see the object?

Sol. Let minimum depth of water be x. Since the vessel is cubical (AB = AD), it is clear that angle i = 45º. From Snell’s law, the angle
of refraction is given by
Light-Reflection and Refraction

sin i sin 45º

sin r 0.5303 r = 32.03º
n 4/3
Since QPD = 45º, PQ = x = QD
Hence, QO = x – b
Now, PQO, QO = x tan r
b
x – b = x tan r x
1 – tan r
Substituting for b and r, we get
x = 26.7 cm
12. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 25 cm from the lens. If the image of the same
size as that of the needle, then where should the needle be placed in front of the lens. Also calculate the power of the lens.
Sol. Step 1. We know, if the size of the real and inverted image is same as that of the object, then the object is at 2F and image is also
formed at 2F on the other side of the convex lens.
u = – 25cm
h2 v v
Also or 1 ( h2 = h1)
h1 u u
or v = u = 25 cm
1 1 1
Using – , we get
u v f

1 1 1 2 25
or f
12.5cm
f 25 25 25 2
In this case, 2f = 25 cm or f = 12.5 cm
Thus, needle must be placed at a distance of 25 cm in front of the convex lens.
100 100
Step 2. Now, power of lens, P f (in cm) 12.5
8.0 D

SOLVED EXAMPLES BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

13. Consider the situation shown in figure. Find maximum angle for which the light suffers total internal reflection at the
vertical surface.

=1.0

=1.25

1 1 1 4 4
Sol. The critical angle for this case is '' sin sin or sin ''
1.25 5 5
3
Since '' ' , we have sin ' cos ''
2 5
From Snell's law,
sin 3 3 3
1.25 or sin 1.25 sin ' 1.25 or sin 1
sin ' 5 4 4
If ' ' is greater than the critical angle, will be smaller than this value. Thus, the maximum value of q' for which total
internal reflection takes place at the vertical surface is sin –1 (3/4).
 PHYSICS

14. A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm in air. It is made of a material of refractive index 1.6. If the lens is
immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.3. What will be the new focal length of the lens?
1 2
Sol. ( 1 1) 1 1.6, f1 20
f1 R

1 2 1 0.6 2 0.6 2 20
(1.6 1) or R 24cm
f1 R 20 R 10
1 2 1 1.6 2
( 1 1) ( 1)
f2 R f2 1.3 R

1 1.6 1.3 2 0.3 1 1

( ) or, f2 = 52 cm.
f2 1.3 24 1.3 12 52
15. Locate the image of the point P as seen by the eye through the slabs of refrective index (m = 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 respectively
starting from the bottom) as shown in figure.

t = 0.4cm
1.0cm
t = 0.3cm
1.0cm
t = 0.2cm
1.0cm
P
1
Sol. The net shift from one slab is t 1 where t is the thickness of slab, is the refractive index of slab.

1 1 1 1 1 1
Total shift t1 1 t2 1 t3 1 0.2 1 0 .3 1 0 .4 1
1 2 3 1.2 1 .3 1 .4

0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4

0.2
1.2 1.3 1.4
= 0.0333 + 0.0692 + 0.114 = 0.2 cm above point P.
3 4
16. A lens has a power of + 5 diopter in air. What will be its power if completely immersed in water ? Given: g ; w
2 3
Sol. Let fa and fw be the focal lengths of the lens in air water respectively, then
1 w
Pa and Pw
fa f w ; fa = 0.2 m = 20 cm
Using lens maker’s formula
1 1 1
Pa ( g 1) ...(i)
fa R1 R2

1 g 1 1
1
fw w R1 R2

w 1 1
Pw ( g w) ...(ii)
fw R1 R2
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i), we get,
Pw ( g w) 1 Pa 5
P D
Pa ( g 1) 3 or w 3 3
Light-Reflection and Refraction

2. Light travels in vacuum with an enormous speed of

3 × 108 ms–1.
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an 3. The speed of light is different in different media.
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s).
4. The refractive index of a transparent medium is the ratio
1. The power of a convex lens is ................. and that of a
of the speed of light in vacuum to that in the medium.
concave lens is ..............
2. Light seems to travel in ............... 5. The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of
3. A light ray travelling obliquely from a denser medium to incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
a rarer medium bends ............. the normal. A light ray 6. Image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual and erect.
bends .............. the normal when it travels obliquely from 7. The principal focus of a spherical mirror lies midway
a rarer to a denser medium. between the pole and centre of curvature.
4. In case of a rectangular glass slab, the refraction takes
8. Convex mirrors enable the driver to view much larger area
place at both .................. interface and ............... interface.
The emergent ray is ........... to the direction of incident than would be possible with a plane mirror.
ray. 9. A concave lens will always give a virtual, erect and
5. Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its ................. diminished image.
6. The SI unit of power of a lens is ................ 10. A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens
7. The angle of incidence is ......... to the angle of reflection. will emerge without any deviation.
8. The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror may be curved
11. A plane mirror can form virtual images.
.............. or ..............
9. The surface of the spoon can be approximated to a ........... 12. An object is placed in front of a mirror and an image of it
mirror. is formed at the object itself. The mirror mentioned in
10. The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror question is a convex mirror.
is a point called the ................ 13. A concave mirror can produce both real and virtual images.
11. The centre of curvature of a concave mirror lies in .......... 14. Light travels faster in glass than in air.
of it.
15. Light has transverse wave nature.
12. Line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature
of a spherical mirror is called the ................ 16. The laws of reflection are valid for plane mirrors and not
13. A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will for spherical mirrors.
pass through the .................... 17. The mirror formula is valid only if the aperture of the
14. The dentists use ............... mirrors to see large images of mirror is small.
the teeth of patients. 18. When a ray of light travels from air to water, its speeds up.
15. A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which
19. A lens that is thicker at the middle than at the edges is a
one or both surfaces are spherical, forms a ...........
16. The degree of ............. of light rays achieved by a lens is diverging lens.
expressed in terms of its power.
17. An object is placed in front of a spherical mirror. The
image is found to be virtual for all positions of the object.
The spherical mirror is ......... DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in two
18. Two immiscible transparent liquids A and B have 1.2 and columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) in
1.5 as their refractive indices (with respect to air). The column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in
refractive index of B with respect to A is ........ column II.
1. Match the following :
Column I Column II
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your (A) Power of convex mirror (p) Positive power
answer as true or false. (B) Power of concave mirror (q) Negative power
1. The reflecting surfaces, of all types, obey the laws of (C) Power of plane mirror (r) Zero power
reflection. (D) Power of convex lens (s) Infinite power
 PHYSICS
2. The graphs given apply to convex lens of focal length f, 12. For what position convex lens form real, inverted and
producing a real image at a distance v from the optical diminished image?
centre when self luminous object is at distance u from 13. Is it possible to form a real image by using a real object
the optical centre. The magnitude of magnification is m. with a concave lens ?
Identify the following graphs with the first named 14. Which phenomenon is responsible for
quantity being plotted along y-axis. (i) Twinkling of star, (ii) Sparkling of diamond?
Column I Column II
15. Sun can been seen 2 minutes before actual sun rise and 2
minutes after actual sun set. Why?
(A) v against u (p)

DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2 to 3 sentences.

1. Prove that the refractive index of glass with respect to air is
1 1 the reciprocal of the refractive index of air with respect to
(B) against (q) glass.
v u
2. What is dispersion of light and what is its cause?
3. A concave mirror produces three times magnified
(enlarged) real image of an object placed at 10 cm in front
of it. Where is the image located?
(C) m against v (r) 4. Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50.
What is the speed of light in the glass? The speed of light in
vacuum is 3 × 108 ms–1.
5. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2 m.
6. Find the focal length of a lens of power –2.0 D. What type
of lens is this ?
7. A convex lens is of focal length 10 cm what is its power?
v
(D) (m + 1) against f (s) 8. Under what condition will a concave mirror produce an erect
image? A virtual image ? An image smaller than the object?
An image larger than the object?
9. A boy is standing in front of plane mirror finds his image at
a distance of 20m from himself. Find the distance between
boy and mirror.
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence. 10. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a concave
1. Define refraction. mirror of focal length 20 cm. Find the image distance and
2. What is the relation between focal length and radius of nature of image.
curvature? 11. Refractive index of glass for light of yellow, green and red
3. What is reflection of light? colours are y, g and r respectively. Rearrange these
4. A man is moving towards a plane mirror at the speed of 8 symbols in the increasing order of values.
cm/sec. What is the relative speed of man towards his image? 12. Give the ratio of velocities of light rays of wavelengths 4000
5. According to sign conventions for mirrors what sign is given Å and 8000 Å.
to image distance? 13. An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in front of a
6. Magnification of a mirror is always less than 1, which mirror concave mirror. It forms a real image four times larger than
is this? the object. Calculate the distance of the image from the
7. Refractive indices of benzene and kerosene oil are 1.5 and mirror.
1.4 respectively. Which is optically denser? 14. With respect to air, the refractive index of ice is 1.31 arid
8. What do you understand by optically denser and optically that of rock salt is 1.54. Calculate the refractive index of
rarer medium? rock salt with respect to ice.
9. What is the relation between 1n2 and 2n1? 15. Light enters from air into glass plate which has a refractive
10. For the same angle of incidence; the angle of refraction in index of 1.50. Calculate the speed of light in glass. The
three different media A, B and C are 150°; 25° and 35° speed of light in air is 3 × 108 ms–1.
respectively. In which medium velocity of light will be 16. A concave mirror and a convex lens are held separately in
minimum? water. What changes, if any, do you expect in the focal length
11. Which lens is known as converging and which is known as of either?
diverging lens?
Light-Reflection and Refraction
30 cm. in contact with a concave lens of focal length 20
cm? Is the system a converging or diverging lens? Ignore
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 4 to 5 sentences. thickness of the lenses.
1. An object 5.0 cm in length is placed at a distance of 20 6. Two thin lenses of focal lengths + 10 cm and – 5cm are
cm. in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 kept in contact. What is the focal length and power of the
cm. Find the position of the image, its nature and size. combination?
2. A truck uses a convex mirror as view finder whose radius 7. If the wavelength of incident light on a (i) concave mirror
of curvature is 2.0 m. A maruti car is coming behind the and (ii) convex lens is increased, how will the focal length
truck at a distance of 10 m. What will be the position of of each of these change?
the image of the car and size of the image of the car when 8. Use the mirror formula to show that for an object lying
observed by the driver of the truck through the convex between the pole and focus of a concave mirror, the image
mirror ? formed is always virtual in nature.
3. An object is placed 90 cm away from a concave mirror of 9. A concave lens has focal length of 20 cm. At what distance
focal length 30 cm. Find the position and the nature of the from the lens a 5 cm tall object be placed so that it forms
image formed. an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the size
4. Two thin converging lenses of focal lengths 0.15 m and of the image formed.
0.30 m are held in contact with each other. Calculate power 10. Prove that image in a plane mirror is as far behind as the
and focal length of combination. object is in front of it.
5. What is the focal length of a convex lens of focal length 11. Prove that the size of image formed by a plane mirror is
equal to that of object.
 PHYSICS

(a) both concave

(b) both convex
1. Define the principal focus of a concave mirror. (c) the mirror is concave and the lens is convex
2. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. (d) the mirror is convex but the lens is concave.
What is its focal length ? 5. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image
3. Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be
of an object. (a) plane (b) concave
4. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror (c) convex (d) either planer or convex
in vehicles? 6. Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use
5. Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of while reading small letters found in a dictionary?
curvature is 32 cm. (a) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm
6. A concave mirror produces three times magnified real (b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm.
image of an object placed at 10 cm in front of it. Where is (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
the image located ? (d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
7. A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. 7. We wish to obtain an erect image of an object, using a
Does the light ray bend towards the normal or away from concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. What should be the
the normal? Why? range of distance of the object from the mirror? What is
8. Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 50. the nature of the image? Is the image larger or smaller
What is the speed of light in the glass ? The speed of light than the object? Draw a ray diagram to show the image
formation in this case.
in vaccum is 3 × 108 m / sec.
8. Name the type of mirror used in the following situations.
9. Find out the medium having highest optical density. Also (a) Headlights of a car.
find the medium with lowest optical density. (b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle.
10. You are given kerosene, turpentine and water. In which of (c) Solar furnace.
these does the light travel fastest? (d) Support your answer with reason.
11. Define 1 dioptre of power of a lens. 9. One-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper.
12. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle Will this lens produce a complete image of the object?
at a distance of 50 cm from it. Where is the needle placed Verify your answer experimentally. Explain your
in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size observations.
of the object ? Also, find the power of the lens. 10. An object 5 cm in length is held 25 cm away from a
13. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2 m. converging lens of focal length 10 cm. Draw the ray
diagram and find the position, size and the nature of the
image formed.
11. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10
1. Which one of the following materials cannot be used to
cm from the lens. How far is the object placed from the
make a lens?
(a) Water (b) Glass lens? Draw the ray diagram.
(c) Plastic (d) Clay 12. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex
2. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position and nature
virtual, erect and larger than the object. Where should be of the image.
13. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What
the position of the object?
does this mean?
(a) Between the principal focus and the centre of
curvature 14. An object 5 cm in length is placed at a distance of 20 cm
(b) At the centre of curvature in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 30 cm.
(c) Beyond the centre of curvature Find the position of the image, its nature and size.
(d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus. 15. An object of size 7 cm is placed at 27 cm in front of a
concave mirror of focal length 18 cm. At what distance
3. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex
from the mirror should a screen be placed, so that a sharp
lens to get a real image of the size of the object?
(a) At the principal focus of the lens focussed image can be otained ? Find the size and nature
(b) At twice the focal length of the image.
(c) At infinity 16. Find the focal length of a lens of power –2D. What type of
(d) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal lens is this ?
17. A doctor has prescribed a corrective len s
focus
of power + 1.5D. Find the focal length of the lens. Is the
4. A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a
focal length of –15 cm. The mirror and the lens are likely prescribed lens diverging or converging?
to be –
Light-Reflection and Refraction

1. Why does a light ray incident on a rectangular glass slab 1. An object is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a convex
immersed in any medium emerges parallel to itself? Explain mirror of focal length 30 cm. Find the position and the na-
using a diagram. ture of the image.
2. A pencil when dipped in water in a glass tumbler appears to
2. An object 3 cm in height is placed 20cm from convex lens
be bent at the interface of air and water. Will the pencil
of focal length 12 cm. Find the nature, position and height
appear to be kerosene or turpentine. Support your answer
of the image.
with reason.
3. Sudha finds out that the sharp image of the window pane of 3. A concave lens has focal length of 15 cm. At what distance
her science laboratory is formed at a distance of 15 cm from should the object from the lens be placed so that it forms an
the lens. She now tries to focus the building visible to her image at 10 cm from the lens ? Also, find the magnification
outside the window instead of the window pane without dis- produced by the lens.
turbing the lens. In which direction will she move the screen 4. A man standing in front of a spherical mirror, finds his image
to obtain a sharp image of the building? What is the ap- having a very small head, a fat body and legs of normal size.
proximate focal length of this lens? What types of mirrors are used in the small parts?
4. The image of a candle flame formed by a lens is obtained 5. An image Y is formed of a point object X by a lens whose
on a screen placed on the other side of the lens. If the image optic axis is AB as shown in figure. Draw a ray diagram to
is three times the size of the flame and the distance between locate the lens and its focus. If the image Y of the object X
lens and image is 80 cm. at what distance should the candle is formed by a concave mirror (having the same optic axis
be placed from the lens? What is the nature of the image at AB) instead of lens, draw another ray diagram to locate the
a distance of 80 cm and the lens? mirror and its focus. Write down the steps of construction
of the ray diagrams.

A B
Y
 PHYSICS

7. An object is placed 60 cm in front of a concave mirror. The

real image formed by the mirror is located 30 cm in front of
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. the mirror. What is the object’s magnification?
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which (a) + 2 (b) –2
ONLY ONE is correct. (c) + 0.5 (d) –0.5
1. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens 8. Two plane mirrors are set at right angle and a flower is placed
to get a real image of the size of the object? in between the mirrors. The number of images of the flower
which will be seen is
(a) At the principal focus of the lens
(a) One (b) Two
(b) At twice the focal length
(c) Three (d) Four
(c) At infinity
9. A man is 6.0 ft tall. What is the smallest size plane mirror he
(d) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal
can use to see his entire image
focus.
(a) 3.0 ft (b) 6.0 ft
2. Find the angle of incidence and angle of reflection from the
(c) 12 ft (d) 24 ft
diagram.
10. An object is placed 60 cm in front of a convex mirror. The
virtual image formed by the mirror is located 30 cm behind
the mirror. What is the object’s magnification
(a) + 2 (b) –2
(c) + 0.5 (d) – 0.5
11. Light rays A and B fall on optical component X and come
out as C and D.
Mirror
surface 35°

(a) 45°, 40° (b) 55°, 55°

(c) 60°, 60° (d) 30°, 30°
3. A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal
length of –15 cm. The mirror and the lens are likely to be The optical component is a
(a) both concave. (a) concave lens (b) convex lens
(b) both convex. (c) convex mirror (d) prism
(c) the mirror is concave and the lens is convex. 12. An object is placed 20.0 cm in front of a concave mirror
(d) the mirror is convex, but the lens is concave. whose focal length is 25.0 cm. What is the magnification of
4. Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while the object?
reading small letters found in a dictionary? (a) + 5.0 (b) – 5.0
(a) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm. (c) + 0.20 (d) – 0.20
(b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm. 13. An object is placed at the radius of curvature of a concave
(c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm. spherical mirror. The image formed by the mirror is
(d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm.
(a) located at the focal point of the mirror.
5. One light wave is incident upon a plate of refracting index
(b) located between the focal point and the radius of cur-
. Incident angle i, for which refractive & reflective waves
vature of the mirror.
are mutually perpendicular will be
(c) located at the center of curvature of the mirror.
(a) i = 45o (b) i = sin–1( )
(d) located out beyond the center of curvature of the mirror.
(c) i = cosec–1( ) (d) i = tan–1( ) 14. If the refractive indices for water and diamond relative to
6. An object is situated at a distance of f/2 from a convex lens air are 1.33 and 2.4 respectively, then the refractive index
of focal length f. Distance of image will be – of diamond relative to water is –
(a) + (f/2) (b) + (f/3) (a) .55 (b) 1.80
(c) + (f/4) (d) – f (c) 3.19 (d) None of these
Light-Reflection and Refraction
15. There is an equiconvex lens of focal length of 20cm. If the the mirror. How far is the object from the mirror
lens is cut into two equal parts perpendicular to the prin- (a) 25 cm (b) 30 cm
ciple axis, the focal lengths of each part will be (c) 150 cm (d) –150 cm
(a) 20 cm (b) 10 cm 23. A number of images of a candle flame can be seen in a thick
(c) 40 cm (d) 15 cm mirror. The brightest image is
16. An object is placed 20.0 cm in front of a concave mirror (a) Fourth (b) Second
whose focal length is 25.0 cm. Where is the image located? (c) Last (d) First
(a) 1.0 × 102 cm in front of the mirror 24. A ray from air enters water, then through a thick layer of
(b) 1.0 × 102 cm behind the mirror glass placed below water. After passing through glass, it
(c) 5.0 × 101 cm in front of the mirror again comes out in air medium. Then final emergent ray
(d) 5.0 × 101 cm behind the mirror will
17. Which statement best describes the property of light waves (a) Bend towards the normal
illustrated in the diagram below? (b) Bend away from the normal
(c) Suffer lateral displacement
(d) Have the same path as if it had not passed through glass
and water.
25. A concave spherical mirror has a radius of curvature of 100
cm. What is its focal length
(a) 50 cm (b) 100 cm
(c) 200 cm (d) 300 cm
26. Light is incident on an air-water interface at an angle of 25°
(a) Some materials absorb light waves. to the normal. What angle does the refracted ray make
with the normal
(b) Some materials reflect light waves.
(a) 19° (b) 34°
(c) Light waves are refracted by some materials.
(c) 25° (d) 90°
(d) Light waves are emitted by some materials. 27. An object is placed 10.0 cm from a diverging lens which
18. Light waves forms an image 6.5 cm from the lens. What is the focal
(a) Require air or another gas to travel through
length of the lens? Include the sign.
(b) Require an electric field to travel through
(c) Require a magnetic field to travel through (a) + 3.9 cm (b) – 16.5 cm
(d) Can travel through perfect vacuum (c) – 21.2 cm (d) – 18.6 cm
19. An object is placed 40.0 cm in front of a convex mirror. 28. Under what conditions does a diverging lens form a virtual
The image appears 15 cm behind the mirror. What is the image of a real object
focal length of the mirror? (a) Only if u > f.
(a) + 24 cm (b) + 11 cm (b) Only if u < f.
(c) – 11 cm (d) – 24 cm (c) Only if u = f
20. Morning sun is not so hot as the mid day sun because (d) A diverging lens always forms a virtual image of a real
(a) Sun is cooler in the morning
object.
(b) Heat rays travel slowly is the morning
(c) It is God gift 29. A lens produces a enlarged, virtual image. What kind of
(d) The sun’s rays travel a longer distance through atmo- lens is it?
sphere in the morning (a) converging
21. The layered lens shown below is made of two different trans- (b) diverging
parent materials. (c) It could be either diverging or converging.
(d) None
30. In an experiment to determine the focal length of a concave
lens, a student obtained the image of a distant window on
the screen. To determine the focal length of the lens, she/he
should measure the distance between the
(a) lens and the screen only
(b) lens and the window only
A point object is placed on its axis. The object will form
(c) screen and the window only
(a) one image (b) infinite images
(c) no image (d) two images (d) screen and the lens and also between the screen and
22. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal the window
length 50.0 cm and a real image is formed 75 cm in front of
 PHYSICS
31. Ashima looks into the mirror and sees the reflection of 3 cm is placed. On looking through, the image of the mark
the picture behind her. appears above the mark. It is below the upper surface of the
slab by
Picture (a) 2.5 cm (b) 1.5 cm
Mirror
(c) 2 cm (d) 1.75 cm
37. The critical angle of a transparent medium denser than air
(a) increases with its refractive index
(b) decreases with its refractive index
(c) is independent of its refractive index
Image seen by Ashima
in the mirror (d) None of these
38. Orange, blue and yellow are 3 of the colours formed by a
prism. Their order according to increasing deviation is
(a) blue, orange, yellow (b) yellow, blue, orange
(c) blue, yellow, orange (d) orange, yellow, blue
39. Images formed by an object placed between two plane
Which of the following is the picture that is behind mirrors whose reflecting surfaces make an angle of 90° with
Ashima ? one another lie on a
(a) Straight line (b) Zig-zag curve
(c) Circle (d) Ellipse
40. A diver in a swimming pool wants to signal his distress to a
person lying on the edge of the pool by flashing his water-
(a) (b)
proof torch
(a) He must direct the beam of light vertically upwards
(b) He must direct the beam horizontally
(c) He must direct the beam at an angle to the vertical which
is slightly lesser than the critical angle
(d) He must direct the beam at an angle to the vertical which
(c) (d) is slightly greater than the critical angle
41. Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle . A ray of light
is incident on one mirror and is then reflected from the other
mirror. Then the angle between the first ray and the final
32. On the basis of experiment ‘to trace the path of a ray of
ray will be
light passing through a rectangular glass slab’ four students
(a) (b) 2
arrived at the following interpretations : (c) between and 2 (d) > 2
I. Angle of incidence is greater than the angle of emergence. 42. A glass slab is placed in the path of a beam of convergent
II. Angle of emergence is less than the angle of refraction. light, then the point of convergence of light
III. Emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. (a) moves towards the glass slab
IV. Emergent ray is parallel to the refracted ray. (b) moves away from the glass slab
The correct interpretation is that of the student. (c) remains at the same point
(a) I (b) II (d) undergoes a lateral shift
(c) III (d) IV 43. A real image is formed by a convex mirror when the object
33. Light waves is placed at
(a) are mechanical waves (a) infinite
(b) are electromagnetic waves (b) between center of curvature and focus
(c) travel with the same velocity in all media (c) between focus and pole
(d) requires a material medium for their propagation (d) none of the above
44. A virtual image is formed by a concave mirror when the
34. Virtual images of object of the same size are formed by
object is placed between
(a) a concave mirror (b) a convex mirror
(a) infinity and center of curvature
(c) a plane mirror (d) all the above (b) center of curvature and focus
35. Two plane inclined mirrors form 5 images by multiple re-
(c) focus and the pole
flection. The angle of inclination is
(d) All of the above
(a) 90° (b) 60°
(c) 45° (d) 30° 45. Which of the following are used in a Kaleidoscope
36. A bright × (cross) mark is made on a sheet of white paper. (a) plane mirrors (b) concave
Over the white paper a rectangular glass-slab of thickness (c) convex mirrors (d) all of the above
Light-Reflection and Refraction
46. When a spherical convex lens made up of glass is immersed (b) When object is kept at a distance less than its focal
in water, its focal length length
(c) When object is placed between the focus and centre
(a) decreases (b) does not change of curvature
(c) increases (d) none of the above (d) When object is kept at a distance greater than its radius
47. Out of the following of curvature
(a) pole (b) focus 53. In case of a concave mirror, when the object is situated at the
principal focus, the image formed is
(c) radius of curvature (d) principal axis
(a) real and inverted (b) of infinite size
for a spherical mirror, the quantities that do not depend on (c) lies at infinity (d) all of these
whether the rays are paraxial or not, are 54. For an object at infinity, a concave mirror produces an image
(a) a, b, c and d (b) only a, b and c at its focus which is
(c) only a, c and d (d) only a and d (a) enlarged
(b) virtual
48. A person standing at some distance from a mirror finds his (c) erect
image erect, virtual and of the same size. Then the mirror is (d) real, inverted and diminished
possibly 55. An inverted image can be seen in a convex mirror,
(a) plane mirror (a) under no circumstances
(b) when the object is very far from the mirror
(b) concave mirror
(c) when the object is at a distance equal to the radius of
(c) plane or concave mirror curvature of the mirror
(d) plane or concave or convex mirror (d) when the distance of the object from the mirror is equal
49. Refraction of light from air to glass and from air to water to the focal length of the mirror
are shown in figure (i) and (ii) below. The value of the angle 56. In order to get a diminished virtual image, the object can be
in the case of refraction as shown in figure (iii) will be : placed anywhere in front of a
air (a) concave mirror (b) plane mirror
35°
60° (c) convex mirror (d) none of these
57. A full length image of a distant tall building can definitely
glass be seen by using
(i) (ii)
(a) a concave mirror
water 41° (b) a convex mirror
air
60° (c) a plane mirror
41° (d) both concave as well as plane mirror
58. The concave mirrors are used in
(a) reflecting telescopes
glass (b) magic- lanterns
(iii) (c) cinema projectors
water (d) all of these
41° 59. Which of the following statements is true?
(a) A convex lens has 4 dioptre power having a focal length
(a) 30° (b) 35° 0.25 m
(c) 60° (d) none of the above (b) A convex lens has –4 dioptre power having a focal
50. The focal length of a plane mirror is length 0.25 m
(a) positive (b) negative (c) A concave lens has 4 dipotre power having a focal
(c) zero (d) infinity length 0.25 m
51. Rays from the sun converge at a point 15 cm in front of a (d) A concave lens has – 4 dioptre power having a focal
concave mirror. Where should an object be placed so that length 0.25 m
size of its image is equal to the size of the object? 60. A virtual, erect and magnified image of an object is to be
(a) 15 cm in front of the mirror produced with a concave mirror of focal length 12 cm.
Which of the following object distance should be chosen
(b) 30 cm in front of the mirror
for this purpose?
(c) between 15 cm and 30 cm in front of the mirror
(a) 10 cm (b) 14 cm
(d) more than 30 cm in front of the mirror. (c) 18 cm (d) 24 cm
52. Under which of the following conditions a concave mirror 61. A 10 mm long awlpin is placed vertically in front of a
can form an image larger than the actual object? concave mirror. A 5 mm long image of the awl pin is formed
(a) When the object is kept at a distance equal to its radius at 30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal length of this
of curvature mirror is
 PHYSICS
(a) – 30 cm (b) – 20 cm (a) wavelength (b) frequency
(c) – 40 cm (d) – 60 cm (c) amplitude (d) velocity
62. The linear magnification for a mirror is the ratio of the size 6. The focal length of a concave mirror doesn’t depend upon
of the image to the size of the object, and is denoted by m. (a) The radius of curvature of the mirror
Then, m is equal to (symbols have their usual meanings): (b) The object distance from the mirror
f f u (c) The image distance from the mirror
(a) (b)
f u f (d) The material of mirror
7. The radius of curvature of a plane mirror can’t be
f f v (a) zero (b) infinite
(c) (d)
f v f (c) negative (d) finite
63. In case of a real and inverted image, the magnification of a 8. Tick out the correct statements in the following
mirror is (a) Light travels with a speed greater than that of sound
(a) positive (b) negative (b) Light cannot travel through vacuum
(c) zero (d) infinity (c) Light travels in a straight line
64. Magnification produced by a rear view mirror fitted in (d) Light has no weight
vehicles
9. Choose the wrong statements regarding the image forma-
(a) is less than one
tion in a convex spherical mirror
(b) is more than one
(c) is equal to one (a) Images are always larger than the actual object
(d) can be more than or less than one depending upon the (b) Images are always smaller than the actual object
position of the object in front of it. (c) Images are always of the same size as the actual object
65. The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of (d) Images are always half of the actual object
angle of refraction is called 10. The image formed by a convex spherical mirror is
(a) refractive index (b) optical density (a) virtual (b) erect
(c) relative density (d) none of these (c) real (d) inverted
11. When light passes from air into glass it experiences a change of
(a) Speed (b) Wavelength and speed
(c) Frequency (d) amplitude
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. 12. If a real object is placed inside the focal point of a concave
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which mirror, the image is
ONE OR MORE may be correct.
(a) upright (b) real
1. Which of the following materials be used to make a lens? (c) virtual (d) inverted
(a) Water (b) Glass 13. A person standing infront of a mirror finds his image smaller
(c) Plastic (d) Clay than himself and erect. This implies the mirror must not be
2. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be (a) plane (b) concave
virtual, erect and larger than the object. Where should not (c) convex (d) None of the above
be the position of the object? 14. Choose the wrong statements regarding refraction of light
(a) Between the principal focus and the centre of curva- (a) The bending of light rays when they enter from one
ture medium to another medium
(b) At the centre of curvature (b) Splitting of white light into seven colours when it passes
(c) Beyond the centre of curvature through the prism
(d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus. (c) Bending of light round corners of obstacles and aper-
3. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image tures
appears erect. The mirror may be (d) Coming back of light from a bright smooth surface
(a) plane (b) concave 15. A converging lens has a focal length of 15 cm. An object is
(c) convex (d) none of these placed 9.0 cm from the lens. Describe the image formed
4. A lens behaves as a converging lens in air and diverging (a) upright (b) inverted
lens in water. The refractive index of the material of the (c) virtual (d) enlarged
lens can’t be 16. Four students reported the following observation tables for
(a) 1 (b) between 1 and 1.33 the experiment, to trace the path of a ray of light passing
(c) 1.33 (d) greater than 1.33 through a glass slab for different angles of incidence. The
5. On passing through a glass slab, red light doesn’t suffer a observations, likely to be wrong are those of student.
change of
Light-Reflection and Refraction
24. If two mirrors are inclined to each other at 90°, the image
i r e i r e
seen may be
30° 40° 30° 30° 20° 30° (a) One (b) Two
40° 50° 40° 40° 30° 40° (c) Three (d) Four
50° 50° 50° 50° 40° 50° 25. In case of three plane-mirrors meeting at a point to form a
corner of a cube, if incident light suffers one reflection on
I II each mirror
(a) The emergent ray is antiparallel to incident one
i r e i r e
(b) The emergent ray is perpendicular to incident one
30° 20° 40° 30° 20° 20° (c) The emergent ray is in phase with incident one
40° 30° 50° 40° 30° 30° (d) The emergent ray is in opposite phase with incident one
50° 40° 60° 50° 40° 40°

III IV
(a) I (b) II DIRECTIONS : Study the given passage(s) and answer the
(c) III (d) IV following questions.
17. The absolute refractive index of a medium depends on Passage-I
(a) nature of the medium only Inside a substance such as glass or water, light travels more
(b) wavelength of light only slowly than it does in a vacuum. If c denotes the speed of
(c) temperature of the medium only light in a vacuum and v denotes its speed through some
(d) the angle of incidence other substance, then v = c/n
18. Mark the correct statements where n is a constant called the index of refraction.
(a) Refractive index decreases with increase in temperature To good approximation, a substance’s index of refraction
(b) Refractive index depends on the angle of incidence does not depend on the wavelength of light. For instance,
(c) Foucault demonstrated experimentally that the speed when red and blue light waves enter water, they both slow
of light in air is more than that in water down by about the same amount. More precise
(d) Polarization of light was discovered by Malus measurements, however, reveal that n varies with
19. Mark the correct statements about a virtual image wavelength. Table presents some indices of refraction of
Custon glass, for different wavelengths of visible light. A
(a) A virtual image can be photographed
nanometer (nm) is 10–9 meters. In a vacuum, light travels
(b) A virtual image can be seen as c = 3.0 × 108 m/s
(c) A virtual image can be photographed by exposing a Table : Indices of refraction of Custon glass
film at the location of the image
(d) A virtual image may be diminished or enlarged in size Wavelength in Indices
Approximately colour
in comparison to an object. vacuum (nm) n
20. Mark the correct statements yellow 580 1.5
(a) A convex mirror produces an erect image yellow orange 600 1.498
(b) A convex mirror always produces an erect image of an orange 620 1.496
erect object orange red 640 1.494
(c) A convex mirror always produces a diminished in size
1. Inside Custon glass
image (a) Orange light travels faster than yellow light
(d) A convex mirror is used as a shaving mirror (b) Yellow light travels faster than orange light
21. In vacuum the speed of light does not depend on (c) Orange and Yellow light travels equally fast
(a) Wavelength (b) Frequency (d) We cannot determine which color of light travels faster
(c) Intensity (d) Speed of observer 2. For blue-green of wavelength 520 nm, the index of refraction
22. When light passes from air to water which of the following of Custon glass is probably closest to
changes (a) 1.49 (b) 1.50
(a) Wavelength (b) Velocity (c) 1.51 (d) 1.52
(c) Frequency (d) Colour 3. Which of the following phenomena happens because n
23. In case of reflection by a plane-mirror, which of the varies with wavelength
following statements are not correct (a) A lens focuses light
(b) A prism breaks sunlight into different colors
(a) It can never give real image
(c) Total internal reflections ensures that light travels down
(b) It can never give inverted image
a fiber optic cable
(c) It changes left into right
(d) Light rays entering a pond change direction at the
(d) It changes front into back pond’s surface
 PHYSICS
Passage-II 7. Assertion : As the temperature of a medium increases the
A 5.0 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal refractive index decreases.
axis of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm. The distance of Reason : When a ray travels from vacuum to a medium,
the object from the lens is 30 cm.
then µ is known as absolute refractive index of the medium.
4. What is the distance of image from the pole of lens?
(a) v = 60 cm (b) v = – 60 cm (µvacuum = 1).
(c) v = 30 cm (d) v = –30 cm 8. Assertion : If a spherical mirror is dipped in water, its
5. The size of the image formed by the lens is focal length remains unchanged.
(a) 1 twice the object size Reason : A laser light is focused by a converging lens. There
(b) halved the object size will be a significant chromatic aberration.
(c) one-fourth the object size 9. Assertion : A virtual image cannot be photographed.
(d) one -third the object size Reason : Only real objects are photographed.
6. What is the power of the used lens?
10. Assertion : The small object, to be seen in a microscope,
(a) + 5 D (b) – 5 D
(c) + 0.5 D (d) – 0.5 D is kept within the two foci of its objective.
Reason : In this case, the image formed by the objective is
nearer to the eyepiece.
11. Assertion : Red light travels faster in glass than green light.
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion Reason : The refractive index of glass is less for red light
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the question than for green light.
on the basis of following options. You have to select the one that 12. Assertion : As light travels from one medium to another,
best describes the two statements.
the frequency of light does not change.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is Reason : Because frequency is the characteristic of source.
the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. DIRECTIONS : Each question has four statements (A, B, C
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. and D) given in Column I and 4 statements (p, q, r, s ) in Column
1. Assertion : A point object is placed at a distance of 26 cm II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching
from a convex mirror of focal length 26 cm. The image will with one or more statement(s) given in Column II. Match the
not form at infinity. entries in column I with entries in column II.
1 1 1 1. A convex lens ( f ) forms an image on a screen Considering
Reason : For above given system the equation
u v f the object to be at the zero mark in a scale, match the
gives v = .
following.
2. Assertion : When a concave mirror is held under water, its
Column I Column II
focal length will increase.
Reason : The focal length of a concave mirror is indepen- (A) Image (p) Moves the image of
dent of the medium in which it is placed. infinite object further
3. Assertion : A convex mirror is used as a driver’s mirror. away
Reason : Because convex mirror’s field of view is large (B) Additional lens in contact (q) Not unique as lens is
and images formed are virtual, erect and diminshed. moved between object
4. Assertion : Keeping a point object fixed, if a plane mirror and source.
is moved, the image will also move. (C) Reduction in refractive (r) Virtual for screen
Reason : In case of a plane mirror, distance of object and index position at a distance
Its image is equal from any point on the mirror.
< 4 f from the object.
5. Assertion : When the object moves with a velocity v , its
(D) Slicing the lens to have (s) Object at d forms
image in the plane mirror moves with a velocity of 2v . one plane and another real image further
Reason : The minimum height of the mirror to be required convex surface nearer
h plano-convex lens.
to see the full image of man of height h is .
2 A B C D
6. Assertion : If both plane mirror and object are moved (a) p, q q r q,r
through a distance x, then the image moves through a dis- (b) r q q,r,s r,s
tance 2x. (c) p,r s p p, r
Reason : When the object is fixed and plane mirror is
(d) p q, r r s
moved through a distance x. Then the image is also moves
through the distance 2x.
Light-Reflection and Refraction
2. In the followoing columns, the positon of an object is given 9. A 5 cm tall object is placed on the principal axis of diverging
is column I and the nature of image formed in a concave lens of focal length 15 cm and at a distance of 10 cm from
mirror is given in column II. it. Find the nature, position and size of image.
Column I Column II 10. An object 3.0 cm high is placed perpendicular to the
(Position of object) (Nature of image) principal axis of a concave lens of focal length 15.0 cm.
(A) At infinity (p) Real The image is formed at a distance of 10.0 cm from the lens.
(B) Between infinity and centre (q) Inverted Calculate
of curvature (i) distance at which the object is placed and
(C) At centre of curvature (r) Diminished (ii) size and nature of the image formed.
(D) At focus (s) Enlarged 11. An object 2.0 cm in size is placed 20.0 cm in front of a
(t) Same size concave mirror of focal length 10.0 cm. Find the distance
A B C D from the mirror at which a screen should be placed in order
(a) p, q q r, s q, r to obtain sharp image. What will be the size and nature of
(b) r, s q,r s, t p,q,r,s the image formed ?
(c) p, s q r,s,t r 12. A convex lens has a focal length of 25 cm. Calculate the
(d) p, q, r p, q, r p, q, t p, q distance of the object from the lens if the image is to be
formed on the opposite side of the lens at a distance of
75 cm from the lens. What will be the nature of the image?
DIRECTIONS : Following are integer based/Numeric based 13. An object 3 cm high is placed at a distance of 9 cm in front
questions. Each question, when worked out will result in one of a concave mirror of focal length 18 cm. Find the position,
nature and size of the image formed.
integer or numeric value.
14. An object 4 cm high is placed at a distance of 20 cm in
1. A monochromatic ray of light strikes the surface of a front of a convex lens of focal length 12 cm. Find the
transparent medium at an angle of incidence 60° and gets position, nature and size of the image formed.
refracted into the medium at an angle of refraction 45°. 15. Find the position, nature and size of the image of an object
What is the refractive index of the medium? 3 cm high placed at a distance 6 cm from a concave mirror
[sin 60° = 0.866, sin 45° = 0.707] of focal length 12 cm.
2. A real image, 4/5 size of the object is formed 18 cm from a 16. Find the position of the object which when placed in front
lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens. of a convex mirror produces a virtual image, which is half
3. A beam of light converges to a point P. A lens is placed in the size of the object.
the path of the convergent beam 12 cm from P. At what 17. Find the position of an object which when placed in front
point does the beam converge if the lens is (a) a convex of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm produces a virtual
lens of focal length 20 cm, and (b) a concave lens of focal image, which is twice the size of the object.
length 16 cm? 18. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of focal length
4. An object 50 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a 15 cm. The image formed is three times the size of object.
convex lens. Its 20 cm tall image is formed on the screen Calculate two possible distances of the object from the
placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. Calculate the mirror.
focal length of the lens. 19. Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from
5. An object 20 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a air on a water surface. What are the wavelength, frequency
convex lens. Its 30 cm tall image is formed on the screen and speed of (a) reflected (b) refracted light? (n of
placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. Calculate the water = 1.33)
focal length of the lens. 20. An object 10 cm long is placed at 15 cm away from a convex
6. An object 30 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a lens of focal length 10 cm. Find the position and size of
convex lens. Its 10 cm tall inverted image is formed on the image.
screen placed at a distance of 15 cm from the lens. Calculate 21. (a) State the relation between object distance, image
the focal length of the lens. distance and focal length of a spherical mirror.
7. A convex lens has a focal length of 30 cm. Calculate at (b) A concave mirror of focal length 15 cm form an image
what distance should the object be placed from the lens so of an object kept at a distance of 10 cm from the mirror.
that in forms an image at 60 cm on the other side of the Find the position nature and size of the image formed
lens. by it.
8. Where should an object be placed from a converging lens (c) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formed by a
of focal length 20 cm, so as to obtain a real image of concave mirror when an object is placed between pole
magnification 2?Find the magnification produced by the and focus of the mirror.
lens in this case.
 PHYSICS

(a) total internal reflection of light

DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1-10) : This section contains multiple choice
(b) polarisation
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
(c) diffraction pattern
which ONLY ONE is correct.
(d) interference pattern produced due to oil film
1. When viewed vertically a fish appears to be 4 meter below 8. If refractive index of glass is 1.50 and of water is 1.33, then
the surface of the lake. If the index of refraction of water is critical angle is
1.33, then the true depth of the fish is
2
(a) 5.32 metres (b) 3.32 metres (a) sin–1(8/9) (b) sin 1
3
(c) 4.32 metres (d) 6.32 metres
2. Light reflected from a boundary between an unknown sub-
1 8
stance and air is seen to become 100% polarized when the (c) cos (d) None of these
angle of incidence is 62.0°. What is the index of refraction 9
of the unknown substance? 9. Light waves can be polarised as they are
(a) 1.88 (b) 1.13 (a) transverse (b) of high frequency
(c) 2.14 (d) 0.532 (c) longitudinal (d) reflected
3. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm receives light from the 10. Diffraction and interference of light suggest
sun. A diverging lens of focal length – 12 cm is placed 37 (a) nature of light is electro-magnetic
cm to the right of the converging lens. Where is the final (b) wave nature
image located relative to the diverging lens? (c) nature is quantum
(a) 6 cm to the left (b) 25 cm to the left (d) nature of light is transverse
(c) At infinity (d) 12 cm to the right
4. A camera lens focuses light from a 12.0 m tall building lo- DIRECTIONS (Qs. 11-14) : This section contains multiple
cated 35.0 m away on film 50.0 mm behind the lens. choice questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and
How tall is the image of the building on the film? (d) out of which ONE OR MORE may be correct.
(a) 17.1 mm (b) 7.00 mm 11. A thin convavo convex lens has two surfaces of radii of
(c) 2.50 cm (d) 1.25 mm curvature R and 2R. The material of the lens has a refractive
5. In comparison to the case when a ray of light travels from index . When kept in air, the focal length of the lens
glass to air, the critical angle for total internal reflection of (a) will depend on the dircetion from which light is incident
light when a ray of light travels from glass to water is on it.
(a) greater (b) smaller (b) will be the same, irrespective of the direction from
(c) same (d) nothing can be predicted which ligth is incident on it.
6. Material A has critical angle iA, and material B has critical
angle iB (iB > iA). Then which of the following is true? R
(c) will be equal to
(i) Light can be totally internally reflected when it passes –1
from B to A
(ii) Light can be totally internally reflected when it passes 2R
(d) will be equal to
from A to B –1
(iii) Critical angle for total internal reflection is iB – iA 12. A concave and a convex lens have the same focal length of
(iv) Critical angle between A and B is 20 cm and are put in contact to form a lens combination.
The combination is used to view an object of 5 cm length
1 sin i A
sin kept at 20 cm from the lens combination. As compared to
sin i B the object, the image will not be
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iv) (a) magnified and inverted
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv) (b) reduced and erect
7. On a rainy day, if there is an oil drop on tar road coloured (c) of the same size of the object and would be erect
rings are seen around this drop. This is due to (d) of the same size of the object, but would be inverted.
Light-Reflection and Refraction
13. A lens of power + 2 diopter is placed in contact with a lens 17. The focal length of the combination of lenses is
of power – 1 diopter. The combination will not behave like (a) + 20 cm (b) + 30 cm
(a) a convergent lens of focal length 50 cm (c) – 20 cm (d) – 30 cm
(b) a divergent lens of focal length 100 cm
(c) a convergent lens of focal length 100 cm DIRECTIONS (Qs. 18-19) : Each of these questions contains
(d) a convergent lens of focal length 200 cm an Assertion followed by reason. Read them carefully and answer
14. Total internal reflection cannot take place only if the question on the basis of following options. You have to select
(a) light goes from optically rarer medium (smaller the one that best describes the two statements.
refractive index) to optically denser medium
(b) light goes from optically denser medium to rarer (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
medium the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) the refractive indices of the two media are close to (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
different not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(d) the refractive indices of the two media are widely (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
different (d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 15-17) : Study the given paragraph(s) and 18. Assertion : Light rays retrace their path when their direc-
answer the following questions. tion is reversed (Law of reversibility of light rays)
Passage Reason : For the refraction light, water is denser than air,
A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in contact but for the refraction of sound, water is rarer than air.
with a concave lens of focal length 60 cm. 19. Assertion : Speed of light in glass of
15. The power of the convex lens is µ = 1.5 is 2 × 108 m/sec
(a) + 5 D (b) – 5D Reason : According to dual theory, light has particle nature
(c) + 1.67 D (d) – 1.67 D and wave nature simultaneously.
16. The power of the concave lens is
(a) + 5D (b) – 5D
(c) – 1.67 D (d) + 1.67 D

DIRECTIONS (Q. 20): Following questions has four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and 4 statements (p, q, r, s) in
Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II. Match the
entries in column I with entries in column II.
20. An optical component and an object S placed along its optic axis are given in Column I. The distance between the object and
the component can be visaed. The properties of images are given in Column II. Match all the properties of images from
Column II with the appropriate components given in Column I.
Column I Column II

(A) (p) Real image

(B) (q) Virtual image

(C) (r) Magnified image

(D) (s) Image at infinity

A B C D
(a) p,q q r,s q,r
(b) p,q,r,s q p,q,r,s p,q,r,s
(c) p,s q r,s,t r
(d) p q, r r s
 PHYSICS

DIRECTIONS (Qs. 21-25): : Following are integer based/ 24. A concave mirror of radius 40 cm lies on a horizontal table
Numeric based questions. Each question, when worked out will and water is filled in it upto a height of 5.0 cm. A small dust
result in one integer or numeric value. particle P floats on the surface of water particle P lies
vertically above the point of contact of the mirror with the
21. The focal length of lens of refractive index 1.5 in air is table. Locate the image of the dust particle as seen from a
30 cm. When it is immersed in water of refractive index 4/ point directly above it. The refractive index of water is 4/3.
3, then find its focal length.
22. A glass sphere of radius 5 cm has a small bubble 2 cm
from its centre. The bubble is viewed along a diameter of
the sphere from the side on which it lies. How far from the
surface will it appear. Refractive index of glass is 1.5.
23. A converging beam of rays is incident on a diverging lens.
Having passed through the lens the rays intersect at a point
15 cm from the lens. If the lens is removed the point where
the rays meet will move 5 cm closer to the mounting that
holds the lens. Find focal length of the lens.

25. A plane mirror of thickness 3 cm of material of refractive

3
index is silvered on the back surface. A point object is
2
placed at a distance of 9 cm from the unsilvered face of the
mirror. Find the position of the brighest image.
Light-Reflection and Refraction

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

8. Medium in which speed of light is less is known as optically

denser medium and the medium in which speed of light is
more is optically rarer medium.
Fill in the Blanks :
1. positive, negative. 2. straight lines. 1
9. They are reciprocal of each other i.e. 1 n 2
3. away from, towards 4. air-glass, glass-air, parallel 2 n1
5. focal length 6. dioptre 10. In medium B. (speed of light of is higher in a rarer medium).
7. equal 8. inwards, outwards. 11. Convex lens is known as converging lens and concave lens
9. concave 10. pole is known as diverging lens.
11. front 12. principal axis 12. Either at infinity or beyond 2F.
13. principal focus 14. concave 13. No.
15. lens. 16. convergence or divergence 14. (i) Atmospheric refraction
17. convex 18. 5/4 (ii) Total internal reflection.
15. Due to atmospheric refraction.
True / False :
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True Short Answer Questions :
6. False. plane mirror can form real image as shown.
1. sin i ...(1)
a ng
sin r

sin y
g na
sin x

N
i
A (R)
7. True 8. True 9. True 10. True 11. True D
12. False 13. True 14. False 15. True 16. False Glass r y
17. True 18. False 19. False (D)
A (R)
Match the Following : x
1. (A) q; (B) p; (C) r; (D) p N
2. (A) r; (B) s; (C) q; (D) p But y = r [alt. s ]
Very Short Answer Questions : x = i [ of emergence = of incidence]
1. The bending of light when it passes from one medium to
i.e. sin r
another is called refraction. g na
sin i
1 sin i
Radius of curvature Taking reciprocal, ...(2)
2. Focal length = g na sin r
2
3. Sending back of light in the same medium by a surface is 1
called reflection of light. From (1) & (2), a n g
4. 16 cm/sec. If an object moves towards the plane mirror with g na
speed v, then image appears to move with speed 2 v. 2. When white light passes through a transparent medium like
5. (i) for real image negative, a glass prism it splits into seven colours. This phenomenon
(ii) for virtual image positive is called as dispersion of light.
6. Convex The dispersion of light occurs due to different speeds of
7. Benzene different colours when it passes through a glass prism.
 PHYSICS
3. Magnification, m = – 3 (since image is real)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Object distance, u = – 10 cm.
Image distance, v = ? f v u 20 v 10 v 10 20 20 20
We know that magnification for the mirror v = 20 cm
v v v 20
m or 3 or v = – 30 cm. m 2
u 10 u 10
Speed of light in air m=2
4. Refractive index of glass = Image is formed 20cm behind the mirror i.e. virtual and
Speed of light in glass
erect and its m = 2. i.e. it is enlarged.
3 108 11. r
< g < y.
or 1.5 12. 1:1
Speed of light in glass
13. Given : Object distance u = – 12 cm.
3 108 Magnification m = – 4.
or Speed of light in glass = ms 1 2 108 ms 1

1.50 v h
The speed of light in glass is 2 × 108 ms–1. We know that, m = – =
u h
5. Focal length, f = – 2m (concave lens)
1 1 v v
–4=– =– = – 48 cm
Power, P f (in m) 2
0.5 D u ( 12)

6. The power of this lens has negative (–) sign, so it is a So, image is formed at a distance of 48 cm on the same
concave lens. side of object.
14. Given : airnice = 1.31, airnrock = 1.54
1
Power, P air nice 154
.
f (in m) n = = = 1.18.
air nice 131
.
ice rock

1 1
2.0 or f m 15. nga = 1.5, va = 3.0 × 108 ms–1, vg = ?
f 2.0
or f = – 0.50 m va va 3 108
Focal length, f = – 0.50 m nga = v vg = n =
g ga 15
.
7. Here, the focal length of the lens is given in cm. We should
Speed of light in glass vg = 2 × 108 ms–1.
first convert the focal length into m.
16. Convex lens increases its focal length, while the focal
10 length of concave mirror remains same.
Now, 10 cm = m 0.1m
100
So, focal length, f = 0.1m (a convex lens has positive fo- Long Answer Questions :
cal length) 1. Radius of curvature of convex mirror, R = 30 cm.
1 R 30 cm
Now, P Focal length of convex mirror, f 15cm.
f (in metres) 2 2
Now h = 5 cm, u = – 20 cm, v = ?, h = ?
1 1 10
We get, P or P
0.1 1 1 1 1
Using the mirror formula f v u
, we have
Thus, power P = + 10 dioptre (or + 10 D)
The plus sign with the power indicates what it is a con-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3
verging lens (or convex lens)
8. The image will be virtual and erect if < F, the image will v f u 15 20 15 20 60
be smaller if > 2F and larger if < 2F.
60
9. Let the distance between boy and miror by x. v 8.6 cm.
7
Boy x
Mirror Image Thus, image is formed at a distance of 8.6 cm behind the
x
i.e. x + x = 20 2x = 20 x = 10 m convex mirror. The image is virtual and erect.
10. u = – 10 cm, f = – 20 cm h v
m
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 h u
f v u 20 v 10 v 10 20 20 20 h 8.6 8.6
h 5 2.15 cm.
5 20 20
Light-Reflection and Refraction
2. For convex mirror, we have given 9. f = – 20 cm, h0 = 5 cm, v = – 15 cm.
u = –10 m, R = 2.0 m
1 1 1
Using – we get,
R 2.0m f v u
So, f 1.0 m
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 – –
Using the mirror formula, u u v f –15 (–20)
v f
1 20 15 5
1 1 1 1 1 11 = =–
We get u 300 300
v f u 1.0 10 10
u = – 60 cm.
10
or v 0.9 m h1 v
11 Since m = h
0 u we get,
Thus, the car would appear at 0.9 m from the convex mir-
10 v (–15) 5
h1 .h 5
v 11 1 u 0 (–16) 4
ror. We know that m
u 10 11 Image is enlarged and virtual.
10. A point object O is placed in front of a plane mirror MM'.
1
Thus, size of the image of the car will be times smaller The ray OP falls normally on the mirror and it gets reflected
11 back along the same path. Another ray from O fall at point
the actual size of the car through the convex mirror. Q and it gets reflected along the path QR in such a way that
3. According to cartesian sign convention, i = r. When these two reflected rays PO and QR are
u = – 90 cm, f = – 30 cm. produced backward, a virtual image 'I' of object is formed
1 1 1 behind the mirror.
We have the formula v u f In the fig. OP || QN

1 1 1 M
v 90 30 O I
P
1 1 1 3 1 2
or
v 30 90 90 90
v = – 45 cm. i
N r Q
Negative sign means that a real image is formed 45 cm
from the mirror on the same side as the object.
4. 10D, 0.1 5. 60 cm. 6. –10 cm, –10 D
7. (i) Focal length of concave mirror remains same, since it R M'
is independent of the wavelength of light.
(ii) When wavelength is increased, refractive index of glass
i = QOP (alternate angle)
for the particular colour decreases. Since focal length de-
r = PIQ (Corresponding angle)
pends on , the focal length increases.
But i = r (Law of Reflection)
1 1 1 QOP = PIQ ______(1)
8. Mirror formula is, where u, v and f are object In OPQ and IPQ
f v u
distance, image distance and focal length. OPQ = IPQ = 90°
QOP = PIQ [From (1)]
1 1 1 PQ = PQ (Common)
–
v f u OPQ IPQ (By ASA)
Focal length and object distance are both –ve for concave OP = IP (CPCT)
mirror. i.e. Distance of the object from the mirror = Distance of
It is given u < f, image behind the mirror.
11. An extended object AB is placed in front of a plane mirror
1 –1 1 MM'. A light ray from A falls perpendicular on a mirror at
becomes and is positive.
v f u P. So it comes back along the same path after reflection.
v becoming +ve denotes a virtual image.
 PHYSICS
Another ray AQ (Q is a point of normal from B), falls on
8. a = 1.5 ; v = ? ; c = 3 × 108 m/sec
the mirror and after reflection it goes along the path QR. g

When these two reflected rays i.e. PA & QR are produced

c c 3 108
backward, they meet at a point A'. Similarly, the point B' is a g
v 2 108 m / sec
also obtained. It means A'B' is the image of AB. This image v a 1.5
g
is virtual and erect which forms as far behind the mirror as
9. Highest optical density is of Diamond (2.42).
the object is in front of it. i.e. AP = A'P.
Lowest optical density is of Air (1.0003).
BQ = B'Q
10. Light travels faster in water because the refractive index
of water is least as compared to kerosene and turpentines.
M
11. When the focal length of a lens is one metre then the power
P A' of lens is called one dioptre.
A
h
12. v = + 50 cm ; m = ; P = ? u = ?
h
i i v 1 1 1 1
B' m , , P
B r Q u v u f f
M' 50 1 1 1 1 100
R 1 , , P
u 50 50 f 25
To prove : AB = A'B'. u 50 cm , f 25 cm , P 4 dioptre
A'B'Q. = A' Q B',= r
13. f=–2m
(Vertically opposite angles)
i = r (laws of reflection) 1 1
P = - 0.5 dioptre
In ABQ and A'QB', i = A' Q B' f 2
ABQ = A' B' Q = 90°
Text-Book Exercise :
BQ = B' Q (becouse distance of image behind the mirror =
1. (d) Clay (Because clay is not a transparent material).
distance object from the mirror)
2. (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus
ABQ A'B'Q. (ASA).
3. (b) At twice the focal length of lens.
AB = A' B' (cpct) i.e. size of object = size of image.
4. (b) both concave. (Because concave lens and concave
mirror have negative focal lengths.)
5. (d) Either plane or convex (Because plane mirror and a
convex mirror always form a virtual and erect image.)
6. (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm. (Because its
Text-Book Questions : magnification is more than others as it is inversely
1. The point on principal axis where beam of rays parallel to v
principal axis meet after reflection from the mirror is called proportional to the focal length m 1 .
f
principal focus.
2. R = 2f, R = 20 cm 7. The range of distance of the object is 0 to 15 cm in front
f = R/2 = 10 cm of the mirror from the pole as the image in a concave mirror
3. Concave mirror can produce the erect and enlarge image is erect when it is placed anywhere between the pole and
of an object. the focus.
4. Because its aperture in large and it always forms virtual, (i) Nature of image : Virtual and erect
erect and diminished image of distant objects. (ii) Image is enlarged
5. R = + 32 cm
f = R/2 = + 16 cm A

6. M = – v/u (real) Concave mirror

v
3 A
u
C P
v = 3u, u = 10 cm (given) FB B
15cm
v 30 cm
7. It will bend towards the normal because the velocity of
light decreases as it enters into water.
Light-Reflection and Refraction
8. (a) Concave mirror because it provides a powerful 12. f = 15 cm ; u = – 10 cm ; v = ?
parallel beams of light.
1 1 1
(b) Convex mirror because it provides a wide field of
v u f
view.
(d) Concave mirror because it concentrates sunlight to 1 1 1 2 3 5 1
produce heat. v 15 10 30 30 6
9. Yes, this lens will produce a complete image of the object.
The nature, size and location of the image will not change
but the intensity of the image will become half. B
Experiment : Let us take a convex lens. Cover one-half B'
of it with a black paper. Put an object infront of it. Observe
the image on the screen by adjusting it. It is observed that A A' F C
a complete image of the object is formed.
10. O = 5 cm ; u = – 25cm ; f = + 10 cm
Scale : 1 cm = 5 cm.
1 1 1
v u f N
Position of image = 1.2 cm
v = 1.2 × 5 = 6 cm
B v 6 cm Image is formed on right side of mirror, so it is
5 cm A' virtual and erect.
A F 13. The magnification of a plane mirror is +1, it means that
the image is of same size of the object. Also, it is erect and
virtual.
25 cm B' 14. O = 5 cm ; u = - 20 cm ; R = + 30 cm ;
10 cm f = R/2 = 15 cm ; u = ? ; I = ?

1 1 1 5 2 3 1 1 1
v 10 25 50 50 v u f

1 1 1 1 1 4 3 7
50 v I 50 I
v cm m , v 15 20 15 20 60 60
3 u O 3 25 O

I 3.33cm
60
v cm Image is formed on the right side of mirror..
7
The image is real and inverted.
1 1 1 v I
m
11. u o
v u f

1 1 1 60 I 3
I 5 2.175cm image is virtual,
10 u 15 7 20 5 7
erect and small
B
B D
B'
A B'
2F1 F1 A' O F2 C
A P A' F
15 cm
30 cm
Position of image = 1.7 cm
1 1 1 3 2 1
v = 1.7 × 5 = 8.5 cm
u 10 15 30 30 size of image = 0.4 cm
u 30 cm left side from the lens. I = 0.4 × 5 = 2 cm
 PHYSICS
15. O = 7 cm ; u = – 27 cm ; f = – 18 cm ; v = ?, I = ?
v 1 1 1
4. m – –3, using – calculate u.
1 1 1 u v u f
v u f
80
1 1 1 u – cm, image is real and inverted. The lens is convex.
3
27 v 18
HOTS Questions :
1 1 1 3 2 1 1. u = – 15 cm, f = + 30 cm (for convex mirror, f is + ve)
v 18 27 54 54
1 1 1 1 1 1
The mirror formula is, u v f v f u
v 54 cm Image is formed on left side of mirror..
Substituting the values of u and f in the above formula we
I 54 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
10 cm real, inverted and enlarged in size
5 27 have
v 30 15 30 15 30 10
v = + 10 cm.
2. Since lens is convex, therefore f is positive.
Given u = – 20 cm, f = + 12 cm, h = 3 cm, v = ?, h = ?
Since formula for a lens is
B
1 1 1 1 1 1
v u f
,
A' C A F P v 20 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
B' v 20 12 v 12 20
1 5 3 1
v = 30 cm.
v 60 30
Position of image = 6 cm
Since ‘v’ is positive, the image is located on the other side
v = 6 × 9 = 54 cm
of the lens.
size of image = 1.1 cm
I = 1.1 × 9 = 10 cm v 30
m 1.5
u 20
I v
m Since m is negative and greater than 1, the image is real,
O u
inverted and larger than the object.
1 h h
16. P m 1.5 or h = – 4.5 cm.
f h 3
1 Thus the image is 30 cm from the convex lens, located on
2
f the other side of the object. It is real inverted and 4.5 cm
high.
1 3. A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect image on the
f m 50cm The lens is concave lens.
2 same side of the object.
Image distance v = – 10 cm
1 Focal length f = – 15 cm,
17. P
f Object distance u = ?
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 Since v or
f m 0.67m Lens is converging in nature. u f u v f
1.5
1 1 1 1 1
Exemplar Questions : u 10 ( 15) 10 15
2. No. Bending will be different in different liquids since
velocity of light at the interface separating two media 1 3 2 1
or u = – 30 cm.
depends on the relative refractive index of the medium. u 30 30
3. Sudha should move the screen towards the lens so as the Thus, the object distance is 30 cm.
obtain a clear image of the building. The approximate focal v 10 cm 1
lenth of this lens will be 15 cm. Magnification, m or m 0.33
u 30 cm 3
Light-Reflection and Refraction
4. A very small head Convex mirror 4. Object size h0 = 5.0 cm, f = 20 cm,
A fat body Concave mirror Object distance u = – 30 cm
Legs of normal size Plane mirror
1 1 1
Since, –
v u f

1 1 1
(a)
Single Option Correct : v f u
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c)
1 1 1 1
sin i Then v = + 60 cm
v 20 –30 60
5. (d) . Angle between refractive & reflective waves
sin r Positive sign of v shows that image is formed at a distance
= 180° – (i + r) = 90° i + r = 90° of 60 cm to the right of the lens.
r = 90° – i Therefore image is real and inverted.
sin i sin i h v
tan i i tan 1 ( ) 5. (a) Since, m =
sin(90 i) cos i h u

1 1 1 v h 60 5
h = = – 10 cm
6. (d) For a spherical lens u 30
v u f
So, size of image is twice the size of object.
For convex lens. u = – f/2 and f is + ve
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 6. (a) Power = 5D
v=–f f 0.2m
v f u f f f
7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) Assertion & Reason :
14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d) 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c)
28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (c) 9. (c) An image is a plane mirror is virtual and it can be pho-
35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (c) 41. (b) tographed.
42. (b) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (a) 10. (c) Object is placed between F and 2F of objective lens.
11. (a) 12. (a)
sin 60 sin 60
49. (b) aµg = and aµw = Multiple Matching Questions :
sin 35 sin 41
1. (c)
a µg sin 41 2. (d)
aµg =
a µw sin Integer/Numeric Questions :
1. Here, sine of angle of incidence (sin i) = 0.866
sin 60 sin 60 sin 41
or and sine of angle of refraction (sin r) = 0.707
sin 35 sin 41 sin
sin i 0.866
= 35° Now, we have 1.22
sin r 0.707
50. (d) 51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (d) 56. (a)
56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (a) 61. (b) Hence, the refractive index of the medium is 1.22.
62. (a) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (a) 2. Since the image is real and diminshed, the lens must be
convex and the object must be placed beyond 2F.
More Than One Option Correct :
1. (a,b,c) 2. (a,b,c) 3. (a,c) 4. (a,c,d) A
5. (b,c) 6. (b,c) 7. (a,c,d) 8. (a,c,d)
9. (a,c,d) 10. (a,b) 11. (a,b) 12. (a,c)
F B'
13. (a,b,d) 14. (b,c,d) 15. (a,c,d) 16. (a,c,d)
B 2F' F' O 2F
17. (a,b,c,d) 18. (a,c,d) 19. (a,b,d) 20. (a,b,c)
21. (a,b,c) 22. (a,b) 23. (a,b,c) 24. (a,b)
25. (a,d) A'
Passage Based Questions :
Given : v = + 18 cm,
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b)
 PHYSICS

h 4 h 1 1 1
, f=?[ m is negative for real image] Using = – we get,
h 5 h f v u
h v 1 1 1 3 1 4
We have, m
h u = – = =
f 15 45 45 45
v 4
or 4u = – 5vor 4u = – 5 × 18 cm 45
u 5 f= = 11.25 cm.
4
u = – 22.5 cm. 7. Given : For convex lens
Now focal length is given by : f = + 30 cm, u = ?, v = + 60 cm, m = ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 From lens formula
f v u 18 22.5 18 22.5 90
1 1 1 1 1 1
f = 10 cm. – = –
f v u 30 60 u
3. (a) 7.5 cm
(b) 48 cm 1 1 1 1 2
4. h0 = 50 cm, h1 = 20 cm, v = 10 cm. = – =
u 60 30 60
h1 v 1 1
Using m = h = , we get =– u = – 60 cm.
0 u u 60
With sign convention, So, the object should be placed at a distance of 60 cm to the
left of the lens.
h0 50
u = v h = 10 × = – 25 cm. Magnification produced by lens,
1 ( 20)
h v 60
1 1 1 m= = 60 = – 1
h u
Using = – we get,
f v u Hence, real, inverted and same size image is obtained.
1 8. f = + 20 cm, Since image is real, m = – 2
1 1 25 10
= – = 1 1 1
f 10 25 250 v
Using, – and m =
f v u u
250
f= = 7.14 cm.
35 f 20
5. h0 = 20 cm, h1 = – 30 cm, v = 10 cm we get, m = –2=
f u 20 u
h1 ( 30) v – 40 – 2u = 20 – 2u = 60 u = – 30 cm.
m= h = = 9. Let the scale be 5 cm = 1 cm
0 20 u
Size of the object = 5 cm = 1 cm
10 2 20 Distance of the object from the lens = 10 cm = 2 cm
u=– =– cm.
3 3
1 1 1 A
Using = – we get, A1
f v u
F2 O
1 1 1 1 3 5 1 B B1
1.2cm
f
=
10
–
FG IJ
20
=
10
+
20
=
20
=
4
H K
3
2cm

3 cm
f = + 4 cm.
6. h0 = 30 cm, h1 = – 10 cm, v = 15 cm Focal length of the lens = 15 cm = 3 cm
h1 v On constructing the ray diagram, it is found
Using m = h = , we get size of the image = A1B1 = 0.6 cm = 0.6 × 5 cm = 3.0 cm
0 u
Distance of the image from lens = OB1 = 1.2 cm = 1.2 × 5
h0 30 cm = 6 cm
u = v h = 15 × = – 45 cm. Nature : Image is virtual, erect and diminished
1 10
Light-Reflection and Refraction
10. Here h = 3.0 cm, f = – 15 cm, v = – 10.0 cm 1 1 1 1 1
(i) From lens formula = – =– + = v = + 18 cm.
18 9 18 9 18
1 1 1 i.e., image is formed behind the mirror at a distance of 18
= –
f v u cm. It is virtual.

1 1 1 1 1 h v
– – Also, magnification m = –
u v f –10 –15 h u
h 18
1 1 1 1 =– =+2 h = + 6 cm
= – =– u = – 30 cm. 3 9
u 15 10 30
So, image is erect and twice the size of object.
h v 14. Given : h = + 3.0 cm, u = – 20 cm, f = + 12 cm, From lens
(ii) m =
h u formula

v –10 1 1 1 1 1 1
h h × 3 = + 1.0 – = –
u –30 f v u 12 20
From (i) and (ii), it is clear that image is formed on the 1 1 5 3 2 1
1
same side of object placed at a distance of 30 cm and = – = = =
v 12 20 60 60 30
image is virtual, erect and of same size.
11. For a concave mirror v = + 30 cm.
Given : h = 2 cm, u = – 20 cm, f = – 10 cm h v
Also, m =
v=? h =? h u
From mirror equation, we know that
h 30 3 9
1 1 1 = =– h =– = – 4.5 cm
1 1 1 1 3 20 2 2
– = – =– +
v f u 10 20 10 20 Therefore, Position of image : 30 cm to the right of the lens
Nature of image : real, inverted
2 1 1
= = Size of image : enlarge (4.5 cm).
20 20 15. h0 = 3 cm, u = – 6 cm, f = – 12 cm
v = – 20 cm.
1 1 1
h v ( 20) 2 Mirror formula :
Also m = =– h =– =–2 f v u
h u 20
Image size h = – 2 cm. 1 1 1
= +
Position of image is 20 cm on the same side of object. 12 v 6
Nature of image : Real, inverted, same size ( h = h). 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
12. Focal length of convex lens, f = + 25 cm image distance, = + = ; =
v 12 6 12 v 12
v = + 75 cm v = + 12 cm
From lens formula
h v
1 1 1 m= –
– h u
u v u
v 12
1 1 1 1 1 2 h =– ×h= ×3=+6
– = – =– u 6
u v f 75 25 75 Position : image is formed behind the mirror at a distance
75 of 12 cm.
u=– = – 37.5 cm Nature : virtual, erect, enlarged
2
Size of image : Twice the size of object.
Negative sign shows that image is real.
16. Convex mirror, m = 1/2
13. For a concave mirror,
h = + 3 cm, u = – 9 cm, f = – 18 cm, v = ?, h = ? 1 v 1
Image is virtual, m=+ – =
From mirror equation 2 u 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
– Therefore from we get
f v u v f u f v u
 PHYSICS
20. h0 = 10 cm, u = – 15 cm, f = + 10 cm
1 2 1 1
– i.e., u = – f 1 1 1
f u u u – , we get,
using
Object has to be at a distance equal to focal length. f v u
17. f = – 20 cm. Since image is virtual m = + 2. 1 1 1 15 10 5
= + = =
1 1 1 v v 10 15 150 150
Using and m = –
f v u u 150
v= = 30 cm
5
f –20
we get m = 2= Image formed is real and is at a distance of 30 cm.
f –u –20 – u
h1 30
– 40 – 2u = – 20 2u = – 20 u = – 10 cm.
18. f = – 15 cm, h1 = 3h0 h0 u = h1 =
15
× 10 = – 20

For Real Image, Image is inverted since h 1 is –ve.

21. (a) The relation between object distance, image distance
v and focal length of a spherical mirror is given by
m=– =–3 v = 3u
u
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 f v u
using = + , we get, = +
f v u 15 3u u where f = Focal length of spherical mirror
u = – 20 cm. v = Image distance, u = Object distance.
For Virtual Image, This relation is called mirror equation.
(b) For a concave mirror
v
m=– =+3 v = – 3u Given : f = – 15 cm, u = – 10 cm, v = ?, m = ?
u From mirror equation
1 1 1 1 1 1
using
f v u f v u

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
we get, = u = – 10 cm. – = – = +
15 (–3u ) u v f u 15 10 15 10
The two possible positions are 10 cm and 20 cm in front of 10 15 5 1
concave mirror. = =+ =+ v = + 30 cm.
150 150 30
19. air
= 589 nm = 589 × 10–9 m
Refractive index of water = = 1.33 v 30
(a) Reflected light will have same wavelength, frequency Also, Magnification, m = – = – 10 = 3.
u
and velocity. Hence, the image is formed at a distance of 30 cm behind
= 589 nm, c = 3 × 108 ms–1 the mirror.
Nature of image : Virtual, erect.
c 3 108
f= = 9 = 5.09 × 10–3 + 8 + 9 = 5.09 × 1014 Hz Size of image : Magnified, i.e., thrice the size of object.
589 10 (c) Position of object : Between pole and focus
(b) The frequency is same with refracted light. But, veloc- Mirror : Concave.
ity and wavelength vary. Position of image : Behind the mirror.
Nature of image : Virtual, enlarged and erect.
c
Since, = ,
v

3 108 B
velocity in water = = 2.25 × 108 ms–1 A
1. 33

Since, = , I P O F
'
9
589 10
wavelength in water is ’ = = = 442 nm.
1. 33
Light-Reflection and Refraction
18. (b) 19. (c)
20. (b)

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 1 1 1

21. = (µ – 1) R R2
1 1 1 1 f 1
6. (d) i B > iA or sin sin or µ A µB
µB µA
1 1 1
Hence medium A is denser and B is rarer. = (1.5 – 1) R
30 1 R2
Total internal Reflection : When the object is placed
in a optically denser medium. and if the incident angle Refractive index of glass with respect to water
is greater than the critical angle then the ray of light
gets reflected back to the originating medium. µag 1.5
µwg = = × 3 = 1.125
For critical angle ( ) from medium A to B, BµA µaw 4
1 1 µB
B µA or sin
1 1
sin µ
B A µA 1
= (µwg – 1) R R2
f 1
1 sin i A
sin
sin i B 1 1 1 1
or = [1.125 – 1] R R2
f 1
1 sin i A
sin
sin i B f 0.50
or
7. (d) The waves reflected from the top layer of oil interfere 30 0.125
with the wave train reflected from the lower surface of f = 120 cm
thin oil film producing light and dark coloured pattern. 22. For the object O,
8. (a) The critical angle for total internal reflection from u = – (PO)
glass to water, = – 3 cm
water 1.33 8 By refraction formula,
sin i c .
glass 1.55 9 2 1 2 1
= , we have
v u R
1 8
ic sin µ1 = 1.5, µ2 = 1, and R = – 5cm
9
9. (a) 10. (b) 1 1.5 1 1.5
=
v –3 –5
11. (b, d)
12. (a, b, d) v = –2.5 cm
13. (a,b,d) P = P1 + P2 = + 2 – 1 = + 1 dioptre, lens behaves as 23. For concave lens, u = + 10 cm (virtual object)
convergent and v = + 15 cm

1 1 1 1 1
F 1m 100 cm We have = f
P 1 15 10

14. (a, c, d) f = –30 cm. .

24. For concave mirror, u = –5 cm, f = – 20 m
100
15. (a) Power of convex lens = 5D
20 1 1 1
By mirror formula, v u f , we have
100
16. (c) Power of concave lens = –1.67D
60 1 1 1
=
v –5 20
17. (b) Power of combination = P1 + P2 = + 5 + (– 1.67) = + 3.33 D
100 20
Focal length of combination 30 cm v = cm
3
3.33
 PHYSICS

20
Thus OI ' = 3 cm

= 11.67 cm
20
The distance PI ' = 5
3
= 11.67 cm.
Now for the refraction through
water surface, we have
RD
= real depth 3
AD 2 cm
x= =
3/ 2
RD 11.67
AD = The position of the object from M = 9 + 2 = 11 cm.
4/3
By the definition, the position of the image
or PI2 = 8.75 cm. = 11 cm from M
25. Because of multiple reflections and refractions, there will The position of the image from unsilvered face
form infinite images; second of them will be brighest, which = 11 + 2 = 13 cm
is formed by the reflection from the silvered face. Suppose
M is the apparent position of the mirror at a distance x
from the unsilvered face of the mirror. Then