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Ch-4 Part -2 Transient Circuit Analysis Part 2-Converted

The document discusses second-order transient circuits, specifically source-free series and parallel RLC circuits, characterized by second-order differential equations involving resistors and energy storage elements. It outlines the conditions for overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped responses in these circuits, providing examples and equations for calculating characteristic roots and responses. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of initial conditions in solving these differential equations.

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29 views22 pages

Ch-4 Part -2 Transient Circuit Analysis Part 2-Converted

The document discusses second-order transient circuits, specifically source-free series and parallel RLC circuits, characterized by second-order differential equations involving resistors and energy storage elements. It outlines the conditions for overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped responses in these circuits, providing examples and equations for calculating characteristic roots and responses. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of initial conditions in solving these differential equations.

Uploaded by

bekithelegend27
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch-4 Transient circuit analysis part-2

❑ Second order transient circuits (RLC Transient circuits )

❑ Source free series RLC Circuit

❑ Source free parallel RLC Circuit

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4.2 Second order transient circuit
❑ A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-order differential equation. It consists
of resistors and the equivalent of two energy storage elements.

❑ Typical examples of second-order circuits: (a) series RLC circuit, (b) parallel RLC circuit,
(c) RL circuit, (d) RC circuit.
4.2.1 The source free Series RLC circuits
❑ Consider the series RLC circuit shown in Fig. 8.8. The circuit is being excited by the
energy initially stored in the capacitor and inductor.

❑ The energy is represented by the initial

capacitor voltage V0 and initial inductor current I0.

Thus, at t = 0,

❑ To eliminate the integral, we differentiate with respect to t and rearrange terms. We


get second order differential equation.
❑ To solve such a second-order differential equation requires that we have two initial
conditions, such as the initial value of i and its first derivative or initial values of some i
and v.

❑ The initial value of i is given in Eq. (8.2b). We get the initial value of the derivative of i
from Eqn. (8.2a) and (8.3); that is,

❑ With the two initial conditions in Eqn. (8.2b) and (8.5), we can now solve Eq. (8.4). So
we let where A and s are constants to be determined
❑ Substituting Eq. (8.6) into Eq. (8.4) and carrying out the necessary differentiations, we
obtain
❑ Since i = 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 is the assumed solution we are trying to find, only the expression in
parentheses can be zero:

❑ This quadratic equation is known as the characteristic equation of the differential Eq.
(8.4), since the roots of the equation dictate the character of i. The two roots of Eq.
(8.8) are

❑ A more compact way of expressing the roots is

❑ where
❑ The roots s1 and s2 are called natural frequencies, measured in nepers per second (Np/s).

❑ ω0 is known as the resonant frequency or strictly as the undamped natural frequency,


expressed in radians per second (rad/s);

❑ α is the neper frequency or the damping factor, expressed in nepers per second.

❑ In terms of α and ω0, Eq. (8.8) can be written as

❑ The two values of s in Eq.(8.10)indicate that there are two possible solutions for i, each of
which is of the form of the assumed solution in Eq. (8.6); that is,

❑ Thus, the natural response of the series RLC circuit is

❑ where the constants A1 and A2 are determined from the initial values i(0) and di(0)/dt in
Eqs. (8.2b) and (8.5).
❑ From Eq. (8.10), we can infer that there are three types of solutions:

1. Overdamped Case (α>ω 0)

❑ From Eqs. (8.9) and (8.10), α>ω0 when C>4L/R2. When this happens, both roots s1
and s2 are negative and real.

❑ The response is

❑ It decays and approaches zero as t increases


2. Critically Damped Case (α = ω0)
❑ When α = ω0, C = 4L/R2 and s1 = s2 =−α =−R/2L
❑ The response is

3. Underdamped Case (α<ω0) For α<ω 0, C<4L/R2


❑ The roots may be written as

❑ The response is
Example 4.4 In Fig. 8.8, R = 40 Ω L = 4 H, and C = 1/4 F. Calculate the characteristic
roots of the circuit. Is the natural response overdamped, underdamped, or critically damped?
Example 4.5 In Fig Find i(t) in the circuit in Fig. 8.10. Assume that the circuit has reached
steady state at t = 0−.

Solution: For t<0, the switch is closed. The capacitor acts like an open circuit while the
inductor acts like a shunted circuit. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 8.11(a). Thus, at t
= 0,
❑ For t>0, the switch is opened and the voltage source is disconnected. The equivalent circuit
is shown in Fig. 8.11(b), which is a source-free series RLC circuit.
❑ The roots are calculated as follows:

❑ Hence, the response is underdamped (α<ω); that is,


4.2.1 The source free Parallel RLC circuits
❑ Parallel RLC circuits find many practical applications, notably in communications networks
and filter designs.

❑ Consider the parallel RLC circuit shown in Fig. below. Assume initial inductor current I0 and
initial capacitor voltage V0.

❑ Since the three elements are in parallel, they have the same voltage v across them.
❑ Thus, applying KCL at the top node gives
❑ Taking the derivative with respect to t and dividing by C results in

❑ We obtain the characteristic equation by replacing the first derivative by s and the second
derivative by s2

❑ The roots of the characteristic equation are


1. Overdamped Case (α>ω0) From Eq.(8.32), α>ω 0 when L>4R2C.
❑ The roots of the characteristic equation are real and negative.
❑ The response is

2. Critically Damped Case (α = ω0)


❑ For α = ω, L = 4R2C. The roots are real and equal s
❑ The response is

3. Underdamped Case (α<ω0)


❑ When α<ω 0, L<4R2C. In this case the roots are complex and may be expressed as
❑ The constants A1 and A2 in each case can be determined from the initial conditions. We need
v(0) and dv(0)/dt.

Example 4.6 In the parallel circuit of Fig. 8.13, find v(t) for t>0, assuming v(0) = 5 V,
i(0) = 0, L = 1 H, and C = 10 mF. Consider these cases: R = 1.923 Ω, R = 5 Ω, and R = 6.25 Ω.
Example 4.7 Find v(t) for t>0 in the RLC circuit of Fig. 8.15.
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